Emerging Space Powers The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East, and South America Brian Harvey, HenkSmid, and TheÂo Pirard Emerging Space Powers The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East, and South America Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Mr Brian Harvey FBIS Mr HenkH. F. Smid Mr TheÂo Pirard 2 Rathdown Crescent RIBS SC&I/DB&C Freelance journalist Terenure Breda Pepinster Dublin 6W The Netherlands Belgium Ireland SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 978-1-4419-0873-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937491 First published as The Japanese and Indian Space Programmes, 2000 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Copyright, 2010 Praxis Publishing Ltd., Chichester, UK The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: Christine Cressy Typesetting: BookEns, Royston, Herts., UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper Contents Authors' introduction ............................................. xi Acknowledgments................................................ ix Note on terminology............................................. xvii List of illustrations.............................................. xix List of tables ................................................. xxix 1 Japan: Origins ±the legacy of Hideo Itokawa ........................1 Japan's rocket plane ...........................................2 Introducing Hideo Itokawa .....................................2 Aeronautical engineer ..........................................3 First rockets .................................................7 Sounding rockets .............................................9 Uchinoura launch site.........................................11 Reaching Earth orbit .........................................14 Introducing the Mu-4S ........................................16 Itokawa postscript ...........................................18 Discovering a new radiation belt ................................18 New versions: the Mu-3C, H ...................................19 Formation of NASDA ........................................21 NASDA's rocket, the N-I and its first missions .....................24 Communications satellites: YURI, SAKURA, JCSat, Nstar, Superbird ....26 Introducing the N-II..........................................28 Watching Earth's weather......................................29 H-rocket: introducing liquid hydrogen ............................31 Sounding rockets ............................................33 The early Japanese space program ...............................34 2 Japan: Into the solar system ....................................37 New Mu-5 versions: the Mu-3H and Mu-3S ........................37 Probes to comet Halley .......................................38 Mu-3SII scientific missions .....................................40 Solar studies: Yohkoh and Hinode................................42 Third to reach the Moon: Muses A ..............................45 Express: from Pacific seacoast to the jungles of Africa ................47 Muses B: introducing the new Mu-5 launcher .......................50 Nozomi to Mars .............................................54 vi Contents Rendezvous with an asteroid: Hayabusa . ........................57 Back to the Moon: Kaguya.....................................62 H-II rocket: ``most advanced of its kind'' . ........................68 Shooting star ...............................................70 H-II brings in era of ill-luck and uncertainty .......................72 Augmented: H-IIA ...........................................74 H-IIA loss: back to the drawing board ............................78 Earth and marine observations: Momo ............................80 JERS Fuyo: introduction of space-borne radar ......................82 ADEOS/Midori: atmosphere observer.............................83 ALOS: day and night, cloud-free ................................86 Tropical rainfall .............................................88 Engineering satellites .........................................90 ETS VIII: a giant, hovering insect ...............................91 Winged bird: COMETS/Kakehashi ...............................92 Beams across space: Kirari and Kizuna ............................94 Spy satellites: threat across the Sea of Japan........................96 Conclusions: science and applications .............................99 3 Japan: Kibo and the Space Station .............................. 101 Japan's first astronaut ....................................... 101 Instead, a mission to Mir..................................... 103 Fuwatto's success ........................................... 106 International Microgravity Laboratory 1, 2: newts, fish, cells .......... 108 Space Flier Unit ............................................ 109 Preparing for the International Space Station ...................... 111 Japan and the International Space Station ........................ 112 The elements .............................................. 115 Supplying Kibo............................................. 116 Keeping in contact: data relays................................. 117 Astronauts for Kibo ......................................... 118 Arriving at the Space Station .................................. 120 Japanese spaceplanes: origin ................................... 123 Development and tests ....................................... 124 Reviewed and revised ........................................ 128 How the Japanese space program is organized ..................... 130 Main facilities.............................................. 131 Tanegashima range: launch site by the ocean ...................... 132 Uchinoura launch center...................................... 133 Tsukuba and Sagamihara space centers . ....................... 135 Tracking facilities ........................................... 137 Rocket test centers .......................................... 138 Key companies ............................................. 138 Japanese space budget and ambitions ............................ 139 Conclusions ............................................... 140 Contents vii 4 India: The vision of Vikram Sarabhai............................. 141 Father of Indian astronautics, Dr Vikram Sarabhai ................. 142 Sputnik and the IGY ........................................ 143 First rocket launch, 1963 ..................................... 145 Space program for education .................................. 148 Space program for remote sensing: the ``high road'' ................. 151 Sudden end ............................................... 153 ATS: village television ....................................... 155 The idea of an Indian Earth satellite............................. 158 Preparations for first satellite, Aryabhata . ....................... 159 Bhaskhara................................................. 161 An indigenous Indian rocket .................................. 164 Planning the first home-launched satellite ......................... 166 First launches: India ± a spacefaring nation ....................... 167 Conclusions ............................................... 171 5 India: Space technology and the villages........................... 173 Introducing IRS ............................................ 173 Second-generation IRS ....................................... 175 Indian remote sensing: a balance sheet ........................... 178 INSAT: India's communications and weather system ................ 183 INSAT precursor: APPLE .................................... 185 First INSAT 1: a system established ............................. 188 INSAT 2: made at home ..................................... 190 Reaching the villages ........................................ 194 Promise of INSAT 3......................................... 195 New launchers: ASLV ....................................... 198 PSLV: into the big launcher league.............................. 202 Launching the PSLV ........................................ 205 Introducing IRS-Polar ....................................... 205 IRS-1D in trouble ± but saved ................................. 207 Expanding the Earth observation program ........................ 208 Conclusion: the program matures ............................... 213 6 India: Manned and lunar flight ................................. 215 Chandrayan: to the Moon .................................... 215 Gramsat to the villages: the GSLV .............................. 219 GSLV flies ................................................ 225 India's own upper stage 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