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(Coleogne Ramosissima Torr.) Shrublands in the Mojave Desert

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(Coleogne Ramosissima Torr.) Shrublands in the Mojave Desert Western North American Naturalist Volume 63 Number 3 Article 2 8-6-2003 Plant community patterns in unburned and burned blackbrush (Coleogne ramosissima Torr.) shrublands in the Mojave Desert Matthew L. Brooks United State Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Las Vegas, Field Stateion, Henderson, Nevada John R. Matchett United State Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Las Vegas, Field Station, Henderson, Nevada Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Brooks, Matthew L. and Matchett, John R. (2003) "Plant community patterns in unburned and burned blackbrush (Coleogne ramosissima Torr.) shrublands in the Mojave Desert," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 63 : No. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol63/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 63(3), ©2003, PI'. 283-298 PLANT CO.\1.\1U TITY PATTERNS IN UNBUfu'lED AND BURl ED BLACKBRUSH (COLEOGYNE RAMOSISSIMA TORR.) SHRUBLANDS IN THE MOJAVE DESERT Matthew L. Brooks 1 and John R. Matchett] ABSTRACT.-The blackbrush vegetation type is dominated by Coleogyne ramossisinUl, which is thought to preclude the coexistence of many other plant species. Fire can remove blackbrush cover and possibly increase plant species richness and evenness. Fire also may increase the frequency and cover of alien annual grasses, thereby intensifying landscape flammability. We tested these predictions in unburned and burned (6---14 years postflre) blackbrush at 3 sites spanning the range ofthis vegetation type in the Mojave Desert. Species richness in unburned blackbrush was similar to published values for other vegetation types in western North America, but riclmess varied significantly among the 3 sites and 4 spatial scales (1, 10, 100, and 1000 m2). Richness values declined in order from annual forbs, woody perennials, herbaceous perennials, annual grasses, cacti, to perennial grasses. Fire reduced Coleogyll€ cover, thus boosting species evenness. In contrast, species richness decreased after burning, although the results varied among spatial scales. Total cover was unaffected by fire because cover of woody perennials decreased, while cover of annual forbs, annual grasses, herbaceous perennials, and perennial grasses increased. N'ative species richness and cover decreased, whereas alien richness and cover increased after burning, espe­ cially where the alien forb Erodillln cicutarillln was present. Fire had no effect on frequency and variable effects on cover ofalien annual grasses. These results indicate that in blackbrush species richness can vary among sites and local spatial scales, and effects offire can vary among plant Iife-fonns and between natives and aliens. Key words: blackbrush, Coleogyne ramosissima,fire, alien plnllts, plnnt species diversity, Mojave Desert. The hlackbrush vegetation type occurs at there are only a few associated shrub species, the bioregionaI transition between the Mojave and these occur usually as scattered plants in and Great Basin Deserts, from California an otherwise pure stand of Coleogyne." Thus, through Nevada, Arizona, and Utah (Bowns species richness and evenness of vascular 1973). In the Mojave Desert blackbmsh occu­ plants is generally thought to be low in black­ pies the elevational zone from approximately bmsh compared with otller vegetation types 1220 m to 1525 m, above the zone dominated in western North Amercia. by creosote bush (Larrea tridenata) and below ~ost accounts describing the dominance of the zone dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia Coleogyne in blackbmsh indirectly suggest that spp.; Bradley and Deacon 1967, Randall 1972, high cover of this species resuJts in the com­ Beatley 1976). Blackbmsh is dominated by tl,e petitive exclusion ofother plant species (Bowns type species, Coleogyne ramosissima, which can 1973, Beatley 1976, Bowns and West 1976). If comprise 90-95% of total plant cover (Shreve this is true, then reduction of Coleogyne cover 1942). For clarity in this paper, we refer to the should lead to heightened species richness vegetation type as blackbmsh and the type and evenness. Fire has been used to reduce species as Coleogyne. Coleogyne cover and promote the growth of Although 185 species ofvascular plants have more palatable rangeland species (Bowns been found growing within blackbrush (Vasek 1973), but the effects of fire on plant species and Barbour 1988), tlley are never very abun­ diversity are unknown. dant except at upper- and lower-elevational Effects of fire on blackbmsh appear to be ecotones (Bowns 1973, Beatley 1976, West long tenn. There is only 1 report of Coleogyne and Young 2000). Beatley (1976) stated that resprouting after fire (Bates 1984), 2 reports "so nearly complete is the dominance of this of seedling establishment by Coleogyne after shrub species that in areas that are not ecotonal fire (Ellison 1950, Lei 1999), and 1 report of .United States GeoIogX:aI Sun'e)·. Western Ecological Research Centel; Us \'eps f"1dd Station, 160 N. Stephanie s~ HeDderson, NV 89074. 283 284 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 63 autogenic succession back to blackbrush after fire would increase cover and frequency ofalien fire (Thatcher 1975). In the latter case, fire annual plants, grass species in particular. intensity was likely very low and Coleogylle survival very high, resulting in incomplete re­ ST OY AREA moval of Coleogylle, which allowed the direct reestablishment of the blackbrush vegetation Three study sites were established from the type. ',1ost studies report that blackbrush does northeast to the southwest Mojave Desert, in not reestablish after fire (Bowns 1973, Beatley the middle of the blackbrush zone between 1976, West and Young 2(00), even 37 years post­ the upper and lower ecotones in each region. fire (Callison et al. 1985). A wide range of The Beaver Drun site (37°11'17"N, 113°56'39"W, m) is in the Bureau of Land Management, species can dominate after Coleogyne is re­ 1230 St. George Field Office region of southwestern moved by fire (Jenson et al. 1960, Bowns 1973, Dtall. The Spring Mountain site (36°01'40"N, Wright and Bailey 1982, Bates 1984, Callison 115°3'1O''w, 1470 m) is in the Spring ~10untain et al. 1985). Annuals typically dominate during National Recreation Area of the Humboldt­ the first few postfire years, and early succes­ Toiyabe National Forest in southern Nevada. sional perennial plants dominate after the first The Joshua Tree site (34°03'23"N, 116°19'45''w, few decades (Jenson et al. 1960, Bates 1984, 1370 m) is located at Joshua Tree :'<ational Callison et al. 1985). Although the species com­ Park in southern California. position can be highly variable (Bowns 1973), Soils at the Beaver Dam site are classified the aHen annual grasses red brome (Bromus as Cave gravelly sandy Ioams, which occur on madritellsis ssp.rt/bells) and cheatgrass (Bromt/s dissected, old, coalescing alluvial fans or bajadas, tectorum) are often among the most common with a petrocalcic horizon ranging from 20 cm postfire species (Jenson et al. 1960, West 1983, to 51 cm below the surface (Mortensen et al. Callison et al. 1985). 1977). Parent materials are mixed gravelly Alien annual grasses can create a continu­ alluvium from weathered gneiss, limestone, ous cover of fine fuel that persists for years, dolomite, quartzite, shale, and acid igneous thereby facilitating the spread of fire in the rocks. The Spring Mountain site soils are a Mojave Desert (Brooks 1999). Recurrent fire combination of Purob and lrongold extremely may increase the cover and frequency of alien gravelly loarns, which occur on alluvial fan annual grasses (Whisenant 1990, D'Antonio remnants, with depths to a petrocalcic horiwn and Vitousek 1992), promoting additional fires ranging from 36 cm to 51 cm (Douglas Merkle!; and possibly replacing long-lived native species Natural Resources Conservation Service, per­ in the Mojave Desert (Brooks and Esque 2000, sonal communication). These soils were fanned Brooks 2003). Slow recruitment rates of Cole­ in alluvium mainly derived from limestone. ogYlle should make this species particularly sen­ Soils at the Joshua Tree location are sandy sitive to the effects of recurrent fire. Although loams derived from alluvial granitic parent blackbrush produces the highest cover of all materials, with no apparent petrocalcic hori­ native vegetation types in the Mojave Desert zons near the surface (M LB personal observa­ (up to 51%; Beatley 1975), which is partly why tion). All study plots were established on level to slightly sloping sUlfaces. it is considered the most flammable (Bowns Each site consisted of mature blackbrush 1973, Beatley 1976, West 1983), high cover and and an adjacent burned area located on similar frequency of alien annual grasses may create soils and topography. Burned areas were cre­ even more flammable fuel conditions (Holm­ ated by a wildnre in 1995 at ti,e Beaver Dam gren 1960). site, a \vildfire in 1987 at the Spring Mountain In this study we report plant community site, and a prescribed fire in 1993 at the characteristics of higher vascular plants (seed Joshua Tree site. plants) in unburned and burned blackbrush in the Mojave Desert. We predicted that species METHODS richness in blackbrush would be lower than that reported for other vegetation types in south­ The 3 sites were sampled in spring 9001, western North America, and that fire would during the phenological peak for annual plant increase species richness and evenness by biomass, and 6, 8, and 14 years postfire at the removing Coleogylle. We also predicted that Beaver Dam, Joshua Tree, and Spring Mountain 2003] FIRE EFFECTS IN BLACKBRUSH VEGETATIO . 285 sites, respectively. At each site we established evaluate effects of site, fire, and the site-by­ eight 4-ha plots, 4 io unburned blackbrush fire interaction.
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