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Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959 Iii Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959 Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959 iii Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959 A Forty Years’ Crisis? Edited by Matthew Frank and Jessica Reinisch Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 © Matthew Frank, Jessica Reinisch and Contributors, 2017 This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Licence. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-1-4725-8562-2 ePDF: 978-1-4725-8564-6 eBook: 978-1-4725-8563-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Cover image © LAPI/Roger Viollet/Getty Images Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com. Here you will find extracts, author interviews, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our newsletters. iv.indd 4 06-04-2020 22:32:21 Contents List of Abbreviations vi Notes on Contributors vii 1 ‘The Story Stays the Same’? Refugees in Europe from the ‘Forty Years’ Crisis’ to the Present Jessica Reinisch and Matthew Frank 1 2 Refugees: The Timeless Problem Zara Steiner 21 3 The Forty Years’ Crisis: Making the Connections Peter Gatrell 33 4 Writing Refugee History – Or Not Tony Kushner 51 5 The Imperial Refugee: Refugees and Refugee-Creation in the Ottoman Empire and Europe Jared Manasek 67 6 The Forty Years’ Crisis: The Jewish Dimension Mark Levene 85 7 The League of Nations, Refugees and Individual Rights Barbara Metzger 101 8 The Myth of ‘Vacant Places’: Refugees and Group Resettlement Matthew Frank 121 9 Old Wine in New Bottles? UNRRA and the Mid-Century World of Refugees Jessica Reinisch 147 10 The United States and the Forty Years’ Crisis Carl J. Bon Tempo 177 11 The Empire Returns: ‘Repatriates’ and ‘Refugees’ from French Algeria Claire Eldridge 195 12 Colonialism, Sovereignty and the History of the International Refugee Regime Glen Peterson 213 Bibliography 229 Index 249 List of Abbreviations Afsc American Friends Service Committee ANFANOMA Association Nationale des Français d’Afrique du Nord, d’Outre- Mer et de leurs Amis ARA American Relief Administration CRB Committee for Relief in Belgium DP Displaced Person FDR Franklin Delano Roosevelt FLN National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale) ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDP Internally displaced person IGCR Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration IRO International Refugee Organization LNHCR League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees MCP Malayan Communist Party MERRA Middle East Relief and Refugee Administration OAS Secret Army Organization (Organisation de l’armée secrete) OFRRO Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RSC Refugee Settlement Commission SHAEF Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency WCC World Council of Churches WRB War Refugee Board WRY World Refugee Year Notes on Contributors Carl J. Bon Tempo is Associate Professor of History at the University at Albany, SUNY. He is the author of Americans at the Gate: The United States and Refugees during the Cold War (Princeton University Press, 2008). His recent essays have appeared in The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (ABC-CLIO, 2013), and The Human Rights Revolution: An International History (Oxford University Press, 2012). He is currently writing a book, Immigration: An American History, with Hasia Diner for Yale University Press. He earned his PhD in United States history from the University of Virginia, Virginia, United States, in 2004. Claire Eldridge is Lecturer in Modern European History at the University of Leeds. Her research engages with questions of memory, migration and identity construction in colonial and postcolonial France. Much of this work has focused on exploring the commemorative legacies of the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62) in France, particularly in relation to the pied-noir and harki communities. She is also interested in the relationship between the French military and the European settler population of colonial Algeria during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She is the author of From Empire to Exile: History and Memory within the Pied-Noir and Harki Communities, 1962-2012, published by Manchester University Press in 2016. Matthew Frank is Associate Professor in International History at the University of Leeds. He is a graduate of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London and St Antony’s College, University of Oxford. He is the author of Expelling the Germans (Oxford University Press, 2008) and Making Minorities History (Oxford University Press, 2017) and has published widely on the diplomacy of displacement in twentieth-century Europe. He is currently co-editor of the journal Contemporary European History. Peter Gatrell is Professor of Economic History at the University of Manchester, where he is co-director of the Centre for the Cultural History of Modern War and affiliated to the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute. He is the author of a trilogy of books on refugee history, including A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War 1 (Indiana University Press, 1999) and The Making of the Modern Refugee (Oxford University Press, 2013), as well as books on Russian economic and social history. His edited book on the European refugee crisis during the First World War, entitled Europe on the Move, will appear in summer 2017. He has directed several collaborative research projects and is one of the general editors of the encyclopaedia, ‘1914-1918 online’. In 2011 he was elected a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. He is currently writing a history of Europe since 1945 seen through the lens of migration, to be published by Penguin Books and Basic Books. Notes on Contributors ix Tony Kushner is Professor in the Parkes Institute for the Study of Jewish/non-Jewish Relations and the History Department at the University of Southampton. His most recent book is The Battle of Britishness: Migrant Journeys since 1685 (Manchester University Press, 2012). He is currently working on a study of the construction of ethnicity in the British armed forces and two books relating to the Holocaust, entitled Journeys from the Abyss: The Holocaust and Forced Migration and, with Dr Aimee Bunting, Co-Presents to the Holocaust. He is co-editor of the journal Patterns of Prejudice and deputy editor of Jewish Culture and History. Mark Levene is Reader in Comparative History at the University of Southampton. His writing ranges across genocide, Jewish history and environmental and peace issues, especially focusing on anthropogenic climate change. His most recent works include the two-volume The Crisis of Genocide: The European Rimlands, 1912-1953 (Oxford University Press, 2013), for which he received the biennial Lemkin Award from the New York-based Institute for the Study of Genocide in 2015. Jared Manasek is Assistant Professor of History at Pace University in New York, and a graduate of Columbia University, New York. His work focuses on the history of forced migration, humanitarianism and international law, as well as the late Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. Barbara Metzger is Senior Research Associate at the Centre of International Studies at the University of Cambridge. Her research has focused on emerging human rights concepts during the interwar years, transnationalism and the UN human rights regime. Currently, she is conducting research into the legacies of the Second World War. She holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge, with a thesis entitled ‘The League of Nations and Human Rights: From Practice to Theory’ and has published several articles in the field. Glen Peterson is Professor of Chinese History at the University of British Columbia. His current research focuses on refugee movements into and out of China during the twentieth century, China’s participation in the League of Nations and ILO efforts to address problems of forced migration, and China’s place in the evolution of the international refugee regime in post-war Asia. He is the author of numerous books and articles on these subjects, including The Power of Words: Literacy and Revolution in South China (UBC Press, 1997), Education, Culture and Identity in Twentieth Century China, with Ruth Hayhoe and Yongling Lu (Michigan University Press, 2001) and Overseas Chinese in the People’s Republic of
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