City Space and Urban Identity a Post-9/11 Consciousness in Australian Fiction 2005 to 2011
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City Space and Urban Identity A Post-9/11 Consciousness in Australian Fiction 2005 to 2011 By Lydia Saleh Rofail A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney 2019 Declaration of Originality I affirm that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and I certify and warrant to the best of my knowledge that all sources of reference have been duly and fully acknowledged. Lydia Saleh Rofail i Abstract This thesis undertakes a detailed examination of a close corpus of five Australian literary novels published between 2005 and 2011, to assess the political, social, and cultural implications of 9/11 upon an urban Australian identity. My analysis of the literary city will reveal how this identity is trapped between layers of trauma which include haunting historical atrocities and inward nationalism, as well as the contrasting outward pull of global aspirations. Dead Europe by Christos Tsiolkas (2005), The Unknown Terrorist by Richard Flanagan (2006), Underground by Andrew McGahan (2006), Breath by Tim Winton (2008), and Five Bells by Gail Jones (2011) are uniquely varied narratives written in the shadow of 9/11. These novels reconfigure fictional notions of Australian urbanism in order to deal with fears and threats posed by 9/11 and the fallout that followed, where global interests fed into national concerns and discourses within Australia and resonated down to local levels. Adopting an Australia perspective, this thesis contextualises subsequent traumatic and apocalyptic trajectories in relation to urbanism and Australian identity in a post-9/11 world. As a cultural and political artefact based on literary analysis, this study captures a particular moment in time within the decade after 9/11, in order to contextualise political, social, and cultural implications upon a multi-layered Australian identity as reflected in the selected examples. To articulate this complexity, I forge an approach and methodology from the foundational framework of trauma theory, which brings together a constellation of traumas that resonate in collective or individual memory or are projected onto the Australian urban landscape. They include global terrorism and the legacy of settler colonial violence in Australia, as well as other mass-mediated catastrophes of the twenty-first century, which fed into a worldwide post-9/11 mood of anxiety that resonated on national and local levels within Australia. Although separate from each other, these traumas operate in a multidimensional matrix which I extend in the second part of this thesis to incorporate apocalyptic landscapes. ii Contents Acknowledgements iv Dedication v Introduction Global, National, and Local Trauma 1 Part A: Traumatic Topographies: The Post-9/11 City and the Damaged Psyche 44 Chapter 1 The Malignant City: Breath by Tim Winton 45 Chapter 2 The Conflicted City: Five Bells by Gail Jones 85 Part B: The Apocalyptic Metropolis After 9/11 119 Chapter 3 A Hellish Necropolis: Dead Europe by Christos Tsiolkas 120 Chapter 4 Apocalypse Now: The Unknown Terrorist by Richard Flanagan 148 Chapter 5 Dead City, Fortress City: Underground by Andrew McGahan 175 Afterword 205 Bibliography 217 iii Acknowledgements I acknowledge the Gadigal people of the Eora nation, the traditional owners of the land on which we live, and where the study for this thesis took place. I pay my respects to their elders, past, present, and future. I am sincerely grateful for the guidance, patience and outstanding knowledge of my supervisor, Professor Robert Dixon, who has provided me with invaluable insight and encouraged me to develop my voice in my work. I could not have asked for a more dedicated mentor. I am indebted to Professor Vanessa Smith for her support and wisdom, particularly during her tenure as Postgraduate Coordinator. To my treasured friend Dr Timotheos Roussos: thank you for your meticulous editing and proofreading, as well as your expertise in postcolonial studies. Thank you for always being my champion. To my past and present university cohort and friends: Helen Young, Kieryn McKay, Michelle Kelly, Jason Chen, Sara Fernandes, C.B. Johnson, Niklas Fischer, Patrick Cronin, and Nathalie Camerlynck, thank you for being generous and supportive friends. To my wonderful family, I am thankful to my father Nashid Saleh for his unwavering support and faith in me. To my father-in-law Wadie Rofail, thank you for your ongoing prayers and support, your optimism and love of life is infectious. To my beloved sister Sandra Matthews and my brother-in-law Michael Matthews, I appreciate your patience with me and forgiving me for missing Aunty duties, and for looking after family matters in my absence. To my lifelong friend Caroline Fisher, and John Fisher and their sons, Joshua, Zachary, and Benjamin, thank you for your support and patience. Thank you also to Andrew Botros, Christine Guirguis, Gigi Lombardi, and Dr Leo Van Biene for their support. Finally, thank you to my husband Stephen who is my scholar, editor, and love, and whose encouragement means everything, I thank you for believing in me. If I have overlooked anyone, it is not intentional. iv Dedication To my mother Madeleine Saleh. Until we meet again, and you remember… To my niece Isabella Marie Matthews who is still too young to truly understand how much she means to me. v Introduction Global, National, and Local Trauma As the twin towers of the World Trade Centre collapsed, the world looked on in real time. For America and her allies, it was to become a predominant image of urban destruction with unforeseen permutations of trauma and cultural damage that resonated decades after. At 8.46 am on 11 September 2001, a hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 ploughed into the North Tower of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Seventeen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower. Two other American Airlines planes were also hijacked: one crashed into the Pentagon and the other into fields in Pennsylvania en route to crash into the White House. The 9/111 terrorist attacks were comprised of this series of coordinated airline collisions into key symbolic buildings of the United States establishment. The Islamist terrorist group Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden, claimed responsibility. The spectacle of the imploding World Trade Centre towers was to become emblematic of 9/11. Syndicated media reports and online news stories captured every catastrophic moment: As firefighters and police rushed to help those inside the burning buildings, both towers imploded on themselves and collapsed in rapid succession, killing between 2,000 and 3,000 people who were unable to get out in time … in addition to those who already had been instantly vaporized from the impact of the planes or had jumped off the building to avoid incineration.2 1 For the rest of this thesis, I will use this popularised form of the date to refer to the events of 11 September 2001. 2 Tom Pyszczynski, Sheldon Solomon, and Jeff Greenberg, In the Wake Of 9/11: The Psychology of Terror (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003), 3. 1 The death toll from 9/11 was nearly 3000 people, with approximately 6000 physical injuries. The immediate short-term aftermath of the attacks cost at least 10 billion American dollars in property damage and approximately 3 trillion American dollars in total costs.3 For the first time in the modern history of commercial aviation, all flights over America were grounded to prevent further attacks. The military was put on high alert, and then president George W. Bush (2001-2009) and other government personnel were shuttled to heavily secured locations. Commentators remarked that, “In a matter of moments, the United States had become a gravely disorientated country tottering on the brink of chaos.” Theorists from the American Psychological Association observed that “nothing like this had happened before on home soil, in the United States.”4 Reflecting on the catastrophe, American academics have claimed that the repercussions will continue to reverberate well into the future. It felt as if 9/11 changed everything and now America and her allies had to face what seemed “an interminable string of terrorist attacks, that killed dozens of people at a time despite a wholesale upgrading of security measures worldwide.”5 Although there had been a previous attempt to destroy the World Trade Centre in 1993 by a group of Middle Eastern Islamist terrorists, as well as several foiled plots to bomb US airports, 9/11 was thought to be different. Up until the fall of the twin towers, “Americans still felt safe at home and believed that no one could penetrate … [their] … defenses and perpetrate the type of large-scale terrorism … experienced on 9/11.”6 The American media did not fail to point out repeatedly that “America came under attack” and that “the homeland was no longer secure … no longer home.”7 In light of these statements, the question arises as to whether 9/11 was a truly transformative moment of urban catastrophe around the world and whether the world had changed significantly after 9/11. Although it undoubtedly changed the lives of those directly affected by it, those in the American military, and American foreign policy, the question 3 Sandro Galea, “Fifteen Years Later: Learning from 9/11,” News and Events, Boston University, School of Public Health (11 September 2016), Accessed 12 June 2017, https://www.bu.edu/sph/2016/09/11/fifteen-years-later-learning-from-911/. 4 Pyszczynski, et al., In the Wake of 9/11, 4. 5 Galea, “Fifteen Years Later.” 6 Pyszczynski, et al., In the Wake of 9/11, 4.