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Home , August 1921, Fabian Society, James Maxton, Ramsay MacDonald

Notes

Introduction

1. NA, HO45/12296, Ramsay MacDonald, speech in the House of Commons, 4 , and Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 174, cols. 1257–8, 4 June 1924. 2. D. G. Boyce, The Irish Question and British Politics 1868–1996, 2nd edn (London, 1996), pp. 75–6. 3. K. O. Morgan, The Age of Lloyd George (London, 1971), p. 85. 4. Ibid., p. 88. 5. Ibid., p. 208. 6. G. Blaxland, J. H. Thomas: A Life for Unity (London, 1964), p. 45. 7. G. Brown, Maxton (Edinburgh, 1986), p. 122. 8. The Times, 28 . 9. W. Knox, (, 1987), p. 46. 10. , 26 .

1 The Evolution of the British Labour Party and Irish Nationalism, 1914–1921

1. R. W. Lyman, The First Labour Government, 1924 (London, 1957), p. 1. 2. Ibid., p. 2. 3. Socialist Review, August 1912. 4. R Miliband, Parliamentary : A Study in the Politics of Labour (London, 1961), p. 47. 5. NA, PRO/30/69/2, ‘Labour Party 1918 General Election Manifesto’ in Ramsay MacDonald Papers, undated. 6. Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism, p. 51. 7. P. Pearse, Political Writings and Speeches (, n.d.), pp. 98, 185. 8. D. G. Boyce, Ireland 1828–1923: From Ascendancy to (Oxford, 1992), p. 90. 9. Ibid., p. 91. 10. Ibid., p. 92. 11. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 60, col. 938, 9 March 1914. 12. Quoted in R. Munck, ‘At the Very Doorstep: Irish Labour and the National Question’, Eire-Ireland, vol. 18, no. 2 (1983), p. 37. 13. Ibid., p. 38. 14. Ibid., p. 39. 15. K. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue in the British 1900–1922’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Sussex, 1983), p. 47. 16. Quoted in G. Bell, Troublesome Business: The Labour Party and the Irish Question (London, 1982), p. 9.

225 226 Notes

2 Labour Policy on Ireland, 1918–1921

1. PHM, Labour Party, NEC Minutes, 29 , p. 154. 2. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1918, p. 69. 3. Ibid. 4. PHM, Labour Party, NEC Minutes, 24 , p. 279. 5. Ibid., p. 264. 6. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1919, Appendix iv, p. 183. 7. Ibid., p. 185. 8. K. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue in the British Labour Movement 1900–1922’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Sussex, 1983), p. 265. 9. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 118, col. 527, 16 . 10. Quoted in C. Ware, ‘The Impact of the Irish Question on the British Labour Movement 1916–1921’ (unpublished MA dissertation, University of Warwick, 1976), p. 56. 11. Quoted in J. Dunsmore Clarkson, Labour and Nationalism in Ireland (New York, 1925), p. 335. 12. Labour Leader, 15 . 13. Clarkson, Labour and Nationalism in Ireland, p. 432. 14. Quoted in Ware, ‘The Impact of the Irish Question’, p. 70. 15. Ibid. 16. A. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dail Eireann 1919–1922 (Dublin, 1995), p. 252. 17. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 156, col. 359, 5 . 18. J. Winder Good, ‘British Labour and Irish Needs’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. ix (), p. 558. 19. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue’, p. 216. 20. Ibid., p. 224. 21. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 115, col. 1710, 14 . 22. Ibid., col. 1719. 23. Quoted in F. W. S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos 1918 (Chichester, 1970), p. 5. 24. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1918, pp. 69–70. 25. Quoted in PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1919, Appendix ix, p. 208. 26. Quoted in ibid., p. 295. 27. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Minutes, 18 , p. 124. 28. Labour Party, Report of the Labour Commission of Inquiry into the Present Conditions in Ireland (London: The Labour Party, 1920), p. 10. 29. Ibid., p. 11. 30. Daily Herald, 26 February 1920. 31. , 7 February 1920. 32. Labour Leader, 1 . 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., 26 February 1920. 35. Labour Leader, 1 April 1920, in TNA, PRO 30/69/1044, Ramsay MacDonald Papers. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. Notes 227

38. Forward, 3 April 1920. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid., 17 April 1920. 41. Labour Leader, 8 April 1920. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., 15 April 1920. 44. Ibid., 22 April 1920. 45. Forward, 24 April 1920. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid., 12 . 48. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1920, p. 113. 49. Ibid., p. 119. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid., p. 161. 54. Ibid., p. 162. 55. Ibid., p. 164. 56. Ibid., p. 165. 57. Ibid., p. 166. 58. Ibid. 59. The Times, 23 June 1920. 60. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1920, p. 166. 61. Ibid., p. 167. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid., p. 168. 64. Labour Leader, 1 . 65. Ibid. 66. Forward, 9 July 1920. 67. Labour Party, Report of the Labour Commission of Inquiry into the Present Conditions in Ireland (1920), p. 12. 68. G. B. Shaw, Irish Nationalism and Labour Internationalism (London, 1920), pp. 5–12. 69. Ibid., p. 12. 70. Ware, ‘The Impact of the Irish Question’, p. 63. 71. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1920, p. 167. 72. Ibid. 73. C. Townshend, ‘The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 21, no. 83 (March 1979). 74. Forward, 12 June 1920. 75. Ibid. 76. Clarkson, Labour and Nationalism in Ireland, p. 423. 77. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland, p. 290. 78. D. G. Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy 1918–22 (London, 1972), p. 106. 79. Labour Leader, 10 June 1920. 80. Quoted in G. Bell, Troublesome Business: The Labour Party and the Irish Question (London, 1982), p. 58. 228 Notes

81. Ibid., p. 58. 82. Ware, ‘The Impact of the Irish Question’, p. 41. 83. Bell, Troublesome Business, pp. 60–1. 84. Daily Herald, 23 July 1920. 85. Labour Leader, 29 July 1920. 86. Ibid. 87. Ibid. 88. Forward, 17 July 1920. 89. Ibid., 28 . 90. Ibid., 19 . 91. Ibid. 92. Labour Leader, 12 August 1920. 93. The Times, 6 August 1920. 94. Labour Leader, 19 August 1920. 95. Forward, 2 . 96. Labour Leader, 26 August 1920. 97. Ibid. 98. Forward, 13 . 99. Ibid., 27 November 1920. 100. Ibid., 4 December 1920. 101. Labour Leader, 29 July 1920. 102. Ibid., 23 September 1920. 103. Quoted in S. Lawlor, Britain and Ireland 1914–23 (Dublin, 1983), p. 70. 104. Labour Leader, 14 October 1920. 105. Ibid. 106. The Times, 7 October 1920. 107. Labour Leader, 21 October 1920. 108. PHM, Labour Party, NEC Minutes, 18 October 1920, p. 259. 109. Ibid. 110. Labour Leader, 28 October 1920. 111. Ibid., 4 November 1920. 112. Ibid. 113. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Minutes, 9 November 1920, p. 2. 114. PHM, Labour Party, NEC Sub-Committee on Literature, Publicity and Research Minutes, 10 November 1920, p. 296. 115. Labour Leader, 25 November 1920. 116. Ibid., 2 December 1920. 117. Ibid., 16 December 1920. 118. Ibid., 23 December 1920. 119. Ibid., 30 December 1920. 120. Ibid. 121. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue’, p. 285. 122. Labour Party, Report of the Labour Commission to Ireland (London: The Labour Party, 1921), p. 47. 123. PHM, Labour Party, NEC Minutes, 28 December 1920, p. 67. 124. The Times, 29 December 1920. 125. Labour Leader, 6 . 126. Ibid., 17 . 127. Ibid., 20 January 1921. Notes 229

128. Daily Herald, 17 January 1921. 129. Ibid., 19 January 1921. 130. Ibid. 131. Ibid., 21 January 1921. 132. Ibid., 2 February 1921. 133. Ibid., 7 February 1921. 134. Ibid. 135. Ibid., 10 February 1921. 136. Ibid., 7 February 1921. 137. Ibid., 22 February 1921. 138. Ibid., 14 February 1921. 139. Ibid., 22 February 1921. 140. Ibid., 12 . 141. Ibid., 22 February 1921. 142. Ibid., 15 March 1921. 143. Ibid., 22 March 1921. 144. Ibid., 29 . 145. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1921, p. 24. 146. Ibid., p. 24. 147. Labour Leader, 27 January 1921. 148. Ibid., 10 February 1921. 149. Ibid., 24 February 1921. 150. The Times, 24 February 1921, Nottingham. 151. D. Macardle, The Irish Republic, 4th (Corgi) edn (London, 1968), p. 385. 152. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1921, p. 25. 153. Winder Good, ‘British Labour and Irish Needs’, pp. 552–60. 154. Ibid. 155. H. Somerville, ‘The Political Impotence of British Labour’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 10 (March 1921), p. 17. 156. Daily Herald, 18 . 157. Ibid., 17 June 1921. 158. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1921, p. 17. 159. Daily Herald, 22 June 1921. 160. Ibid., 24 June 1921. 161. Sussex Daily News, 24 June 1921. 162. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1921, p. 17. 163. Daily Herald, 23 June 1921. 164. Ibid., 24 June 1921.

3 Partition Established: The Labour Party and the Government of Ireland Act 1920

1. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Reports, 1918, p. 69, and 1919, Appendix iv, p. 183. 2. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London, 1988), p. 503. 3. J. Kendle, Walter Long, Ireland and the Union 1905–1920 (Dublin, 1992), p. 132. 4. TNA, CAB 24/89 GT8240, Draft of a Bill for the Government of Ireland, Prepared by Mr Walter Long’s Committee, . 230 Notes

5. Kendle, Walter Long, p. 155. 6. The Times, 18 . 7. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 114, col. 1507, 3 . 8. Ibid., col. 1709, 14 May 1919. 9. Ibid. 10. Kendle, Walter Long, p. 201. 11. Quoted in R. Murphy, ‘Walter Long and the Making of the Government of Ireland Act 1919–1920’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 25, no. 97 (May 1986), p. 84. 12. Ibid., p. 85. 13. Ibid., p. 87. 14. Quoted in D. G. Boyce, ‘British Conservative Opinion, the Ulster Question and the Partition of Ireland 1912–21’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 65 (March 1970), p. 110. 15. The Times, 26 February 1920. 16. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 127, cols. 945–8, 29 . 17. Labour Leader, 1 January 1920. 18. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 127, col. 950, 29 March 1920. 19. J. R. Clynes, Memoirs, vol. 1 (London, 1937), p. 309. 20. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 127, cols. 994–7, 29 March 1920. 21. Ibid., col. 1314, 31 March 1920. 22. Labour Leader, 1 April 1920. 23. Ibid., 11 March 1920. 24. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 127, col. 1126, 30 March 1920. 25. Ibid., col. 1319, 31 March 1920. 26. Ibid., cols. 1323–4, 31 March 1920. 27. Labour Leader, 6 . 28. Ibid. 29. CKS, J. H. Thomas Papers, U1625 011, Irish Railway 1920 Deputation to the Rt Hon. (Prime Minister) from TUC Parliamentary Committee, 22 July 1920. 30. Ibid. 31. Ibid. 32. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Minutes, 4 May 1920, p. 41. 33. Ibid., 11 May, p. 43. 34. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 129, cols. 1328–30, 18 May 1920. 35. Ibid. 36. Labour Leader, 13 May 1920. 37. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 129, col. 1346, 18 May 1920. 38. Ibid., cols. 1355–6, 18 May 1920. 39. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1920, p. 53. 40. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Minutes, 9 November 1920, p. 2. 41. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 134, cols. 1416–18, 11 November 1920. 42. Murphy, ‘Walter Long’, p. 94. 43. R. Fanning, ‘Anglo-Irish Relations: Partition and the British Dimension in Historical Perspective’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 2, no. 1 (1985), p. 13. 44. Boyce, ‘British Conservative Opinion’, p. 98. 45. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1920, p. 162. 46. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1921, p. 76. Notes 231

4 The Establishment of the : The British Labour Party in Opposition, 1921–1923

1. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 133, col. 925, 20 October 1920. 2. D. G. Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy 1918–22 (London, 1972), p. 180. 3. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Minutes, 28 June 1921, p. 12. 4. Forward, 20 August 1921. 5. Ibid., 27 August 1921. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., 8 . 8. Ibid., 1 October 1921. 9. Daily Herald, 28 June 1921. 10. Ibid., 27 June 1921. 11. Ibid., 11 . 12. Ibid., 12 July 1921. 13. Ibid., 13 July 1921. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., 28 July 1921. 16. Ibid., 15 August 1921. 17. Ibid., 16 August 1921. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid., 17 August 1921. 21. Ibid., 18 August 1921. 22. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 146, col. 1879, 19 August 1921. 23. Daily Herald, 24 August 1921. 24. Ibid., 27 August 1921. 25. Ibid., 29 August 1921. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid., 2 . 29. Ibid. 30. Quoted in Manchester Guardian, 7 September 1921. 31. Daily Herald, 8 September 1921. 32. Ibid., 9 September 1921. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., 16 September 1921. 35. Ibid., 17 September 1921. 36. Ibid., 19 September 1921. 37. Ibid., 24 September 1921. 38. Ibid., 26 September 1921. 39. Ibid., 30 September 1921. 40. Labour Leader, 25 August 1921. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid., 1 September 1921. 43. Ibid. 44. Daily Herald, 24 October 1921. 45. Ibid., 25 October 1921. 46. Ibid., 2 . 232 Notes

47. Ibid., 4 November 1921. 48. Ibid. 49. Labour Leader, 3 November 1921. 50. Ibid., 17 November 1921. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid., 1 . 53. Daily Herald, 31 October 1921. 54. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, cols. 1407–8, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 55. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, col. 1406, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 56. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, col. 1411, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 57. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, col. 1462, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 58. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, col. 1462, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 59. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, cols. 1464–5, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 60. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, cols. 1464–5, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 61. Daily Herald, 29 October 1921. 62. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 147, col. 1412, 31 October 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 63. Daily Herald, 29 October 1921. 64. Ibid., 1 November 1921. 65. Ibid., 21 November 1921. 66. J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 52–3. 67. Daily Herald, 3 December 1921. 68. Ibid., 6 December 1921. 69. Ibid., 7 December 1921. 70. Ibid. 71. Ibid. 72. Ibid., 12 December 1921. 73. Ibid. 74. Labour Party, NEC Minutes, 7 December 1921, p. 12. 75. Labour Leader, 8 December 1921. 76. Ibid. 77. Ibid., 15 December 1921. 78. Ibid. 79. Forward, 17 December 1921. 80. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 149, cols. 19–22, 14 December 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 81. The Times, 17 December 1921. 82. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 149, cols. 306–10, 14 December 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 83. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 149, col. 311, 16 December 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement. 84. The Times, 15 December 1921. Notes 233

85. Daily Herald, 4 . 86. Ibid., 2 . 87. K. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue in the British Labour Movement 1900–1922’ (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Sussex, 1983), p. 299. 88. A. J. P. Taylor, English History: 1914–1945 (Oxford, 1965), p. 236. 89. Quoted in A. Shields, ‘The British Labour Party and Ireland 1925–1949’ (unpublished MA thesis, University College Galway, National University of Ireland, 1987), p. 43. 90. D. V. McDermott, ‘The British Labour Movement and Ireland 1905–1925’ (unpublished MA thesis, University College Galway, National University of Ireland, 1979), p. 483. 91. The Times, 14 January 1922. 92. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 150, col. 1442, 17 February 1922. 93. Daily Herald, 9 February 1922. 94. Ibid., 13 February 1922. 95. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 150, cols. 25–6, 7 February 1922. 96. The Times, 18 February 1922. 97. Ibid. 98. Ibid. 99. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 150, col. 1432, 17 February 1922. 100. Daily Herald, 18 February 1922. 101. TNA, CAB 21/249, Conference on Ireland with Irish Ministers, 6 February 1922. 102. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985, p. 54. 103. P. Adelman, The Rise of the Labour Party 1880–1945 (London, 1972), p. 53. 104. Dáil Éireann, Debates, 20 December 1921, in TNA, CAB 21/247, Irish Settlement: Oath of Allegiance to the Crown. 105. The Times, 3 . 106. Ibid. 107. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 151, col. 606, 2 March 1922. 108. Ibid., col. 677. 109. Daily Herald, 7 March 1922. 110. Ibid., 1 . 111. Daily Herald, 27 March 1922. 112. Forward, 23 , in TNA, PRO/30/69/1046, Ramsay MacDonald Papers. 113. Daily Herald, 17 March 1922. 114. Ibid., 3 April 1922. 115. The Times, 5 . 116. For a discussion on the significance of the Collins–de Valera pact see M. Gallagher, ‘The Pact General Election of 1922’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 21, no. 84 (September 1979), and T. Towey, ‘The Reaction of the British Government to the 1922 Collins–de Valera Pact’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 22, no. 85 (March 1980). 117. Daily Herald, 22 May 1922. 118. Ibid., 23 May 1922. 119. TNA, CAB 21/256, Ireland: Draft Irish Constitution, 23 May 1922. 120. TNA, CAB 21/259, Ireland: Departmental Committee. 121. Daily Herald, 23 May 1922. 234 Notes

122. Ibid., 14 . 123. Ibid., 23 May 1922. 124. Ibid., 24 May 1922. 125. The Times, 1 June 1922. 126. Daily Herald, 1 June 1922. 127. Ibid. 128. Ibid., 2 June 1922. 129. The Times, 1 June 1922. 130. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 154, cols. 2181–2, 31 May 1922. 131. Daily Herald, 1 June 1922. 132. TNA, CAB 21/257, Ireland: Draft Irish Constitution, 1 June 1922. 133. Daily Herald, 5 June 1922. 134. For a discussion on the significance of the Irish Constitutional Crisis see T. Towey, ‘The Legislative Supremacy of the Parliament: An Aspect of Dominion Status Endangered in 1922’, Historical Journal, vol. 27, no. 4 (1984). 135. Daily Herald, 5 June 1922. 136. Ibid., 16 June 1922. 137. Ibid., 17 June 1922. 138. See Gallagher, ‘The Pact General Election of 1922’, and F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, 2nd edn (London, 1972), p. 459. 139. TNA, CAB 21/255, Murder of Sir Henry Wilson, 22 June 1922. 140. Daily Herald, 23 June 1922. 141. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 155, col. 1742, 26 June 1922. 142. D. Keogh, Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin, 1994), p. 6. 143. Daily Herald, 24 June 1922. 144. Ibid., 27 June 1922. 145. Ibid. 146. Ibid., 29 June 1922. 147. Forward, 24 June 1922. 148. Ibid., 1 July 1922. 149. Daily Herald, 30 June 1922. 150. Ibid., 1 July 1922. 151. Ibid., 11 July 1922. 152. Ibid., 1 July 1922. 153. Daily Herald, 6 July 1922. 154. Labour Leader, 13 July 1922. 155. Daily Herald, 4 . 156. Ibid., 4 August 1922, 9 August 1922. 157. Ibid., 14 August 1922. 158. Ibid., 18 August 1922. 159. Ibid., 24 August 1922. 160. Ibid., 28 August 1922. 161. Ibid., 13 . 162. Labour Leader, 14 September 1922. 163. Daily Herald, 27 September 1922. 164. Ibid., 15 . 165. Ibid., 8 November 1922. 166. Quoted in P. Canning, British Policy towards Ireland 1921–1941 (Oxford, 1985), p. 69. Notes 235

167. The Times, 28 November 1922. 168. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 159, col. 50, 23 November 1922. 169. Ibid., col. 58, 23 November 1922. 170. The Times, 28 November 1922. 171. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 159, col. 363, 27 November 1922. 172. Ibid., cols. 382–3, 27 November 1922. 173. The Times, 6 December 1922. 174. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 159, col. 750, 29 November 1922. 175. Daily Herald, 3 . 176. New Leader, 8 December 1922. 177. Daily Herald, 12 January 1923. 178. Ibid., 5 . 179. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 159, cols. 884–5, 30 November 1922. 180. Forward, 16 December 1922. 181. Labour Leader, 6 . 182. Daily Herald, 13 . 183. Ibid. 184. The Times, 13 March 1923. 185. Ibid. 186. Daily Herald, 13 March 1923. 187. The Times, 13 March 1923. 188. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 161, col. 1158, 12 March 1923. 189. Ibid., col. 1552, 14 March 1923. 190. The Times, 13 March 1923. 191. New Leader, 16 March 1923. 192. The Times, 13 March 1923. 193. Ibid. 194. Ibid. 195. The Times, 15 March 1923. 196. Ibid., 20 March 1923. 197. Daily Herald, 20 March 1923. 198. The Times, 20 March 1923. 199. Daily Herald, 17 March 1923. 200. Forward, 31 March 1923. 201. New Leader, 23 March 1923. 202. Daily Herald, 22 March 1923. 203. Ibid., 27 March 1923. 204. Ibid., 31 March 1923. 205. The Times, 4 ; Daily Herald, 5 April 1923. 206. Daily Herald, 23 April 1923. 207. Ibid., 30 April 1923. 208. Ibid., 10 . 209. Ibid., 21 March 1923. 210. The Times, 29 May 1923. 211. Daily Herald, 15 May 1923. 212. Ibid., 18 May 1923. 213. Ibid. 214. Ibid., 21 May 1923. 215. Ibid., 29 May 1923. 216. New Leader, 25 May 1923. 236 Notes

217. Forward, 21 . 218. Ibid. 219. Ibid., 11 . 220. Daily Herald, 4 . 221. Ibid., 3 September 1923. 222. New Leader, 21 September 1923. 223. Quoted in R. W. Lyman, The First Labour Government, 1924 (London, 1957), p. 6. 224. Harding, ‘The Irish Issue’, p. 299.

5 Labour in Government, 1924: The Boundary Commission Controversy

1. For a discussion on the passport controversy see J. P. O’Grady, ‘The Irish Free State Passport and the Question of Citizenship 1921–24’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 26, no. 104 (November 1989); G. MacMillan, ‘British Subjects and Irish Citizens: The Passport Controversy 1923–24’, Eire-Ireland, vol. 26, no. 3 (1991); and D. W. Harkness, The Restless Dominion: The Irish Free State and the British (London, 1969), p. 47. 2. Letter from Kevin O’Shiel to Cosgrave, UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/ H62(1), 9 August 1923. 3. TNA, CO 739/27, CO/8204, Irish Free State Original Correspondence (January–), 16 . 4. TNA, CO 739/27, CO/1506, undated. 5. G. Martin, ‘The Irish Free State and the Evolution of the Commonwealth 1921–1949’, in R. Hyam and G. Martin (eds.), Reappraisals in British Imperial History (London, 1975). 6. L. Curtis, ‘Memorandum on the Status of Ireland under the Proposals of July 20th’, in TNA, CAB 21/243, Irish Settlement, 22 October 1921, p. 12. 7. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 1, col. 895, 18 September 1922. 8. N. McQueen, ‘Eamon de Valera, the Irish Free State and the 1919–46’, Eire-Ireland, vol. 17, no. 4 (1982). 9. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, p. 42, 27 . 10. See Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, vol. 2: 1923–1926 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy/Department for Foreign Affairs, 2000) and Harkness, The Restless Dominion. 11. Harkness, The Restless Dominion, p. 56. 12. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, p. 356, 19 . 13. Quoted in B. A. Reynolds, William T. Cosgrave and the Foundations of the Irish Free State 1922–25 (Kilkenny, 1998), p. 88. 14. Ibid. 15. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/538(3), 1 . 16. Ibid. 17. Reynolds, William T. Cosgrave, p. 72. 18. Daily Telegraph, 9 , in UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(171), 14 May 1924. Notes 237

19. See Harkness, The Restless Dominion, p. 64. 20. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 10 June 1924, p. 316. 21. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, cols. 169–70, 1 July 1924. 22. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/976(1), 1 March 1924. 23. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, cols. 1840–1, 22 July 1924. 24. Ibid., vol. 7, col. 2029, 6 June 1924. 25. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(40), 14 March 1924. 26. TNA, PREM 1/43, Prime Minister’s Office, 22 March 1924. 27. Ibid., 24 March 1924. 28. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 6, col. 2292, 25 March 1924. 29. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(104), 26 March 1924. 30. Ibid., 28 March 1924. 31. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/R, undated. 32. P. Canning, British Policy towards Ireland, 1921–1941 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 87–8. 33. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/C, 2 . 34. Ibid., TAOIS/S/2027, 30 May 1923. 35. UCD, Richard Mulcahy Papers, P7/B/340, 18 November 1923. 36. Ibid., 13 . 37. Ibid. 38. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(27), 19 January 1924. 39. UCD, Hugh Kennedy Papers, P4/427(14), 29 January 1924. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/H/99, North-Eastern Boundary Bureau Memorandum, 13 . 44. Ibid. 45. UCD, Richard Mulcahy Papers, P7/B/341, 27 January 1924. 46. Ibid. 47. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/372(19/3), 19 March 1924. 48. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(78), 4 March 1924. 49. TNA, PRO 30/69/191, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 16 February 1924. 50. Forward, 1 March 1924. 51. UCD, Richard Mulcahy Papers, P7/B/367, 5 February 1924. 52. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/380(53), 8 February 1924. 53. Ibid., P80/380(163), 7 May 1924. 54. Ibid., P80/380(50), 6 February 1924. 55. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/H/106(4), Report no. 2, 20 February 1924. 56. Ibid., LA1/H/106(6), Report no. 3, 23 February 1924. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/D, 28 January 1924. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid. 64. UCD, Richard Mulcahy Papers, P7/B/378, 25 February 1924. 238 Notes

65. Ibid., 17 March 1924. 66. Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/926(10), 26 February 1924. 67. R. Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour (London, 1961), p. 112. 68. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 174, col. 1258, 4 June 1924. 69. TNA, CO 739/26, Irish Free State Original Correspondence, 24 January 1924. 70. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/D, 24 January 1924. 71. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/926(10), 26 February 1924. 72. Ibid., P80/926(11), 3 March 1924. 73. TNA, CO 739/26, Irish Free State Original Correspondence, 10 March 1924. 74. The Times, 18 March 1924, in TNA, PRO 30/69/228, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 18 March 1924. 75. TNA, HO 45/12296, Boundary Commission Correspondence, 10 . 76. Morning Post, 7 May 1924, in CKS, J. H. Thomas Papers, U1625 213. 77. TNA, CO 739/26, Irish Free State Original Correspondence, 19 February 1924. 78. NAI, G2/2, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 28 February 1924. 79. PHM, Labour Party, PLP Executive Minutes, 15 May 1924, p. 30. 80. PHM, Labour Party, Conference Report, 1926, p. 245. 81. D. G. Boyce, The Irish Question and British Politics 1868–1996, 2nd edn (London, 1996), p. 78. 82. Quoted in B. Follis, A State under Siege: The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920–25 (Oxford, 1995), p. 112. 83. M. Farrell, Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the USC and RUC, 1920–27 (London, 1983), p. 210. 84. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/F/305, 14 . 85. NAI, G2/2, Minutes of the First Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 12 May 1923. 86. Ibid., 16 July 1923. 87. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/H/93, undated. 88. NAI, G2/2, Minutes of the First Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 14 May 1923. 89. Ibid., 10 December 1923. 90. Ibid., 17 December 1923. 91. NAI, DFA/P7, Department of Foreign Affairs Files, 11 December 1923. 92. Ibid., undated. 93. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 22 January 1924. 94. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 6, 18 January 1924, col. 371. 95. TNA, CAB 23/47/CABINET 7(24), P17, Cabinet Conclusions, 23 January 1924. 96. TNA, HO 45/12296, Invitations to Conference Sent by () to Duke of Abercorn (Governor of Northern Ireland) and by J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary) to Tim Healy (Governor-General of the Irish Free State), Boundary Commission Correspondence, 24 January 1924. 97. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 6, 30 January 1924, col. 685. 98. TNA, HO 267/209, leader in Manchester Guardian, 1 February 1924. 99. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach, TAOIS/S/1801/D, Notes of Meeting on the Conference on Boundary Commission, 28 January 1924. Notes 239

100. Ibid. 101. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/F/295, undated. 102. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach, TAOIS/S/1801/R, Undertakings given by President in Regard to Boundary Commission, undated. 103. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 26 January 1924. 104. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/D, undated. 105. Ibid. 106. Ibid., TAOIS/S/2027, 19 February 1924. 107. TNA, CO 739/26, Letter from Lionel Curtis to E. J. Harding, 10 March 1924. 108. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 4 February 1924. 109. Ibid., 12 February 1924. 110. TNA, CAB 23/47/CABINET 13(24), p. 126, Cabinet Conclusions, 13 February 1924. 111. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/H/106(13), 4 March 1924. 112. Ibid. 113. Ibid., LA1/H/106(17), 11 March 1924. 114. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 12 March 1924. 115. TNA, CAB 23/47/CABINET 24(24), pp. 361–2, Cabinet Conclusions, 2 April 1924. 116. Ibid. 117. TNA, HO 246/2, Irish Boundary Commission, 8 May 1924. 118. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 6, 9 April 1924, cols. 3082–3. 119. TNA, HO 267/209, letter in Freeman’s Journal (Dublin), 16 April 1924. 120. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/F, 15 April 1924. 121. TNA, CAB 24/166, CP 269, Joint Memorandum to Cabinet by Arthur Henderson (Home Secretary) and J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary), Cabinet Papers, 24 April 1924. 122. NAI, G2/2, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 26 April 1924. 123. Ibid. 124. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 7, 25 April 1924, col. 179. 125. TNA, CAB 24/166, CP 269, Joint Memorandum to Cabinet by Arthur Henderson (Home Secretary) and J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary), Cabinet Papers, 24 April 1924. 126. TNA, CAB 24/166, CP 242, Cabinet Memoranda, 7 April 1924. 127. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 28(24), p. 41, Cabinet Conclusions, 29 April 1924. 128. Ibid. 129. TNA, HO 267/209, J. H. Thomas, speech in House of Commons, 30 April 1924, reported in Manchester Guardian, 1 May 1924. 130. TNA, HO 45/12296, J. H. Thomas, oral answer in House of Commons, 5 May 1924. 131. TNA, HO 267/209, Boundary: Newspaper Cuttings, 5 May 1924. 132. TNA, CAB 24/167, CP 301, Joint Memorandum to Cabinet by Arthur Henderson (Home Secretary) and J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary), Cabinet Papers, 14 May 1924. 133. TNA, HO 45/12296, Boundary Commission Correspondence, ? May 1924. 240 Notes

134. TNA, CAB 24/167, CP 301, Joint Memorandum to Cabinet by Arthur Henderson (Home Secretary) and J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary), Cabinet Papers, 14 May 1924. 135. Ibid. 136. Ibid. 137. TNA, CAB 24/167, CP398, Cabinet Memoranda, 14 July 1924. 138. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/R, 7 May 1924. 139. Ibid., 10 May 1924. 140. Ibid., 13 May 1924. 141. Ibid., 6 May 1924. 142. UCD, Eoin MacNeill Papers, LA1/H/106(26), 5 May 1924. 143. Ibid., LA1/H/106(23), 17 May 1924. 144. TNA, HO 246/2, Memorandum for the Information of the Prime Minister, in Notes of a Meeting of the Prime Minister (Mr Ramsay MacDonald), President Cosgrave and Sir James Craig, 31 May 1924. 145. Ibid. 146. TNA, CAB 24/167, CP 328, Letter from J. H. Thomas to Tim Healy (copied to Cabinet), 30 May 1924. 147. TNA, HO 267/209, Boundary: Newspaper Cuttings, 16 April 1924. 148. Ibid., 2 May 1924. 149. TNA, HO 246/2, Memorandum for the Information of the Prime Minister, in Notes of a Meeting of the Prime Minister (Mr Ramsay MacDonald), President Cosgrave and Sir James Craig, 31 May 1924. 150. Ibid. 151. Ibid. 152. Ibid. 153. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 36(24), p. 166, Cabinet Conclusions, 4 June 1924. 154. Ibid. 155. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/H, 4 June 1924. 156. Ibid., TAOIS/S/1801/D, 11 June 1924. 157. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/372(10), 10 June 1924. 158. Ibid., P80/372(13/2), June 1924. 159. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 7, cols. 2354–5, 13 June 1924. 160. Ibid., col. 2359. 161. Ibid., col. 2361. 162. Ibid., col. 2614, 18 June 1924. 163. Ibid., cols. 2611–12. 164. TNA, HO 45/12296, Ramsay MacDonald, Speech in the House of Commons, 4 June 1924, and Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 174, cols. 1257–8, 4 June 1924. 165. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/H, Letter from MacDonald to Cosgrave, 6 June 1924. 166. Ibid., Private and Personal Letter from J. H. Thomas to Cosgrave, 16 June 1924. 167. TNA, HO 267/209, Boundary: Newspaper Cuttings, 20 June 1924. 168. TNA, HO 267/205, Boundary Judicial Committee, 25 June 1924. 169. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 41(24), Cabinet Conclusions, 15 July 1924. Notes 241

170. TNA, HO 267/205, Boundary Judicial Committee, 19 July 1924. 171. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 41(24), Cabinet Conclusions, 15 July 1924. 172. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 10 July 1924. 173. TNA, CAB 24/168, CP 403, Joint Memorandum to Cabinet by Arthur Henderson (Home Secretary) and J. H. Thomas (Colonial Secretary), Cabinet Papers, 17 July 1924. 174. Ibid. 175. Ibid. 176. Ibid. 177. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 42(24), p. 290, Cabinet Conclusions, 18 July 1924. 178. Ibid. 179. TNA, CAB 21/281, General Staff Papers: Political Situation in Ireland, 9 May 1924. 180. Ibid., 11 June 1924. 181. Ibid., 28 July 1924. 182. Ibid. 183. Ibid. 184. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 44(24), Cabinet Conclusions, 30 July 1924. 185. Ibid. 186. TNA, CAB 24/168, CP 426, Report of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 31 July 1924. 187. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 45(24), Cabinet Conclusions, 30 July 1924. 188. TNA, HO 267/205, J. H. Thomas, Speech in House of Commons, 31 July 1924. 189. TNA, HO 45/12296, J. H. Thomas, Speech in House of Commons, 1 . 190. TNA, PRO 30/69/228, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 2 August 1924. 191. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, col. 2368, 1 August 1924. 192. Ibid., col. 2377. 193. Ibid., col. 2375. 194. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 46(24), p. 414, Cabinet Conclusions, 4 August 1924. 195. T. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. 3: Ireland 1918–25, ed. K. Middlemas (Oxford, 1971), p. 234. 196. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/922(103), 6 August 1924. 197. Ibid., P80/923(1), 8 August 1924. 198. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1801/D, 2 August 1924. 199. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 46(24), Letter from the Prime Minister to the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. Cabinet Conclusions, Appendix 3, p. 420, 4 August 1924. 200. Ibid., p. 415. 201. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 3 August 1924. 202. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 46(24), Letter from the Prime Minister to the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. Cabinet Conclusions, Appendix 1, pp. 417–18, 4 August 1924. 242 Notes

203. TNA, PRO 30/69/228, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 7 August 1924. 204. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 46(24), Letter from the Prime Minister to the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. Cabinet Conclusions, Appendix 3, p. 416, 4 August 1924. 205. Ibid. 206. Ibid., p. 420. 207. Ibid., p. 461. 208. Ibid. 209. Ibid., pp. 461–2. 210. Ibid., p. 464. 211. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 48(24), Appendix 1, and HO, 45/12296, Statement made by the Secretary of State for the Colonies in the House of Commons. Cabinet Conclusions, Appendix 1, 6 August 1924. 212. Ibid. 213. TNA, HO 45/12296, J. H. Thomas, Speech in the House of Commons, 1 August 1924. 214. Westminster Gazette, 8 August 1924, in CKS, J. H. Thomas Papers, U1625 213. 215. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Files, TAOIS/S/1001/J, 12 August 1924. 216. NAI, G2/3, Minutes of the Second Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 12 August 1924. 217. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, col. 2441, 12 August 1924. 218. Ibid., col. 2466. 219. Ibid., col. 2481. 220. Ibid., col. 2483. 221. Ibid., col. 2494. 222. Ibid., col. 2495. 223. TNA, CAB 23/48/CABINET 51(24) p. 494, Cabinet Conclusions, 29 . 224. Ibid. 225. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 177, cols. 27–40, 30 September 1924. 226. Ibid., cols. 170–3, 1 . 227. CKS, J. H. Thomas Papers, UI625 213, 30 September 1924. 228. UCD, Hugh Kennedy Papers, P4/420(2), undated. 229. Ibid. 230. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, col. 2502, 15 October 1924. 231. Ibid., col. 2509. 232. The Times, 8 September 1924. 233. Ibid., 11 September 1924. 234. Dáil Éireann, Debates, vol. 8, col. 2532, 15 October 1924. 235. Ibid., cols. 2541–2. 236. NAI, G2/4, Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 1 October 1924. 237. Ibid., 7 October 1924. 238. Ibid., 17 October 1924. 239. TNA, PRO 30/69/1433, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 4 November 1924. 240. NAI, G2/4. Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 5 September 1924. 241. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London, 1988), p. 527. Notes 243

242. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 189, col. 325, 8 . 243. Ibid., col. 322, 8 December 1925. 244. Ibid., col. 323, 8 December 1925. 245. Ibid., cols. 323–6, 8 December 1925. 246. Ibid., vol. 175, cols. 596–8, 24 June 1924. 247. D. V. McDermott, ‘The British Labour Movement and Ireland 1905–1925’ (unpublished MA thesis, University College Galway, National University of Ireland, 1979), p. 4. 248. Ibid., p. 54.

6 The Boundary Commission, 1925

1. NAI, Department of the Taoiseach Papers, TAOIS/S/1801/K, Extract from Minutes of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, 10 November 1924. 2. P. Canning, British Policy towards Ireland 1921–1941 (Oxford, 1985), p. 94. 3. B. A. Follis, ‘The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920–25’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1990), p. 517. 4. Ibid., p. 517. 5. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 189, cols. 309–10, 8 December 1925. 6. Ibid., col. 321. 7. Ibid., col. 322. 8. Ibid., col. 326. 9. J. H. Thomas, My Story (London, 1937), pp. 182–3. 10. Ibid., p. 183. 11. Ibid. 12. Hansard, Fifth Series, Commons, vol. 189, col. 330, 8 December 1925. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., col. 331. 15. Ibid., col. 340. 16. Ibid., col. 345. 17. Ibid., col. 360. 18. TNA, PRO 30/69/1170, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 10 .

Conclusion

1. P. Canning, British Policy towards Ireland 1921–1941 (Oxford, 1985), p. 100. 2. UCD, Desmond Fitzgerald Papers, P80/372(19/3), 3 September 1924. 3. TNA, PRO 30/69/228, Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 1 October 1924. 4. T. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. 3: Ireland 1918–25, ed. K. Middlemas (Oxford, 1971), p. 234. 5. K. Matthews, Fatal Infl uence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics 1920–1925 (Dublin, 2004), pp. 241–2. Bibliography

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244 Bibliography 245

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Townshend, C., ‘The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 21, no. 83 (March 1979). Valiulis, M. G., ‘The “Army Mutiny” of 1924 and the Assertion of Civilian Authority in Independent Ireland’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 92 (September 1983). Winder Good, J., ‘British Labour and Irish Needs’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 9 (December 1920).

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Bell, G., ‘The British Working Class Movement and the National Question 1916–1921’ (PhD, University of , 1992). Follis, B. A., ‘The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920–25’ (PhD, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1990). Harding, K., ‘The Irish Issue in the British Labour Movement 1900–1922’ (DPhil, University of Sussex, 1983). MacMillan, G. M., ‘Legislative Authority, Sovereignty, Legitimacy and Political Development: The Constitutional Basis of the Irish Free State’ (PhD, National University of Ireland, 1986). McDermott, D. V., ‘The British Labour Party and Ireland 1905–1925’ (MA, University College Galway, National University of Ireland, 1979). Shields, A. P., ‘The British Labour Party and Ireland 1925–1946’ (MA, University College Galway, National University of Ireland, 1987). Stubbs, B., ‘The Attitude of the British Labour Party to the Irish Question 1906–1951’ (MPhil, London School of Economics, 1974). Ware, C., ‘The Impact of the Irish Question on the British Labour Movement 1916–1921’ (MA, University of Warwick, 1974).

Books

Adams, R. J. Q., (London, 1999). Adelman, P., The Decline of the Liberal Party (London, 1981). Adelman, P., The Rise of the Labour Party 1880–1945 (London, 1972). Adelman, P., and Pearce, R., Great Britain and the Irish Question 1800–1922 (London, 2001). Anderson, M., and Bort, E., The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture (Liverpool, 1999). Augusteijn, J., The Irish 1913–1923 (London, 2003). Beckett, J. C., The Making of Modern Ireland 1603–1923 (London, 1966). Beckett, J. C., and Glasscock, R. E. (eds.), Belfast: The Origin and Growth of an Industrial City (London, 1967). Bell, G., Troublesome Business: The Labour Party and the Irish Question (London, 1982). Bew, P., Ideology and the Irish Question (Oxford, 1994). Bew, P., John Redmond (Dundalk, 1996). Bew, P., Gibbon, P., and Patterson, H., Northern Ireland 1921–1994: Political Forces and Social Classes (London, 1995). Bew, P., Hazelkorn, E., and Patterson, H., The Dynamics of Irish Politics (London, 1989). 248 Bibliography

Blaxland, G., J. H .Thomas: A Life for Unity (London, 1964). Blythe, R., The Age of Illusion: England in the Twenties and Thirties 1919–1940 (London, 1963). Bowman, J., De Valera and the Ulster Question 1917–1973 (Oxford, 1989). Bowman, T., The People’s Champion: The Life of Alexander Bowman – Pioneer of Labour Politics in Ireland (Belfast, 1997). Boyce, D. G., Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy 1918–22 (London, 1972). Boyce, D. G., Ireland 1828–1923: From Ascendancy to Democracy (Oxford, 1992). Boyce, D. G., Nationalism in Ireland, 3rd edn (London, 1995). Boyce, D. G., The Irish Question and British Politics 1868–1996, 2nd edn (London, 1996. Boyce, D. G. (ed.), The Revolution in Ireland 1879–1923 (Dublin, 1988). Boyce, D. G., and O’Day, A. (eds.), The Making of Modern Irish History (London, 1996). Brady, C. (ed.), Interpreting Irish History (Dublin, 1994). Brockway, F., Socialism over Sixty Years: The Life of Jowett of (London, 1946). Brown, G., Maxton (Edinburgh, 1986). Brown, T., Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922–79 (London, 1981). Buckland, P., A History of Northern Ireland (Dublin, 1981). Buckland, P., Irish Unionism 1885–1923 (Belfast, 1973). Buckland, P., James Craig (Dublin, 1980). Canning, P., British Policy towards Ireland, 1921–1941 (Oxford, 1985). Catterall, P., and McDougall, S. (eds.), The Northern Ireland Question in British Politics (London, 1996). Clarke, P., Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London, 1996). Clarkson, J. Dunsmore, Labour and Nationalism in Ireland (New York, 1925). Clifford, C., The Asquiths (London, 2002). Clynes, J. R., Memoirs (London, 1937). Cole, G. D. H., History of the Labour Party from 1914 (London, 1948). Collins, P. (ed.), Nationalism and Unionism: Confl ict in Ireland 1885–1921 (Belfast, 1994). Collins, S., The Cosgrave Legacy (Dublin, 1996). Costello, F., The Irish Revolution and its Aftermath 1916–1923 (Dublin, 2003). Cowling, M., The Impact of Labour 1920–1924 (Cambridge, 1971). Craig, F. W. S., British Election Manifestos 1918 (Chichester, 1970). Cronin, M., and Regan, J. (eds.), The Politics of Independence 1922–1949 (London, 2000). Curran, J. M., The Birth of the Irish Free State, 1921–1923 (Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1980). Dangerfield, G., The Damnable Question (London, 1976). de Vere White, T., Kevin O’Higgins, 2nd edn (Dublin, 1986). Dutton, D., : Gentleman in Politics (Bolton, 1985). Ensor, R., England 1870–1914 (Oxford, 1936). Fanning, R., Independent Ireland (Dublin, 1983). Farrell, M., Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the USC and RUC, 1920–27 (London, 1983). Ferriter, D., The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (Dublin, 2004). Bibliography 249

Fitzpatrick, D., The Two Irelands 1912–1939 (Oxford, 1998). Fitzpatrick, D. (ed.), Revolution? Ireland 1917–1923 (Dublin, 1990). Follis, B., A State under Siege: The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920–25 (Oxford, 1995). Foster, R. F., Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London, 1988). Foster, R. F., The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland (Oxford, 1989). Fox, C., The Making of a Minority (Derry, 1997). Gallagher, F., The Invisible Island: The History of the Partition of Ireland (London, 1957). Garvin, T., 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (Dublin, 1996). Gray, T., Ireland this Century (London, 1994). Gregory, A., and Paseta, S. (eds.), Ireland and the Great War (Manchester, 2002). Gwynn, D., The Partition of Ireland (London, 1950). Hancock, W. K., Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. 1: Problems of Nationality 1918–1936 (London, 1937). Hand, G. (ed.), Report of the Irish Boundary Commission 1925 (Shannon, 1969). Harkness, D., Northern Ireland since 1920 (Dublin, 1983). Harkness, D., The Restless Dominion: The Irish Free State and the British Commonwealth of Nations (London, 1969). Hart, P., The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork 1916–1923 (Oxford, 1998). Hennessey, T., Dividing Ireland – World War One and Partition (London, 1998). Hennessey, T., A History of Northern Ireland 1920–1996 (Dublin, 1997). Hepburn, A. C., The Confl ict of Nationality in Modern Ireland (London, 1980). Heslinga, M. W., The Irish Border as a Cultural Divide (Assen, 1979). Hickey, D. J., and Doherty, J. E., A Dictionary of Irish History since 1800 (Dublin, 1980). Hopkinson, M., Green against Green (Dublin, 1988). Hopkinson, M., The Irish War of Independence (Dublin 2002). Hutton, S., and Stewart, P. (eds.), Irish Histories; Aspects of State, Society and Ideology (London, 1991). Hyam, R., and Martin, G. (eds.), Reappraisals in British Imperial History (London, 1975). Jackson, A., Ireland 1798–1998 (Oxford, 1999). Jones, T., Lloyd George (London, 1951). Jones, T., Whitehall Diary, vol. 3: Ireland 1918–25, ed. K. Middlemas (Oxford, 1971). Kendle, J., Ireland and the Federal Solution (Montreal, 1989). Kendle, J., Walter Long, Ireland and the Union (Dublin, 1992). Kennedy, D., The Widening Gulf: Northern Attitudes to the Independent Irish State 1919–49 (Belfast, 1988). Kennedy, L., Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland (Belfast, 1996). Keogh, D., Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin, 1994). Kirkwood, D., My Life of Revolt (London, 1935). Knox, W., James Maxton (Manchester, 1987). Laffan, M., The Partition of Ireland 1911–1925 (Dundalk, 1983). Lawlor, S., Britain and Ireland 1914–1923 (Dublin, 1983). Laybourn, K., The Rise of Labour (London, 1988). Lee, J. J., Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge, 1989). 250 Bibliography

Lee, J., The Modernisation of Irish Society 1848–1918, 2nd edn (Dublin, 1989). Lyman, R. W. The First Labour Government, 1924 (London, 1957). Lyons, F. S. L., Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939 (Oxford, 1979). Lyons, F. S. L., Ireland since the Famine, 2nd edn (London, 1972). Macardle, D., The Irish Republic, 4th (Corgi) edn (London, 1968). MacMillan, G. M., State, Society and Authority: The Foundation of the Modern Irish State (Dublin, 1993). Mansergh, N., The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 1: The Durham Report to the Anglo-Irish Treaty (London, 1982). Mansergh, N., The Irish Free State: Its Government and Politics (London, 1934). Mansergh, N., The Irish Question 1840–1921 (London, 1940). Mansergh, N., Nationalism and Independence (Cork, 1997). Mansergh, N., The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing (London, 1991). Marquand, D., Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1977). Martin, G., ‘The Irish Free State and the Evolution of the Commonwealth 1921–1949’, in R. Hyam and G. Martin (eds.), Reappraisals in British Imperial History (London, 1975). Matthews, K., Fatal Infl uence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics 1920–1925 (Dublin, 2004). Maume, P., The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 (London, 1999). McKibbin, R., The Evolution of the Labour Party 1910–1924 (Oxford, 1974). McNeill, R., Ulster’s Stand for Union (London, 1922). Middlemas, R. K., The Clydesiders (London, 1965). Miliband, R., Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour (London, 1961). Mitchell, A., Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919–1922 (Dublin, 1995). Morgan, A., Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class 1905–1923 (London, 1991). Morgan, A., and Purdie, B (eds.), Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class (London, 1980). Morgan, K. O., The Age of Lloyd George (London, 1971). Morton, G., Home Rule and the Irish Question (London, 1980). Moulton, M., Ireland and the Irish in Inter-War England (Cambridge, 2014). Mowat, C. L., Britain between the Wars 1918–1940 (London, 1955). Mulcahy, R., Richard Mulcahy: A Family Memoir (Dublin, 1999). Murphy, J. A., Ireland in the Twentieth Century (Dublin, 1975). Ni Dhonnchadha, M., and Dorgan, T. (eds.), Revising the Rising (Derry, 1991). O’Halloran, C., Partition and the Limits of Irish Nationalism (Dublin, 1987). O’Halpin, E., Defending Ireland: The Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford, 1999). O’Leary, B., and McGarry, J., The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland (London, 1993). Patterson, H., Class Confl ict and Sectarianism (Belfast, 1980). Patterson, H., The Politics of Illusion (London, 1989). Pearse, P., Political Writings and Speeches (Dublin, n.d.). Peele, G., and Cook, C. (eds.), The Politics of Reappraisal (London, 1975). Pelling, H., A Short History of the Labour Party (London, 1961). Bibliography 251

Phoenix, E., Northern Nationalism (Belfast, 1994). Rees, R., Ireland 1905–1925 (Newtownards, 1998). Regan, J. M., The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–1936 (Dublin, 1999). Reynolds, B. A., William T. Cosgrave and the Foundation of the Irish Free State 1922–25 (Kilkenny, 1998). Roebuck, P. (ed.), Plantation to Partition (Belfast, 1981). Rubinstein, W. D., Twentieth Century Britain: A Political History (London, 2003). Rumpf, E., and Hepburn, A., Nationalism and Socialism in Twentieth Century Ireland (Liverpool, 1977). Sexton, B., Ireland and the Crown 1912–1936: The Governor-Generalship of the Irish Free State (Dublin, 1989). Shannon, C. B., Arthur. J. Balfour and Ireland 1874–1922 (Washington DC, 1988). Shaw, G. B., Irish Nationalism and Labour Internationalism (London, 1920). Sheehy, M., Divided We Stand: A Study of Partition (London, 1957). Stewart, A. T. Q., The Ulster Crisis (London, 1979). Taylor, A. J. P., English History: 1914–1945 (Oxford, 1965). Thomas, J. H., My Story (London, 1937). Townshend, C., Ireland: The Twentieth Century (London, 1994). Travers, P., Eamon de Valera (Dundalk, 1994). Walsh, P., Irish Republicanism and Socialism (Belfast, 1994). Watts, D., Ramsay MacDonald: A Labour Tragedy? (London, 1998). Williams, D. (ed.), The Irish Struggle (London, 1966). Williams, T. Desmond (ed.), The Irish Struggle 1916–26 (London, 1966). Winstanley, M. J., Ireland and the Land Question 1800–1922 (London, 1984). Index

Page spans may indicate several mentions rather than continuous discussion.

Adamson, William 29–30, 49, 70–1, Supplementary Agreement to the 84–5, 89–90 Treaty Act 210–11 All-Ireland federal council 82 see also Boundary Commission; all-party consensus 223 Irish Free State; partition ambivalence, of Labour Party 44 Anglo-Irish war 94–5 American Convention of anti-British sentiment 34 Labour 75–6 anti-colonialism 11 Amery, Leopold 134 anti-partitionism 169 Ammon, C. G. 93 anti-republicanism 131–2 anger, over Labour policy 65 anti-Treaty IRA 131 Anglo-Irish negotiations apathy, towards Ireland 45 basis of 96 Argenta (prison ship) 165 reactions to 96–7 armed forces, proposed Anglo-Irish Treaty 38, 93, withdrawal 77, 89–90 107–8, 220 see also Black and Tans adherence to 184 Armstrong, R. 77–8 aftermath 119, 122–4 army mutiny 157–8 British reassurance on 191–2 arrests and deportations 138–45 Dáil Éireann 118–19 Articles of Agreement see Anglo-Irish debate 111–12 Treaty effects of 14, 113–14 Asquith, Herbert 4, 26, 38 effects of failure 197–8 assassinations 37 and entry to Irish Cabinet 126 Ataturk, Kemal 6 full implementation 179, 186–7 high-level meeting 198–9 Baldwin, Stanley 6, 147, 149, 206, hopes and reactions 1–2, 21 216–17, 222 interpretation of 207–8, 210 Bamford, Councillor 56 and Labour policy 114–15 Barnes, George 26, 113, 117, 129 meeting of signatories Bates, Sir Dawson 164 117–18, 124 Baxter, Patrick 176, 208 oath 125 Belfast Labour 39–40 opposition to 118 Bell, G. 61 optimism 112 Biggar, J. M. 48 parliamentary debate 112–13, 115 Birkenhead, Lord 5, 98, 113, 126, proposed amendment 196–7, 187, 207–8 199–200 Black and Tans 4, 37, 65–6, 93 reactions to 109–16, 118 attitudes to 94–5 registration as international 153–4 proposed withdrawal 77, 89–90 right of Dáil Éireann to blockade, as contingency 195–6 amend 203–4 Bonar Law, Andrew 2, 4–5, 32, 85, summary and conclusions 148 134, 138, 147

252 Index 253 book Northern Ireland contribution of 20 Commissioner 193, 197–8, 200, setting 2 202, 207 structure and overview 17–20 Northern Ireland’s conditions 205 summary and conclusions Northern Ireland’s refusal to 220–4 participate 176 themes 2, 12 opposition to 118 border, unresolved issue 116 overview of controversy 149 Boundary Commission partition 115 activities 214–15 perspectives on 169–72 adherence to Anglo-Irish and position of Northern Treaty 183 Ireland 14 appointment of chair and mem- preliminary conference 175, 178, bers 174, 184, 188–9, 206–8, 181–2 214–15 press speculation 216 attitude of Labour Party 211–12 pressure to implement 146 Birkenhead’s letter 207 Privy Council ruling 197–9 British intentions 176, 202–3 provision for 107, 169 Cabinet memorandum 182, 184 report, 1925 210 compromise agreement 210 sensitivity of issue 209 contentious issue 13 shelving of report 216–17 contingency plans 195–6 submissions to 215 Dáil Éireann 182, 190–1, summary and conclusions 213–19 200–2 Ulster Unionists’ delays 173–4, 191 perspective 172–3 delicate negotiations 179–81 unanimity vs. majority Die-hards 117 decision 184, 188, 193–4 documentary sources 16 see also Labour government evaluations of 217–19 Bowen, J. W. 53 expectations of 214–15 Boyce, D. G. 4, 34, 60, 94, 172 first meeting 207 Bramley, Fred 115–16 formal request for 174 Bridgeman, W. C. 143 hopes of 108, 160, 162–3, 210 Brighton conference, 1921 73–4, 76 impasse 186, 188 parliamentary report 92–3 as impossibility 197–8 conference 104–5 involved parties’ terms 181–3 British–American relations 105–6 Irish Free State policy 181–2 British army of occupation see Black Irish Free State strategy 184–5 and Tans Judicial Committee of the , evolution into Privy Council 187–8, 193–5, Commonwealth 21–2 197–9 ‘British Labour and Irish Needs’ Labour government’s attitude (Winder Good) 46, 74–5 to 176–8 British Labour Party see Labour as last resort 181 Party legal requisites 182–3 British security, attacks on 37 motion in Dáil Éireann 190 British 53 moves towards 174–6 Brown, G. 8 mutual interests 221–2 Browning, G. B. 77 necessary preparation 188–9 Buchanan, George 141, 218–19 254 Index by-elections 30 109, 111–12, 116, 127, 129, 136, Ireland, 1905 39 144, 206 Ireland, 1917 34 coalition government 4–6, 33, 38 Newcastle East 137 Conservative criticism 122 Paisley 48 Labour withdrawal 44 Stockport 49 position in relation to Anglo-Irish Whitechapel 137 Treaty 113–14 post-war choices 80 Cabinet Committee on Ireland 80, 82 coalition Liberals 4 Caines, A. L. 56 Cobh attack 157–8 Cameron, A. G. 53, 76 Collins, Michael 95, 108, 120, Campaign for Peace in Ireland 71 122–3, 125, 127 Campbell, J. R. 213 death 132–3 Canning, P. 159, 214, 221 Collins–de Valera pact 122–6, 129 Cant, E. 53 colonialism, Labour Party 169 Carson, Sir Edward 32–3, 44–5, Commission of Inquiry 76 72, 121 Commonwealth of Dominions 21–2 Cecil, Lord Hugh 119 compensation claims 171 censure motion 213 composite resolution 77–8 Central Europe, compromise, attitudes to 4 self-determination 11–12 Connolly, James 10, 40 Chamberlain, Austen 117–18 conscription 13, 33, 35–6, 42–3 Chamberlain, Neville 147 Conscription Act 1918 42–3 Chanak incident 6 Conservative government, and Childers, Erskine 138 Boundary Commission 216–17 Churchill, Winston 123–5, 219 Conservative Party criticism of 119, 125 Boundary Commission 206 on Four Courts occupation 130 criticism of Churchill 119 press reactions to 127 criticism of coalition policy 122 reaction to Collins–de Valera election victory 1924 222 pact 126 in government 134–48 4, 9, 69–70 imperialism 32 Irish Free State 133 position in relation to Anglo-Irish Labour as defender 138–45 Treaty 113–14 Civil War 35 resurgence 20–1 beginning of 129–31 support for Ulster Unionists 92 continuation of 132 unionism 3 delay of Boundary see also Die-hards Commission 173 Constituent Assembly 90, 93 non-interference 137–8 constitutional upheaval 13 petering out 145 contingency plans 124–5 press reactions to 138 co-operation, British and Irish Labour threat of 127 parties 65–6 Clarkson, J. Dunsmore 45, 59 Cosgrave, William T. 142–3, 151, class, and political parties 28–9 158, 174, 176–7, 181–2, 185–6, class politics 128–9 188–9, 191, 198–201, 203–5, 207 Clause IV 28 Council of Ireland 91, 98, 136, 179 Clynes, J. R. 30, 44–5, 63–5, 72, 81, Councils of Action 5, 60, 76 83–4, 86–8, 91, 98, 101, 105–6, counter-terrorism 37, 66 Index 255 coupon election 4 Dillon, John 34–5, 43–4, 145 Craig, Charles 119–20, 125 diplomacy, Irish Free State 155 Craig, Sir James 125–6, 164, 173, documentary sources 15–16 186, 188, 205, 215 Dominion Home Rule 46–7, 57, Craig–Collins agreements 126 61–3, 77, 86, 90, 95 credibility 45 Anglo-Irish Treaty 113 Cunningham, T. 55 offer of 98 Curtis, Lionel 152, 170–1, 179–81, Dominion self-government 83–5 195, 212 Dominion status 107–8, 118–19, Curzon, Lord 142–3 122, 124, 153 Dominions, post-war conferences and Dáil Éireann 14 settlements 155–7 approval of Anglo-Irish Dual Monarchism 35 Treaty 118–19 dual policy 80 Boundary Commission 182, Dublin rail strike 58–9 190–1, 200–2 distrust of British Easter Rising 13, 32–4, 41 government 204, 208 Eastern Europe, establishment of 37 self-determination 11–12 Irish Free State (Confirmation of economic instability 2–3 Agreement) Bill 202–5 electorate, structure of 28–9 letter from MacDonald 200 empire, and Ireland 100 oath 199 empire socialism 46 reactions to Privy Council European context 2 decision 198–200 executions 138 rejection of British offer 99 sensitivity 156–7 23 Treaty (Confirmation of Fanning, R. 91 Supplemental Agreement) federal devolution 82 Bill 207–8 federalism 57–8, 80–1 Daily Herald 9, 11, 48, 57, 61, 72–3, federalism debate 6–7, 53–4 77–8, 97–103, 105, 108–10, 113, Feetham, Justice Richard 12, 181, 120, 123–34, 138–9, 142, 146 188–9, 193, 207, 214 Daily Telegraph 155 financial concessions, Northern Daly, John 204 Ireland 205 Davis, R. J. 54 First World War de Valera, Eamon 34–7, 97, 101, effects on Labour politics 25 108, 126–7, 145 effects on political parties 26 offer to 98 Labour attitudes to 25–6 debate, restrictions on 76 political transformation 13–15, 23 debt eradication 219 Fisher, Herbert 66 democratisation 13–14 Fisher, J. R. 207, 214 deportations 138–45, 213 Fitzgerald, Desmond 150–3, 156–7, devolution 6–7, 32 160, 189–90 federal 82 Fitzmaurice, Mr 180 Diamond, Charles 144 Follis, B. 214–15 Die-hards 2, 4, 6, 32, 94, 98, 104–6, Forward 50–3, 59, 62–5, 96, 138, 117–18, 122, 163, 174 145, 165 see also Conservative Party Foster, R. 80, 210 256 Index

Four Courts occupation 122, Henderson, Arthur 25–7, 29–30, 42, 130–1 66–7, 71, 73–4, 81, 94, 99, 101, 4–5 104–5, 109–13, 137, 168, 183, freedom 100 194, 201–2 Freeman’s Journal 165–6, 182, 187 Hodge, John 26 Hogg, Sir Douglas 141–2 Geddes Axe 6 Home Rule general elections attitudes to 31–2, 81–2 1918 14, 28–9, 38, 43 Dominion Home Rule 46–7, 57, 1922 30–1, 134 61–3, 77, 86, 90, 95, 113 1923 147, 149–50, 158 interpretation of 90 1924 213, 222 Labour support 39 Ireland, 1918 36 resolution 53–5 Irish Free State 129–30, 145–6 resistance to 13 Irish vote 169 suspension 33 Genoa conference 6 Home Rule Bill 1912 13, 37–8 94 Home Rule crisis 3 Gosling, Harry 137 Home Rule [Government of Ireland] Government of Ireland Act 1920 7, Bill 67 14, 37–8, 107, 220 Home Rule parliament 38 effects of 91 House of Commons, role in iniquities 168 government 13 reactions to 92 , role in southern Ireland 95 government 13 see also partition hunger strike 60 Government of Ireland Bill Hutchinson, W. H. 55 aims 91 amendments 87 impasse 72 opposition to 88 Imperial Conference, 1923 159 in parliament 83–9 imperialism, Labour Party 169 terms of 79 Indemnity Bill 143–4 Greenwood, Arthur 72–3, (ILP) 7–9, 142, 144 23, 30 Greenwood, Sir Hamar 72 attitude to Republicanism 62–3 Griffith, Arthur 41, 108, 127 class interests 49–51 death 132–3 comments on Labour Party 48–9 guerrilla war 14, 37 criticism of 69–70 Gwynn, Denis 166–7, 180–1 conference 51 Gwynn, Stephen 163–4 Glasgow Green resolution 59 policy 86 Habeas Corpus 143 reactions to arrests and Haldane, Lord 155 deportations 142 Hankey, Sir Maurice 196 response to truce and Hardie, George 138 negotiations 96 Harding, E. A. 219 industrial action 30 Harding, K. 41, 44, 46–7, 147 industrial unrest 5 Harkness, D. 153 instability, social and economic 2–3 Hastings, Sir Patrick 144–5, 213 Inter-Allied War Aims Healy, Cahir 164–5 Memorandum 43 Healy, Tim 156, 167–8, 186–7 international context 2 Index 257 inter-state congress, call for 116 possible declaration of Ireland Republic 200–1 attitudes to 3–4 post-war conferences and British ennui 166–7 settlements 155–7 changing political situation 31, propaganda offensive 203–4 42–4 proposal for 38 deteriorating situation 122 proposed election 122–3 and empire 100 reassurance 194–5 north–south discussions 208–9 recognition of 196 political instability 120 sensitivity of boundary issue 171 Ireland (Confirmation of Agreement) social development 133 Act 219 sovereignty 151–2 Ireland (Confirmation of Agreement) status of 14 Bill 216–17 strategy on Boundary Irish activists 45–6 Commission 184–5 Irish Boundary Commission 12 survival 157 Irish Claims Compensation see also Anglo-Irish Treaty; partition Association 171 Irish Free State (Agreement) Irish Convention 36 Act 123–5 Irish Free State 12 Irish Free State (Agreement) British contingency plans 195–6 Bill 116–21 civil liberties 133 Irish Free State (Confirmation of claims to Boundary Agreement) Bill 202–7 Commission 215 Irish Free State (Consequential class politics 128–9 Provisions) Bill 136 compared with Labour Irish Free State Constitution government 163–4 Act 107, 143 concern about election 158–60 Irish Free State (Constitution) constitution 127–9, 133 Bill 134–6 context 94–5 Irish Freedom League 168 creation of 107 Irish Independent 168, 180 diplomacy 155 ‘Irish Interest in British Election entry to Cabinet 126 Result’ 175 Executive Council 201–3, Irish labour movement 39 208–10 Irish Labour Party expectations of Labour criticism of British Labour government 162 Party 10 general election 129–30 disillusionment 13 insecure government 173 establishment of 40 international status 13 relationship with British Labour legitimacy 16 Party 45, 136–7, 159 meeting re prospective British sense of abandonment 219 Labour government 167–8 Irish nationalism 31–2 moves towards Boundary demands of 92 Commission 174–6 distinct from Labour non-interference 146 internationalism 57 pensions 219 militancy 32–3, 39 policy on Boundary political allies 21 Commission 181–2 political danger 223 political jurisdiction 140 post-war 21–2 258 Index

Irish Nationalism and Labour Labour government Internationalism (Shaw) 57 appraisal of 160–2 Irish Nationalist Party 92 boundary issue 169–71 Irish News 192 Cabinet meetings 183, 194, Irish Parliamentary Party 32, 34, 36 202, 205 Irish postal workers’ strike 133 caution and apathy 171–2 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 36–7, compared with Irish Free 80–1, 116, 129 State 163–4 Cobh attack 157–8 detachment from Irish issues 157 crisis 95 end of 213 Four Courts occupation 122, expected impact 165–8 130–1 inherited problems 150–3 Irish Republican Brotherhood 33 Irish Free State’s expectations 162 Irish republicanism Irish policy 169–71 extremism 86–7 priorities 160 support for 56 reluctance over Boundary Irish republicans, attitude to Commission 176–7 compromise 4 Ulster Unionists’ attitude to 173, Irish Self-Determination League 10, 179 45–6, 139 Labour Leader 48–52, 60–1, 63–4, Irish Settlement Conference 67 66–9, 71, 73, 83, 85–6, 88, 102–4, Irish Transport and General Workers’ 110, 133, 138 Union 40 Labour MPs, social composition 30 Irish Volunteers 36–7 Labour Party Irregulars 131 attitude to Boundary Commission 211–12 Johnson, Thomas 76, 137–8, 142, changing position and role 15, 177, 199, 203–4, 207 23–4 Jolly George incident 58 composition 23–4 Jones, Jack 12, 72, 86, 88, 120, 122, constitution 27–8 136, 139 credibility 64–5, 74, 122 Jones, Morgan 143–4 criticism of 9–10, 122 Jones, Thomas 199, 212 danger of split 102 Jowett, Fred 77, 97 detachment from Irish Jowitt, Mr (MP) 192–3 issues 145–7 Judicial Committee of the Privy different interests 7–9 Council 187–8, 193–5, 197–9 evolution 120–1 hopes 101 Kelly, P. J. 122 internal division 25, 61, 69 Kendle, J. 82 and Irish nationalism 3, 40 Kennedy, Hugh 206–7 Irish policy 7 khaki election 102, 104 and Irish republicanism 15–16, 21–2 Kirkwood, David 59, 141 political exclusion 41 Knox, W. 9 portrayals of 213–14 Kyle, Sam 172, 219 pre-war development 24–5 press support 9 ‘Labour and the New Social relationship with Irish Labour Order’ 27–8 Party 45, 136–7, 159 Labour Commission 70 relationship with Sinn Fein 158–9 Index 259

role and position 39 position in relation to Anglo-Irish sectional interests 39 Treaty 113–14 self-representation 12–13, 16–17, resilience 25 24, 41 weakening 20, 25 shifting position 223–4 Lloyd George, David 2–6, 26, 36, 38, unity 58 62, 70, 80, 82, 85–7, 90–1, 94–6, weakness 48–9 98, 100–4, 108, 113, 120, 124, , 1918 43 127, 207–8 Labour Party conferences, debates on local elections, 1919 30 Ireland 172 Londonderry, Lord 158 Labour Party–TUC joint Long, Walter 80–3 statement 110 Lunn, William 142–3 Labour policy 217–18 Lyman, Richard 24 and Anglo-Irish Agreement 114–15 under Anglo-Irish Treaty 191–2 Macardle, D. 74 continuation of Conservative 221 MacCartan, Hugh A. 166–7, 180–1, ennui 166–7 185–6 late 1921 106 MacDonald, Ramsay 1, 7–8, 24–7, official 100 29, 31, 39, 52–3, 56–7, 65, 96–7, principles 97 111, 121, 131, 134–6, 139–41, Labour policy, 1918–21 143, 150, 155, 158–9, 161–2, 164, action plan 68–9 166, 186, 188–9, 191–2, 200, clarification 57 205–6, 222 context and overview 42 Maclean, Neil 88–9 criticism of 66–8, 74–5 MacNeill, Eoin 159, 174–5, 177–8, differing views on debate 214–15 results 56–7 MacNeill, James 185, 222 in discussion 52–6 MacSwiney, Terence 60, 63 dissatisfaction with 49–51 MacWhite, Michael 153 dual policy 80 Magennis, William 198 lack of support for Irish 60, 75 Manchester Guardian 177, 181, 187 reassessment 49–51 manifestos revision 66–74 British–American relations 105–6 state of flux 93 Labour Party 27–8, 43, 47, 100, 134 summary and conclusions 78 Sinn Fein 36 Lansbury, George 46, 72, 110, Mannix, Archbishop 73 114, 139 Markievicz, Countess 145 Larkin, James 10, 40, 146 Martin, G. 151 Lavery, Lady Hazel 209–10 Matthews, K. 222 League of Nations 11, 151–5, 175 Maxton, James 59, 140–1 Lee, J. 108 McCabe, Alexander 198 Lester, Sean 160, 164–5 McKeag, J. S. 55 Lewisham Trades Council 146 McQueen, N. 152 Liberal Party meetings and rallies 72 attitude to war 26 memoranda 26–7, 186, 188–90, decline 220–1 194–6, 200 internal differences 4, 25–6 Memorandum for the Information of Irish nationalism 3 the Prime Minister 186 irrelevance 222 Memorandum on War Aims 26–7 260 Index middle class relations with British and Labour Party 28–30 government 164–6 and Sinn Fein 36 sectarian violence 120 militancy 29–30, 39 Northern Ireland Parliament, Irish Labour Party 40 opening 94 Irish nationalism 32–3 Northern Whig 171, 184 military action, as November 1918 resolution 53–5 contingency 195–6 military conflict 127–8 O’Brien, Art 45–6, 139, 143–4 military intervention, fear of 102–4 Observer, The 163–4 Milroy, Sean 190, 204, 208 O’Connor, Rory 138 Mitchell, A. 46, 59–60 official reprisals 138 Mitchell, Rosslyn 218 O’Grady, James 43 moderation 121 O’Hegarty, Diarmuid 167, 177 Morgan, K. O. 5–6 O’Higgins, Kevin 117–18, 157, 159, Morning Post 157–8, 165–6, 216 171, 173, 185, 189 Muir, John 142 O’Shannon, Cathal 142 Munck, R. 40 O’Shiel, Kevin 159–63, 174–5, 177 munitions embargo 58–9 Murphy, J. A. 91 Paisley by-election 48 mutual interests 221–2 Parkinson, John Allen 84 Parliament Act 1911 13 national context 2 parliamentarianism 121 National Council of Action 60 Parliamentary Labour Party National Union of Railwaymen arrests and deportations (NUR), Dublin 58–9 campaign 138–45 negotiations attitude to suffragettes 24 breakdown 99 attitude to war 25 impasse 100–1 caution and apathy 171–2 positions in 102–3 Commission report 47–8 with Sinn Fein 108 composition 29 support for government 104–6 credibility 68 unconditional 101 criticism of 92–3 unsteadiness 105–6 determination of policy 223–4 New Leader 137, 140, 142, 145 divisions 192 non-recognition, as contingency 196 Government of Ireland Bill 87, North-Eastern Boundary Bureau 166, 89–90 170, 174, 200, 203, 215 and Irish republicanism 15 Northern Ireland leadership 49, 51–2, 63 under Anglo-Irish Treaty 107–8, response to truce and 119–20 negotiations 95–6 boundary commissioner 193, role and position 24 197–8, 200, 202, 207 strengthening 31 boundary issue 171 partition 14, 31, 37–8, 62 establishment of 14 anti-partitionism 169 financial concessions 205 changed positions on 114–15 non-cooperation 173 context and overview 79 reaction to Collins–de Valera continued concern 116 pact 125 interpretation of 91 Index 261

opposition to 83–4, 88–92 Red Clydesiders 8–9, 138–9, 142–3 parliamentary debate 83–7 Redmond, John 32–4, 36 proposal for 82 Report of the Labour Commission to summary and conclusions 147–8 Ireland 73 see also Anglo-Irish Treaty; Representation of the People Act Government of Ireland Act 1920; 1918 27, 29 Irish Free State reprisals 73, 138 party politics, mutual republican agitation 44 interests 221–2 Restoration of Order in Ireland Act, party system 2–3 repeal 143 passports 150–2, 179 Restoration of Order in Ireland patriotism 105 Bill 63–4 patronising attitude 75 revolutionary republicanism 35 Pearse, Patrick 32 rights of property 215 pensions 219 rioting 60 People Act 1918 13 Roger Casement Sinn Fein Club 168 Pettigo-Belleek salient 127–8 Roman Catholicism, Sinn Fein 35–6 Philadelphia Public Ledger 158 Royal Albert Hall meeting, 1919 46 philosophical differences 56 , impact of 3 polarisation 14 Irish politics 31–2 Saklatvala, Shapurji 135–6 political agreement, inevitability Saorstát Éireann see Irish Free State of 95 Scarborough conference, 1920 52–8, ‘The Political Impotence of British 62, 93 Labour’ (Somerville) 75 Second Dáil 37 political jurisdiction 140 Second International, Berne 45, 47 political parties, relative pos- sectarian violence 120 itions 2–5, 20 self-congratulation, Labour political transformation 13–15, 23 Party 109–11 political upheaval 13, 20 self-determination 64–5, 135 Ponsonby, Arthur 140, 151 campaign for 72 Poplarism 8 conditional 92 post-war conferences and settlements, contradictory view of 48 Dominion involvement 155–6 demands of 100 post-war hopes 3 importance of 160 pragmatism 147 impossibility of 87 press interpretation of 79, 84–6, 90, 97 Labour 9 Labour commitment to 223 see also individual titles Labour position 121 propaganda offensive 203–4 lip-service 52 protectionism 147, 149 meaning of 56–7 Provisional Government, pressure need for 54 on 123–5 post-war 11–12 public opinion 52, 94, 186 promise of 47 public ownership 28 recognition of 43–4 retreat from 114–15 rallies and meetings 72 support for 77 Rapallo Treaty 6 Thomas on 76 rapprochement, support for 97 86 262 Index sensitivity, lack of 75 Thomas, J. H. 8, 41, 55–9, 61, 75–7, Sexton, James 47, 81–2 80–1, 86–7, 99–100, 116–17, Shaw, George Bernard 57 131–3, 141, 154–5, 161, 169–71, Shaw, Tom 73 178–82, 185–7, 192, 194, 196–8, Shinwell, Emmanuel 62–3 201–3, 206, 210–11, 217–18 Shortt, Sir Edward 46 Tillett, Ben 56, 144 Sinn Fein Times, The 112, 127, 140–1, 175 agenda 35 Townshend, C. 59 aims 36 trade unions crisis 95 attitudes to war 25–6 criticism of 63 and Labour Party 23–4, 27, 30 dissatisfaction with Labour (TUC) Party 49–50 criticism of 61–2 internal division 35 industrial action 30 nationalism 92 joint statement 110 negotiations 101–2 transfer of responsibility 220 negotiations with 108 Transport and General Workers’ post-war leadership 36–7 Union 30 public support 34 Treaty (Confirmation of Supplemental relationship with British Labour Agreement) Bill 207–8 Party 158–9 Treaty of Lausanne 155–6 representativeness 95 Treaty of Versailles 11, 86, 156 role and position 34–6 Tripartite Agreement 216–17, Second Dáil 37 220, 222 seen as intransigent 87 Triple Alliance 24 truce 94–6 truce 94–6 withdrawal from Westminster 14 trust, lack of 64 six counties 82–3 Smith, F. E. (Lord Birkenhead) see Ulster, proposals for 82–3 Birkenhead, Lord ‘Ulster Boundary Conference’ 158 Snowden, Philip 29, 61–2, 66–8 Ulster Labour 39–40 social instability 2–3 Ulster Unionists 3 Somerville, Henry 75 attitude to compromise 4 sovereignty 91, 101, 151–2 attitude to Labour govern- Soviet–Polish war 61 ment 173, 179 special conference 70–1 Boundary Commission as St Quentin Hill, T. 124–5 threat 172–3 Statute of Westminster 1931 21–2, 128 Conservative protection 20–1 Stephens, E. H. 200, 203 Conservative support 92 Stockport by-election 49 exclusion demands 34 suffragettes 24 resistance to Home Rule 32–3 Sunday Times 160 role and position 38 Supplementary Agreement to the six counties 82–3 Treaty Act 210–11 Ulster Volunteer Force 32 support fund 65 United Kingdom, ending of 220–1 unity tariff reform 149–50 Irish Free State Constitution Act 108 terrorism 116 principle of 34, 88–9, 92, 98, Third Home Rule Bill 32 127, 168 Index 263

Voice of Labour 142 Wheatley, John 96 vote shares 31 Whiskard, Geoffrey 195–6 voting system, inequalities of 25 White, J. P. 154, 204 Who Burnt Cork City? 73 Walker, J. 54–5 Wilson, Sir Henry, assassination Walker, William 39–40 129, 132 Walsh, Stephen 169 Wilson, Woodrow 11 War Cabinet 26 Wilson-Fox, Henry 105 war effort, Irish nationalist Winder Good, James 46, 74–5 support 33 Workers’ Weekly 213 war-weariness 117 working class Ware, C. 58, 61 and Labour Party 39 Webb, Sidney 25, 53–4, 68 and Liberal Party 28–9 Wedgwood, Josiah 56–7, 119–20, 136 as oppressors 52 Weekly Digest 169–70 political interests 49–51 Westminster Gazette 165, 167, 203 see First World War