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Micro-Generation in Local Power Grids

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Micro-Generation in Local Power Grids ISRN LUTMDN/TMHP-14/5307-SE ISSN 0282-1990 Micro-generation in local power grids Balancing intermittency with energy storage and demand response Karin Hansson och Sara Olsson Examensarbete på Civ.ingenjörsnivå Avdelningen för energihushållning Institutionen för Energivetenskaper Lunds Tekniska Högskola | Lunds Universitet Micro-generation in local power grids Balancing intermittency with energy storage and demand response Karin Hansson Sara Olsson Division of Efficient Energy Systems, Department of Energy Sciences Lund University - Faculty of Engineering 2014-06-17 Föreliggande examensarbete på civilingenjörsnivå har genomförts vid Avd. för Energihushållning, Inst för Energivetenskaper, Lunds Universitet - LTH samt vid E.ON Elnät Sverige AB i Malmö. Handledare på E.ON Elnät Sverige AB: Alf Larsen; handledare på LU-LTH: prof. Jurek Pyrko; examinator på LU-LTH: dr Patrick Lauenburg. Projektet har genomförts i samarbete med E.ON Elnät Sverige AB Examensarbete på Civilingenjörsnivå ISRN LUTMDN/TMHP-14/5307-SE ISSN 0282-1990 © 2014 Karin Hansson och Sara Olsson samt Energivetenskaper Energihushållning Institutionen för Energivetenskaper Lunds Universitet - Lunds Tekniska Högskola Box 118, 221 00 Lund www.energy.lth.se Abstract Global climate change has resulted in a need for an energy transition from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources. Small scale power production, e.g. micro-generation from solar and wind, is an increasing part in this transition. These energy sources have a varying power output which does not always match the demand. This intermittent power generation poses challenges for the electricity grid which is conventionally dimensioned according to a rather predictable load. There are several ways to adapt the grid to these renewable and fluctuating energy sources; namely by curtailment of the generation, reinforcements and extensions of the grid, demand response and/or energy storage. This report has focused on how demand response and energy storage can balance the fluctuations in a local power grid with a high penetration of micro-generation from photovoltaics and small wind turbines. To answer this, both a literature study and a case study of a planned city-district in Malmö, i.e. Hyllie, have been performed. Main results are that the load from micro-generation in a residential area will significantly exceed the demand at certain occasions, mainly during noon in summer. If the area consists of a mix of commercial and residential loads, the capacity limits of the grid will not be exceeded. The most promising solutions to handle loads that exceed the capacity of a local grid are batteries and critical peak pricing. Currently, and likely in the near future, batteries are considerably more expensive than grid extensions. Also, the ownership of energy storages is limited for a grid operator. Recommendations for the future is to account for micro-generation when planning a local grid with undiversified demand profiles as the production can exceed the demand and hence the grid capacity. Keywords Micro-generation, DSO, energy storage, demand response, power variations i Sammanfattning Den globala klimatförändringen har lett till ett behov av en energiomställning från fossila till förnybara energikällor. Småskalig elproduktion, såsom mikroproduktion från sol och vind, spelar en allt större roll i denna omställning. Dessa energikällor ger en varierande elproduktion som inte alltid överensstämmer med efterfrågan. Denna intermittenta elproduktion innebär utmaningar för elnätet som konventionellt är dimensionerat enligt en ganska förutsägbar belastning. Det finns flera sätt att justera elnätet till dessa fluktuerande energikällor, nämligen; styra ned produktionen, förstärka eller bygga ut elnätet, laststyrning och/eller energilager. Denna rapport har fokuserat på hur laststyrning och energilager kan balansera variationerna i ett lokalt elnät med en hög andel mikroproduktion från solceller och småskaliga vindkraftverk. För att undersöka detta, har både en litteraturstudie av möjliga lösningar, samt en fallstudie av en planerad stadsdel i Malmö, d.v.s. Hyllie, utförts. De viktigaste resultaten från denna studie är att belastningen från mikroproduktionen i ett bostadsområde väsentligt kan komma att överstiga efterfrågan vid vissa tillfällen, huvudsakligen mitt på dagen under sommartid. Om området däremot består av en blandning av bostäder och kommersiella verksamheter, kommer belastningen inte att överskrida kapacitetsgränsen i nätet. De mest lovande lösningarna för att hantera laster som överstiger nätkapaciteten i ett lokalt elnät är batterier och kritisk topp-prissättning. För närvarande, och troligen inom den närmsta framtiden, är batterier betydligt dyrare än nätutbyggnad. Dessutom är ägandet av energilager begränsat för nätägaren. Rekommendationer för framtiden är att mikroproduktion bör tas i beaktning vid planeringen av ett lokalt elnät med bostadslast, då produktionen i detta fall kan överstiga nätkapaciteten. Nyckelord Mikroproduktion, nätägare, energilager, laststyrning, effektvariationer ii Preface This report is a master thesis of 2 x 30 ECTS credits performed during the completion of the MSc in Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering LTH. Energy system has been the specialisation of the authors’ Master’s program. The work, which has been performed on behalf of E.ON, is in line with the company’s strategy of cleaner and better energy. The thesis was carried out under supervision from Alf Larsen, E.ON Elnät Sverige AB and prof. Jurek Pyrko, Lund University. iii Acknowledgements We would like to thank our supervisors Alf Larsen at E.ON and prof. Jurek Pyrko at Lund University, Faculty of Engineering for guiding and pushing us in the right direction during the process. We are also grateful to Anders Gustafsson and Patrik Vukalic, both at E.ON, for assistance in understanding how the electricity grid is planned and operated. Ingmar Leiβe has shown a great commitment and has been a valuable support concerning all electro-technical issues. Remigiusz Pluciennik and his associates at E.DIS in Germany and PhD Lars Henrik Hansen at DONG Energy in Denmark have hosted our study visits and provided eye-opening experiences from other countries. We would also like to thank Magnus Hjern, John Blomsterlind, Anna Lundsgård, Magnus Lindström and Peder Berne at E.ON for indispensable input and data. Last but not least, many thanks to all the staff at E.ON Elnät in Malmö for a friendly reception and a valuable experience! iv List of abbreviations CAES – Compressed air energy storage CPP – Critical peak pricing DR – Demand response DSO – Distribution System Operator EV – Electric vehicle Li-ion – Lithium ion NaS – Sodium sulphate Pb-acid – Lead acid PV – Photovoltaic RES – Renewable energy source SEA – Swedish Electricity Act SMES – Superconducting magnetic energy storage SvK – Svenska Kraftnät T&D – Transmission and distribution TSO – Transmission System Operator V2G – Vehicle to grid v Content 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research questions ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Constrains .............................................................................................................................. 3 2 Background ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Micro-generation .................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 PV .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Wind power ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 The Swedish power grid .................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Microgrid ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Balance responsibility ................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Load and generation duration curve ............................................................................... 12 2.4 Power quality ...................................................................................................................... 14 3 Literature study .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Energy storage possibilities ............................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Mechanical storage ..................................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Electrical storage ......................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3 Electrochemical storage ............................................................................................
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