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Research Article Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Research Article ISSN 1112-9867 Available online at http://www.jfas.info STUDY OF TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIASPIDIDAE FAMILY SPECIES -HOST PLANTS -PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS IN ALGERIA R. Belguendouz*1, M. Biche2 and L. Bendifallah3 1Laboratory of aromatic and medicinal plants, Biotechnology department, faculty of nature sciences and life, University of Blida I, Algeria 2Agriculture and forestry zoology department, National Superior School of Agricultural sciences (E.N.S.A), Algiers, El-Harrach, Algeria 3Laboratory of Soft technology, Valorization, Physical-chemistry of biological materials and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria Received: 07 November 2016 / Accepted: 20 December 2016 / Published online: 01 January 2017 ABSTRACT The use of parasitoids and predators in biocontrol contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture, respects environment and human health. In this context, we undertook the identification of natural Diaspididae enemies located on the Algerian territory. Results highlight three predatory families: Coccinellidae, Nitidulidae and Coniopterygidae families, the first represented by the most voracious species as Rhyzobius lophantae living on 19 Diaspines observed on 121 plants, from the northern, and two parasitoid families lived on 39 Diaspididae species affecting 125 plants and were represented by four genera and 23 species such as Aphytis and Encarcia (Aphelinidae) lived on 31 diaspididae species found on 125 host plants. The most voracious and polyphagous species identified are interesting for IPM. Keywords: Diaspididae, Predators, Parasitoids, Host-plant, Algeria Author Correspondence, e-mail: [email protected] doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.9 Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Libraries Resource Directory. We are listed under Research Associations category. R. Belguendouz et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2017, 9(1), 119-135 120 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Overview of scale insects The study of predators and parasitoids of insect pests, mainly of the most harmful species on crops, presents a considerable biological and economical interest. Faced with the real problems engendered by diaspines to agricultural production in Algeria, we found it necessary to devote this work on the study of the insect beneficial of this family insect pest group. Balachowsky has already signalized a number of predators in Algeria such as Cybocephalus seminulum, introduced in Bechar region in Sahara areas to fight against devastating Parlatoria blanchardi a pest of date palm tree, and Cybocephalus flaviseps lives on the same species and other scale species (Paralatoria blanchardi, Diaspis zamiae and Chrysomphalus dictyospermi) [3]. The same author showed, in Algeria and Tunisia, the presence of the Coccinellidae species: Chilochorus bipustulatus on several scales as primary or secondary preys, such as Pharoscymnus setulosus on Aspidiotus hederae and Chionaspis striata and Pharoscymnus anchorgo on P. blanchardi [5]. Although, 16 scale insects predatory ladybirds that infest a small trees has mentioned by Saharaoui [24, 25] and several diaspine parasitoids have been described and studied in the world, which some of them were exploited in the biological control, such as Aphytis lepidosaphes against Lepidosaphes beckii [16]. In the Mitidja region (Central part of Algeria), Aphelinus chrysomphali was found specific to Chrysomphalus dictyospermi on orange tree [5] while Aphelinus maculicornis lived depending of Parlatoria pergandii, and A. mytilaspidis on Lepidosaphes conchyformis Lepidosaphes ulmi and Chionaspis berlesei. However, Prospaltella leucaspidis was found specifically live on Leucaspis pusilla and Chiloneurinus microphagus on L. ulmi in northern central part of Algeria [15]. 1.2. Objective and method In this study, we contribute to improve our knowledge on the diversity of Algerian beneficial fauna of Diaspididae scale insects and their relationship with host plants. For that, personal investigations were realized in various cultivated crops, forest, ornamental sites and spontaneous vegetation during a study period of three years from 2003 to 2006 in different regions from the North to the South. In addition, we conducted a literature review on an antecedent period works, so that we could establish and actualize the list of the auxiliary- fauna about Diaspididae beneficial enemies. In sites, we have beginning by to choose the most infested trees and taken branches and leaves and fruits, then we put them in the plastic bags with etiquettes that showed the site, the date R. Belguendouz et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2017, 9(1), 119-135 121 and the host plant. The samples are brought back to the laboratory of zoology, at the National School of Agronomic Sciences El-Harrah Algiers and kept at 4°C in frozen pending treatment and observation of different evolutionary stage of Diaspididae, parasitoids and predators isolated from the plant organs under stereomicroscope (× (10 to 100)). The insect’s identification method is based on the morphological study of the Diaspididae family according to Balachowsky and Anonymous [7 and 2]. While for predators and parasitoids (Coleopters, Hemipteres), we have referred to the identification key based on a macroscopic morphological examination [1, 23, 31] and the assistance of the specialists colleagues in zoology per Doctor Lounes Sahraoui and Professor Mohamed Biche at the National school of agronomic sciences (Algiers). 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1. Determination of Algerian Diaspididae group Our observations on the Diaspididae and their enemies’ richness were made on 93 plant families containing 488 species collected in several sites of Algeria regions from North to South. These plants are the host of 4 subfamilies scales: Aspidiotinae, Diaspidinae, Parlatorinae and Odonaspidinae represented in total by 93 species. We surveyed on these scale insects 17 predator and 21 parasitoids species. According to the observed plants in both parts north and south, the majority of the collected scales is distributed in the northern part of Algeria. We could distinguish four Diaspididae groups: 1- A ubiquitous (polyphagous) species group that affects several botanical families and lives in several climatic conditions and that are very frequent with high ecological plasticity. 2- An oligophagous species group, which infests one botanical family or one plant genus. 3- A third species group that has preferential host species or genus. They can infest others plants if the preferential host is absent (ex: Parlatoria oleae). 4- A rare species group has food requirements and environment like Parlatoria blanchardi specific to palm date in Biskra, therefore Lepidosaphes ulmi wich prefer the mountains sites and certain species which prefer the forest regions as Leucaspis pini. 2.2. Relationship between predators-Diaspididae species-host plants In the table 1, we illustrate the distribution of predators according to their Diaspididae species-hosts. R. Belguendouz et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2017, 9(1), 119-135 122 Table 1: Richness of Diaspididae species-predators Predator Nitidulidae Coniopterygidae families Coccinellidae Total Diaspine species 16 quadripustulatus Diaspine/P redators Rhyzobius lophantae Rhyzobius chrysomeloides Rhyzobius setulosus Pharoscymnus numidicus Pharoscymnus SSP Pharoscymnus ovoidus Pharocymnus mediterraneus Mimopullus Exochomus nigritus Chilocorus bipustulatus Chilocorus arcuatus Clitostethus lophantae Lindorus pulchellus Lindorus palmarum Cybocephalus sp Cybocephalus sp Coniopteryx Andaspis 1 1 hawaienen sis Carulaspis 1 1 1 3 minima Chrysomp 1 1 1 1 1 5 halus dictyosper mi Diaspis 1 1 echinocact i Hemiberle 1 1 1 1 1 5 sia lataniae Hemiberle 1 1 1 1 1 5 sia rapax Fiorinia 1 1 2 fioriniae R. Belguendouz et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2017, 9(1), 119-135 123 Furchadas 1 1 pis zamiae Lepidosap 1 1 1 1 1 5 hes beckii Lepidosap 1 1 hes conchyfor mis Lepidosap 1 1 1 1 1 5 hes gloverii Lepidosap 1 1 hes ulmi Leucaspis 1 1 pini Leucaspis 1 1 pusilla Morganell 1 1 1 1 4 a longispina Oceanaspi 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 diotus nerii Oceanaspi 1 1 1 1 4 diotus spinosus Parlatoria 1 1 camelliae Parlatoria 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 ziziphi Aonidiella 1 1 1 1 4 aurantii Lepidosap 1 1 hes destefanii Parlatoria 1 1 2 oleae R. Belguendouz et al. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2017, 9(1), 119-135 124 Parlatoria 1 1 1 3 blanchardi Aonidia 1 1 1 3 lauri Diaspidiot 1 1 2 us perniciosu s Diaspidiot 1 1 us pyri Diaspidiot 1 1 2 us lenticulari s Parlatoria 1 1 2 pergandei 28 19 9 7 1 3 1 6 11 1 13 2 1 1 1 3 1 The results in Table 1 reveal the presence of sixteen predator species in Algeria living upon twenty-eight diaspines species those lived on one hundred and fourteen host plants species belonging to thirty-sixe botanical families. Coccinellidae family contains thirteen species belonging to the genus of Mimopullus, Pharoscymnus, Exochomus, Chilocorus, Clitostethus, Lindorus and Rhyzobius, but Nitidulidae family has only two species belonging to the genus of Cybocephalus and Coniopterygidae one species belonging to Coniopteryx genus. The most species active on Diaspididae are Rhyzobius lophantae lived on nineteen diaspines living on different plant species (Rutaceae, Cupressaceae, Cactaceae, Cycadaceae, Pinaceae, Oleaceae, etc ...); contrary to Balachowsky [6] who signaled 20 host scale species; followed by Chilocorus
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