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Thomas Carte's General History 134 COMMERCE, FINANCE AND STATECRAFT 7 Jacobite history: Thomas Carte’s General History A more far-reaching critique both of Rapin’s History and Whiggish ideas of credit was developed by the Oxford historian Thomas Carte in the 1740s and 1750s.1 Carte was a diligent and able scholar, and the author of a series of well-documented historical works including a three-volume History and Life of James Duke of Ormonde (1735–36) and the four-volume General History of England (1747–55).2 He was also a Non-Juror and an active Jacobite conspirator. In the 1720s he worked as an agent for the Court of the Pretender and was secretary to Francis Atterbury at the time of his unsuccessful 1722 ‘plot’.3 Following this, a warrant was issued for Carte’s arrest and he fled to France, only returning after a pardon from Queen Caroline in 1728. Once back in England, Carte continued to act as a go-between for various Jacobite groups, wrote a series of polemical pamphlets and authored a scheme to coordinate Tory party action in elections. In 1739 he personally passed a letter from the Pretender to Walpole, after being persuaded that the latter might be sympathetic to the former’s restoration.4 The scheme was not a success. Walpole showed no interest in the letter, threatened Carte with arrest, and proceeded to interrogate him on his knowledge of Jacobite plans. Although Carte avoided prosecution, he remained an object of interest to the authorities, and was briefly incarcerated in 1744 on suspicion of concealing arms. Carte’s Jacobitism also contributed to the commercial failure of the General History. The project had begun promisingly. In 1737 Carte published a proposal calling for a new history of England and emphasising the inadequacies of Rapin’s account; the Frenchman, Carte claimed, had simply not had the knowledge of the constitution or the relevant primary material to produce a competent work. To Ben Dew - 9781526151605 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/30/2021 12:15:00AM via free access JACOBITE HISTORY 135 ensure the success of his own attempt, Carte advocated the estab- lishment of a society ‘to encourage the writing of an History of England’ which through subscriptions would be able to fund the procurement 7 of the requisite archival material.5 This suggestion was greeted with enthusiasm, and by the end of the year Carte had achieved pledges for £600 per annum.6 Subscribers were to include Oxford colleges, Jacobite history: the Church, City Companies and the Corporation of London, as Thomas Carte’s General History well as both Jacobite grandees and senior Whigs.7 On its publication in 1747, however, Carte’s history gained immediate notoriety as a result of a footnote in its first volume, which repeated the story of Christopher Lovell, a Bristol labourer who, in 1716, had supposedly been cured of scrofula by the touch of the Pretender. Such claims A more far-reaching critique both of Rapin’s History and Whiggish were widely derided and Carte was attacked by a distinguished cast ideas of credit was developed by the Oxford historian Thomas Carte of critics including Josiah Tucker, Edward Gibbon, Horace Walpole in the 1740s and 1750s.1 Carte was a diligent and able scholar, and and Henry Fielding. Indeed, Fielding, writing in the Jacobite’s Journal, the author of a series of well-documented historical works including a conducted a mock ‘trial’ of Carte’s work, ultimately convicting its three-volume History and Life of James Duke of Ormonde (1735–36) and author of ‘a very high Offence; no less than that of perverting the the four-volume General History of England (1747–55).2 He was also a Intent of History, and applying it to the sordid and paltry Use of a Non-Juror and an active Jacobite conspirator. In the 1720s he worked Party’.8 Although Carte continued to work on the history until his as an agent for the Court of the Pretender and was secretary to Francis death in 1754, he never recovered either his public credibility or the Atterbury at the time of his unsuccessful 1722 ‘plot’.3 Following this, interest of the reading public. a warrant was issued for Carte’s arrest and he fled to France, only Modern historians of historiography have been rather more gen- returning after a pardon from Queen Caroline in 1728. Once back in erous. Laird Okie praised the General History for its use of archival England, Carte continued to act as a go-between for various Jacobite sources and observed that, at its publication, Carte’s work constituted groups, wrote a series of polemical pamphlets and authored a scheme the ‘most ambitious attempt to date to produce a definitive history to coordinate Tory party action in elections. In 1739 he personally of England’.9 More recently, Paul Kléber Monod has labelled it one passed a letter from the Pretender to Walpole, after being persuaded of the ‘great neglected texts of the eighteenth century’, and argued that the latter might be sympathetic to the former’s restoration.4 The that its account of the druids of ancient Britain provided a significant scheme was not a success. Walpole showed no interest in the letter, example of a Jacobite vision of British nationalism.10 Of equal impor- threatened Carte with arrest, and proceeded to interrogate him on his tance to Carte’s notion of Britishness, however, was his understand- knowledge of Jacobite plans. Although Carte avoided prosecution, ing of European feudalism. Indeed, through an analysis of Europe’s he remained an object of interest to the authorities, and was briefly shared feudal origins Carte developed an account that both rejected incarcerated in 1744 on suspicion of concealing arms. the analyses of finance and commerce that underpinned the works of Carte’s Jacobitism also contributed to the commercial failure of Rapin and provided a distinctive critique of modern ideas of credit. the General History. The project had begun promisingly. In 1737 Carte published a proposal calling for a new history of England and 1. A Jacobite polemic: Carte’s critique of Corbyn Morris emphasising the inadequacies of Rapin’s account; the Frenchman, Carte claimed, had simply not had the knowledge of the constitution The origins of Carte’s analysis of economic affairs are to be found or the relevant primary material to produce a competent work. To in his work as a Tory/Jacobite pamphleteer in the early 1740s. A Ben Dew - 9781526151605 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/30/2021 12:15:00AM via free access 136 COMMERCE, FINANCE AND STATECRAFT key task for government polemicists was to show that the system of public credit and the military and political innovations of the period worked in partnership to secure liberty and prosperity. The version of this argument which attracted Carte’s ire was that developed by the Court Whig propagandist Corbyn Morris in A Letter from a Bystander to a Member of Parliament (1742).11 Morris’s pamphlet sought to defend Walpole’s use of a standing army by emphasising its importance not just to England’s military, but also to its finan- cial security. Underlying this latter claim was a conception of public credit as ‘the Pulse of the Nation’: a force that was difficult to restore to health when upset and uniquely sensitive to rumours of foreign invasion.12 The fickle qualities of credit could, however, be offset by the army which, through allaying fears regarding the security of the Hanoverian regime, served ‘to keep our Properties from continually fluctuating, to preserve our Trade, and to give Strength and Stability to the Government’.13 Given, therefore, that England was a nation awash with ‘Riches and Plenty’, and that the terror and confusion caused by a run on the Bank of England had the capacity to lose ‘forty or fifty Millions of [pounds of] Property’ from government securi- ties, it made sense to maintain the existing force.14 Morris was also careful to emphasise that the modern military did not pose a direct threat to liberty. While a standing army undoubtedly augmented the power of the Crown, the constitutional innovations secured by the Revolution of 1688 meant that the balance of power lay with the people. Prior to William III’s accession monarchs had possessed ‘an absolute uncontrollable Power’ over the standing revenue, a state of affairs that had been particularly abused by the Stuart kings.15 Now, however, the King’s private revenue had been restricted to the Civil List and the public revenues were ‘entirely under the Command of the Parliament’.16 Such control, coupled with the increase in trade that had enriched the wider population, meant that the income of the Crown had, in relative terms, decreased, and ‘our Tendency at present, unless it be rightly moderated, lies much stronger to Democracy, than to absolute Monarchy’.17 Carte responded to these claims with A Full Answer to the Letter from a By-Stander (1742), a point-by-point rejection of Morris’s argument and a direct attack on the Whigs’ management of England’s economic interests. For Carte: ‘A Man must be an utter Stranger to this City, that does not know the Decay of Trade, and to Ben Dew - 9781526151605 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/30/2021 12:15:00AM via free access JACOBITE HISTORY 137 the Kingdom, if he does not see an universal Face of Poverty upon the common People.’18 Morris’s claims about the dangers to public securities, meanwhile, were nonsensical; Carte confessed himself unable to ‘conceive how the Nation in general could be a loser by one Englishman’s selling and another’s buying Stock at lower Rates than usual’.19 Equally fallacious was the Bystander’s account of tax- ation.
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