Area Designations Used in the Index Are the Pre-1974 Scottish Counties with with Current Council Names in Brackets Where They Differ from the Old Counties

INDEX | 377

Index

Area designations used in the index are the pre-1974 Scottish counties with with current council names in brackets where they differ from the old counties. Page numbers in bold indicate the subjects of chapters; those in italics denote illustrations.

ABERDEEN Arabaolaza, Iraia, contributor (Lelong), skeletal Garthdee Road Mesolithic/early Neolithic analysis of human remains, Langwell site 1–64, 3, 4 Farm 78–9 site location 1–2, 2; for detailed entry see Ardnamurchan (Argyll) Garthdee Road medieval lordship 270–4 ABERDEENSHIRE Mingary Castle 265–76 crannog research and dating 208, 210–17, 211, ARGYLL (Argyll and Bute), Mingary Castle 219–20 265–76 Neolithic buildings around Kintore 55, 57–8 Ashkirk (Roxburghshire), Synton coin hoard see Achaius, legendary king of Scots 286, 287 under Synton adipocere 83–4, 100, 105 Avondale (Lanarkshire), Roman coin hoard 134 Langwell Farm cist samples 100 awards Aed Wing-foot (Etvs Fretath), king 288, 288 Dorothy Marshall Award 362 agriculture Murray Prize for History 362 14th century: environmental effects 224–5, 228–9, axeheads, stone, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 20, 21, 231, 232, 233–4; livestock diseases 229–30 24, 28, 30, 32 Neolithic sites 59 Albany, John Stuart, duke 277–8, 292, 294, 298–9 Balbridie (Kincardineshire), Neolithic site/building Chateau Mirefleur 292, 296, 297, 298, 299 14, 14, 15, 16, 20, 58 motto and emblem 278–81, 279, 280 Ballin, Torben Bjarke, contributor (Murray and patronage of Bremond Domat 281–99 Murray), lithic assemblage at Garthdee Road, as regent 277, 283 Aberdeen 20–35, 23 alder (Alnus glutinosa) barley (Hordeum vulgare) Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 16 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 12 see also Corylus/Alnus naked (var nudum), Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 18, Alwin, Abbot of Holyrood, grave slab 335, 337, 339, 19, 19, 20 341 Barnsdale Castle (Angus) 207, 209, 218 ANGUS Barway (Cambridgeshire), Commodan coin hoards commemorative slab at Monifieth to James 135, 135, 136, 136, 137 Durham of Pitkerro 333–4, 333 basketry remains, Langwell Farm burial 93, crannogs 209 95–6 animal disease outbreaks, 14th century 229–30 Bernardus de Gordon (or de Gordonio) 331, 332–3, Antonine Wall 341 distance slabs 326–7, 327, 328 birch (Betula) charcoal, Langwell Farm site 113, Roman inscribed stones 326–32, 327, 329, 335, 115 336, 336, 338, 339–40 Birnie (Moray), Roman coin hoard 137–8, 139, 140, tombstones 330, 330, 332 149 Antonius Pius, inscribed stone pillar 334, 335, 336 Birsay (Orkney) anvil, quartz, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 28, 30 Broch of Birsay: cross-slabs 184, 188, 189, 191, Appiehouse, Sanday (Orkney), Pictish cross-slab 199, 200; Pictish symbol stones 171, 172, 173, 179, 180, 181–3, 198 177, 179, 197

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Birsay (Orkney) (cont.) Burrian, Knowe of (Orkney), Pictish symbol Oxtro 195–6; cemetery at 173, 175; Pictish stone 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 177–9, 197 symbol stone 173, 197 Birsay wooden box 190, 191–2 Cadder see Cawder Bishop’s Palace (Aberdeenshire) 208 CAITHNESS (Highland), altar slab at Wick 192, blackberry (Rubus fructicosus), Garthdee Road, 192, 193, 200 Aberdeen 18, 19 Calder (Lanarkshire) see Cawder blades/bladelets, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 24, Caracalla (Roman emperor) 140–1 27, 28, 29, 32–3, 33 coins 143–4, 143, 146, 147 Bletchley (Buckinghamshire), Commodan coin carbon isotopes, Langwell Farm skeleton 79, 80 hoards 135, 136, 136, 137 Carpow (Perthshire), Roman camp 133, 140–1, bone 144–5 bioerosion/preservation, Langfield Farm site 82–3, coin finds 140, 141, 141, 144, 145 82, 104–5 Carstairs (Lanarkshire), Roman coin hoard 134 incised, Pictish symbols 179, 181, 195–6 Carter, Stephen, brief biography 371 bone histology, Langwell Farm skeleton 81–8 FTIR analysis 85–6, 87–8, 87 castles thin section analysis 82–7, 82–3, 88 West Highlands and islands, dating 265–7 bones, human see skeletal remains see also individual castles Booth, Thomas, contributor (Lelong), thin section cattle disease outbreaks, 14th century 230 analysis, Langwell Farm skeleton 82–7 cattle hide burial wrapping 91, 120, 122 bowls Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel 73, 74, 88–92, carinated 35, 37, 37, 38–43, 44–5, 49–50 88, 89–90, 120–1, 122–3; effect on Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 37, 37, 38–43, 43, decomposition 83–4; radiocarbon dating 44–5, 45–50, 49 115, 116 Brassica nigra (mustard), Garthdee Road, Aberdeen Cawder (Cadder) House (Lanarkshire), Roman 18, 19 inscribed stones 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, Breen, Colin and Raven, John. Archaeological 340 investigations at Kinbane Castle, County Antrim cereal grains and its Scottish connections 311–22 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 8–9, 12 Brickhill (Buckinghamshire), Commodan coin Neolithic sites 20, 58–9; Garthdee Road, hoards 135, 136, 136, 137 Aberdeen 8–9, 12, 17, 18, 19–20, 19 Brigland, Rumbling Bridge (Kinross-shire), Roman Chapel Knowe (Orkney), Pictish incised stone coin hoard 135, 135, 136, 136, 137, 139, 148 181 Bronze Age Chapman, Robertus, grave slab 331, 334, 341 woman’s burial in cattle hide, Langwell Farm, charcoal Strath Oykel 65–131 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 9–10, 12, 16, 17, 17 settlement and burial remains, Strath Oykel 70, 71 Langwell Farm cist 97, 102, 102–3, 104–12, burials 113, 115 artefacts in Bronze Age burials 120, 124 woman’s burial in cattle hide, Langwell Farm, cholera, 14th century 231 Strath Oykel 65–131, 67–8; excavation 72–8; church furniture, Orkney 190, 191–3, 194 interpreting burial rite 121–2; methodology Cill Chaluim Chille (Skye) 247 of investigation 71–2; post-excavation otherwise see Skeabost analysis 78–112; reconstruction 117; site cists, Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel 65–6, 67–8, 116, location 66, 69, 114, 123–4 117, 118 burins, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 27, 29, 32 construction 76–8, 76, 77 Burness (Orkney), Pictish incised stone at Chapel contents 72–8, 73, 74, 75 Knowe 181 investigation methodology 171–2 Burrian, Broch of, North Ronaldsay (Orkney) post-excavation analysis 78–112 cross-slab 170, 183, 184, 188, 194, 198 Claish (Perthshire), Neolithic site/building 14, 15, small incised artefacts 179 16, 20, 58

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climate change in 14th century 233–7 Deerness (Orkney), cross-slabs effects 224–6, 231; on political events 228–9; Skaill 186, 200 socio-economic 228–9, 231, 232–4 South Keigar 200 source data 226, 240–4 Denshowe (Orkney), cross-slab 170, 185, 187, 188, coins, Roman 191, 199 Commodan 133–6, 134, 135, 136, 148, 149 disease, social effects of 14th-century outbreaks Severan 137–8, 141, 141, 143, 146, 147–9; animal diseases 229–30 distribution 150–1, 150 human diseases 230–1 Synton and Kippilaw hoards 133–67 Domat, Bremond 296–9 Colli Ness, Sanday (Orkney), cross-slab 181, 199 Albany’s patronage 281–9 Commodus (Roman emperor), coin hoards 133–6, Chateau Mirefleur 297 134, 135, 136, 148, 149 genealogies: Anne de la Tour 290, 291, 292, 293, Comrie, Jean, Dorothy Marshall Medal 362 294, 295, 296, 297; kings of Scotland 282, 283, Cook, G joint author see Marshall, P D 284, 285–8, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 296 Coombs, Bryony. The artistic patronage of John self-portrait 289 Stuart, Duke of Albany 1518–19: the ‘discovery’ translation of Liber Pluscardensis 281–3 of the artist and author, Bremond Domat Douglas, James, 14th earl of Morton 323, 341 277–309 Douglas, William, 7th earl of Morton 341 Corbie Loch (Aberdeenshire), crannog 207, 208 DUMFRIESSHIRE (Dumfries and Galloway), corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis), Garthdee Road, Lockerbie Academy Neolithic building 14, 15, Aberdeen 18, 19 16 Corylus avellana (hazelnut) DUNBARTONSHIRE Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 12, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19 Roman coin hoard at Kirkintilloch 134 Langwell Farm cist 115, 116 Roman inscribed stone at Cumbernauld 338, Corylus/Alnus, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 12, 16 339–40 cottongrass (Eriophorum), Langwell Farm site Dunnichen (Angus), St Causnan’s Chapel 207, 209, 115 218 Cowie Moss (Kincardineshire), Roman coin hoard Durham, James, of Pitkerro, commemorative 137 slab 333–4, 333 Cramond (Midlothian), Roman camp 133, 140, 141, dysentery, 14th-century outbreak 231 144–6, 147 coin finds 140, 141, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147 Earls Bu (Orkney), Pictish symbol stones 175–7, inscribed stone 335, 337 178, 198 Cramp, Lucy, contributor (Murray and Murray), Eday (Orkney), cross-slab at St Mary’s Church, absorbed residues from pottery, Garthdee Road, Skaill 186, 188, 199 Aberdeen 50–3 Edinample (Perthshire), crannog 218 crannogs EDINBURGH, grave slabs at Holyrood Abbey 331, history of research 205–6 334, 335, 337, 339, 341 north-east Scotland 207–9, 210; research and Edston (Peeblesshire), Roman coin hoard 147, 148, dating 205–22 151–2 Crathes (Kincardineshire), Warren Field Neolithic Edwinstow (Ollerton) (Nottinghamshire), Commodan site 14, 14, 15, 16, 58–9 coin hoards 135, 135, 136, 136, 137 cross-slabs environment, socio-economic and political effects, Loch Kinord 213 14th century 233–44 Orkney: early medieval 183–9, 184–6, 194, epidemics, 14th century, effects 230–1 198–200; Pictish 181–3, 198; portable 189–91, Eriophorum (cottongrass), Langwell Farm site 115 189 Eshaness (Shetland), altar slab at Crosskirk 193, Cumbernauld (Dunbartonshire), Roman inscribed 200 stone 338, 339–40 Eskdale (Cumbria), Roman inscribed stone 338, 339 Eulaelaps stabularis (mites), Langwell Farm Dantean Anomaly 227, 229 cist 96–7

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Evans, Jane, contributor (Lelong), stable isotope Geta (Roman emperor) 140–1 analysis of human remains, Langwell Farm coins 146, 147 80–1 Gordon, Bernardus de 331, 332–3, 341 Evie, Sands of (Orkney), Pictish symbol stone 171, grave monuments/slabs, Skeabost Island, Skye 249, 173, 178, 194, 198 250–1, 253, 254, 255–6 fabric gravestones remains, Langwell Farm burial 93–6, 93–4, 118, medieval 331, 332–4, 333, 335, 337, 339, 341 121 Roman 330, 330, 332 twining 95–6, 95 Greens (Orkney), Pictish symbol stones 170, 171, Falkirk (Stirlingshire), Roman coin hoard 147, 148, 173, 174, 191 151–2 Gurness, Broch of (Orkney) famine, later medieval period 225, 228–9 cross-slab 184, 199 farming see agriculture Pictish symbol stone 175, 177, 178, 178 Fetteresso (Kincardineshire), Roman coin hoards Cowie Moss 137 Harris, Susanna, contributor (Lelong), woven Megray 137, 139, 149 material, Langwell Farm burial 93–6, 93–4, 95 FIFE, Roman coin hoards hazel/alder (Corylus/Alnus), Garthdee Road, Kirkton Barns, Tayport 134 Aberdeen 12, 16 [see Alder query] Leuchars 134, 137 hazelnut (Corylus avellana), Garthdee Road, Pitcullo 134 Aberdeen 12, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19 fishing, effect of 14th-century climate change 231–2 hearths, Neolithic period, Garthdee Road 8–9 flint artefacts heath grass, Langwell Farm cist 97 cores 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 heather types, Langwell Farm cist 97, 113 debitage 21–2, 24 hides as burial wrapping 91, 120, 122 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 8–9, 20, 21–2, 22; Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel 73, 74, 83–4, 88–92, chronology 32–5; distribution 30–2, 31; 88, 89–90, 115, 116, 120–1, 122–3 tools 21, 27, 28–30 Hollund, Hege, contributor (Lelong), FTIR analysis, Flotta (Orkney), stone altar panel 183, 190, 191, 192, Langwell Farm skeleton 85–6, 87–8, 87 193, 194, 200 Holm (Orkney), cross-slab at St Nicholas’ Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Church 183, 186, 187–8, 189, 199–200 Langwell Farm skeletal remains 85–6, 87, 87 Holmes, N M McQ. The Synton and Kippielaw Franco-Scottish relations, in Domat’s genealogical denarius hoards: further numismatic evidence manuscript 286 for late Antonine and Severan Scotland 133–67 FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), Holyrood Abbey (Edinburgh), grave slabs 331, 334, Langwell Farm skeletal remains 85–6, 87, 87 335, 337, 339, 341 Hordeum vulgare (barley), Garthdee Road, Gardiebane peninsula, Loch Kinord (Aberdeenshire) Aberdeen 12 211, 213 var nudum (naked barley) 18, 19, 19, 20 Garthdee Road (Aberdeen), Mesolithic/early Hoy (Orkney), cross-slab at St Colm’s Church, Neolithic site 1–64, 3, 4 Osmondwall 183, 185, 187, 191, 194, 199 environmental evidence 16–20, 17–18 lithic assemblage 8–9, 20–35, 23; chronology ice age: little ice age 227–8, 232 32–5; distribution 30–2, 31 Inchyra (Perthshire), Roman coin hoard 134 location 1–2, 2 Inveresk (Midlothian) Mesolithic occupation 4–5, 5, 53–4, 56 Roman fort 325 Neolithic building 5–10, 7, 8, 9, 55, 56, 57–8 Roman inscribed stone 324, 325–6, 326 pottery 35–50; absorbed residues 50–3, 51, 52–3; INVERNESS-SHIRE condition 36–7; distribution 34, 35; use and Neolithic buildings, Raigmore 55, 57, 58 curation 48–9 Skeabost Island, Snizort 245–64 radiocarbon dating 10–13, 11, 12 isotopes: stable isotope analysis of Langwell Farm span of use 13, 14, 14, 15, 16 skeleton 79, 80–1, 80

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Keely, B J, contributor (Lelong), analysis of soil Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel (Ross and Cromarty), organic matter, Langwell Farm cist 109–10 woman’s burial in cattle hide 65–131 Keppie, Lawrence. The Morton Manuscript: ancient burial reconstruction 117 inscriptions on stones found in Scotland 323–48 chronology of site 116 Kilsyth (Stirlingshire) (earlier Miniabruch), Roman construction of cist 76–8, 76, 77 inscribed stones 330, 330, 332, 336, 336 contents of cist 72–8, 73, 74, 75 Kinbane Castle (Co. Antrim) 311–22, 314, 316 context of 123–5; archaeological 69, 71, 79 architecture 316–17, 319, 319, 321 discussion of results of investigations 116–25 excavations 318, 319–20 excavation of burial 72–8, 114 historical context 311–16 interpreting burial rite 121–3 location 312, 314, 316 methodology of investigation 71–2 plan of site 318 post-excavation analysis 76–112; bone Scottish connections 321 histology 81–8, 82–3, 87, 95–6; cattle hide KINCARDINESHIRE (Aberdeenshire) wrapping 88–9, 88, 89–90; human remains Balbridie Neolithic site 14, 14, 15, 16, 20, 58 76–88; microfauna 96–7; osteological 78–9; Roman coin hoards: Cowie Moss 137; soils and residues 97–112; stable isotope 79, Megray 137, 139, 149 80–1, 80; woven material 93–6, 93–4, 95 Warren Field Neolithic site 14, 14, 15, 16, 20, radiocarbon dating 113, 115, 116 58–9 separate stone feature 112–13, 112–13, 119 kings of Scotland, genealogical manuscript 282, 283, site location 66, 69, 114, 123–4 284, 285–8, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 296 Lelong, Olivia, Wrappings of power: a woman’s KINROSS-SHIRE (Perth and Kinross), Roman coin burial in cattle hide, Langwell Farm, Strath hoards Oykel 65–131 Portmoak 137, 138, 139, 149 Leuchars (Fife), Roman coin hoards 134, 137 Rumbling Bridge 135, 135, 136, 136, 137, 139, Liber Pluscardensis 282 148 Domat’s French translation 281–2, 283 Kintore (Aberdeenshire), Neolithic buildings at Lingrow, broch of (Orkney), Roman coin hoard 135 Forest Road and Deer’s Den 55, 57–8 Linlithgow (West Lothian), Roman coin hoard 134 Kippilaw (Roxburghshire), Roman coin hoard 142, lithic artefacts see stone artefacts 162–5 little ice age 227–8, 232 Severan coins 141, 142, 142, 143, 143 livestock farming, 14th century 232–3 Kirkintilloch (Dunbartonshire), Roman coin hoard disease outbreaks 229–30 134 effects of climate change 232, 233 Kirkton Barns, Tayport (Fife), Roman coin hoard livestock husbandry, Neolithic sites 59 134 Loch Builg (Moray), possible crannog 207, 209 knives Loch Clunie (Perthshire), crannog 218–19 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 28–9, 32 Loch Davan (Aberdeenshire), crannog 207, 208, 210 plano-convex 21, 28–9, 32 Loch Forfar (Angus), St Margaret’s Inch crannog Knowe of Burrian (Orkney), Pictish symbol 207, 209, 218 stone 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 177–9, 197 Loch of Kinnordy (Angus), probable crannog 207, 209 La Tour, Anne de, genealogical manuscript 290, 291, Loch Kinord (Aberdeenshire) 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297 archaeological discoveries 208, 212–13 Lamb, Angela, contributor (Lelong), stable crannogs 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 219; Castle isotope analysis of human remains, Langwell Island 207, 208, 210, 212, 213–14, 213, 215, Farm 80–1 216, 217; fieldwork 214–16; Prison Island 207, LANARKSHIRE 208, 210, 212, 212, 214, 214, 215, 216, 217; Roman coin hoards: Carstairs and Strathaven 134; radiocarbon dating 216–17, 217, 219 Shotts 135 paddle 212, 216, 216, 217 Roman inscribed stones, Cawder House 326, 327, Loch of Leys (Aberdeenshire), crannog 207, 208, 328, 329, 330, 340 218

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Lockerbie Academy (Dumfriesshire), Neolithic Morton Manuscript 323–48 building 14, 15, 16 Muir of Dinnet (Aberdeenshire), crannogs 210–16, logboat, Loch Kinord 212 211 mummification, effect on bioerosion 84–6 Macdonald family, Ulster 311–16 Murray, Hilary K and Murray, J Charles. Mesolithic Mann, Bruce, brief biography 371–2 and early Neolithic activity along the Dee: Marcellinus, C Julius, tombstone 330, 330, 332 excavations at Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 1–64 Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor), coin hoards 134, Murray, J Charles, joint author see Murray, 149 Hilary K Marshall: Dorothy Marshall Medal 362 Murray Prize for History 362 Marshall, D and Cook, G contributors (Murray and Musselburgh (Midlothian), Roman inscribed Murray), radiocarbon dating, Garthdee Road, stone 324, 325–6, 326 Aberdeen 10–13 mustard (Brassica nigra), Garthdee Road, medieval climate anomaly 226, 229, 232 Aberdeen 18, 19 medieval period Muthill (Perthshire), Roman coin hoard 134 climate change, dearth and pathogens in 14th century 233–44 Neolithic period crannogs in north-east Scotland 205–22 buildings 55, 56–8; chronology, Britain and cross-slabs 183–9, 184–6, 194, 198–200 Ireland 14–16, 14, 15–16; Garthdee Road, inscribed stones 331, 332–4, 333, 335, 339, 340–1 Aberdeen 5–13, 7, 8, 9, 55, 56, 57–8; timber later: cathedral of Sodor or the Isles, buildings 14–16, 14, 15–16 Skeabost 245–64; Kinbane Castle 311–22 chambered cairns, Strath Oykel 69, 70, 71 Megray (Kincardineshire), Roman coin hoard 137, Garthdee Road site, Aberdeen 1–64; 139, 149 building 5–10, 7, 8, 9, 55, 56, 57–8; radiocarbon Mesolithic period, Garthdee Road site, dating 10–13, 11, 12; span of use 13, 14, 14, Aberdeen 4–5, 5, 53–4, 56 15–16 environmental findings 16–17, 19 lithic artefacts, Garthdee Road 20–35 microfauna, Langwell Farm cist 96–7 plant remains, Garthdee Road 16–17, 17–18, MIDLOTHIAN 19–20, 19 Roman camp 133, 140, 141, 144–6, 147 reuse of earlier sites 56 Roman coin finds, Cramond 140, 141, 141, 142, Ness, Tankerness (Orkney), Pictish cross-slab 180, 144, 145, 147 183, 198 Roman inscribed stones: Cramond 335, 337; Netherby (Cumbria), Roman inscribed stone 338, Inveresk/Musselburgh 324, 325–6, 326 339 Mindrum (Northumberland), Roman coin hoard 134 nitrogen isotopes, Langwell Farm skeleton 79, 80 Mingary Castle (Argyll) 266, 267, 269 Noble, Gordon, joint author see Stratigos, architectural dating 269–70 Michael J, builders’ identity 265–76 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 232 lancet windows 269, 270, 271, 273 nutshells, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 9, 12, 17, 18 Miniabruch see Kilsyth Mirefleur, chateau 292, 296, 297, 298, 299 oak (Quercus) mites (Eulaelaps stabularis), Langwell Farm cist Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 16, 17, 17 96–7 Loch Kinord 217 Monifieth (Angus), commemorative slab to James Ollerton (Nottinghamshire), Commodan coin Durham of Pitkerro 333–4, 333 hoards 135, 135, 136, 136, 137 MORAY Oram, Richard, ‘The worst disaster suffered by the possible crannog, Loch Builg 207, 209 people of Scotland in recorded history’: climate Roman coin hoard at Birnie 137–8, 139, 140, 149 change, dearth and pathogens in the long 14th Morton, earls of century 233–44 James Douglas, 14th earl 323, 341 organic residues analysis, Langwell Farm cist 97–8, William Douglas 7th earl 341 99, 100–12, 106, 119

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ORKNEY plant remains church furniture 190, 191–3, 194 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 16–17, 17–18, 19–20, Pictish symbol stones and early cross-slabs 19 169–204 Langwell Farm cist 97, 113 Roman coin hoard at Broch of Lingrow 135 Pool, Sanday (Orkney) Oxtro (Orkney) 195–6 Pictish symbol stone 171, 175, 178, 198 cemetery 173, 175 small incised artefacts 179, 180 Pictish symbol stone 173, 197 Portmoak (Kinross-shire), Roman coin hoard 137, oxygen isotopes, Langwell Farm skeleton 79, 80 138, 139, 149 post-pits, Neolithic, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 4, 6, Papa Stronsay (Orkney), St Nicholas Chapel 6, 8, 9, 10 portable cross-slab 183, 189–91, 189, 200 pottery stone slab 182–3, 192, 200 cereal grain impressions 47–8, 48 Papa Westray (Orkney), St Boniface Church cross- fingertip fluting 46–7, 46 slabs 183, 185, 187, 188–9, 199 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 35–50, 38–43; Pictish 180, 183, 198 condition 36–7; distribution 34, 35–6 Paterson, Laura, Murray Prize for History 362 Kinbane Castle 319 pebbles Ulster Medieval Coarse pottery 319–20 incised, Pictish symbols 179, 181 painted, Pictish period 181, 194 quartz artefacts, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 22, PEEBLESSHIRE, Roman coin hoard at Edston 147, 24, 28, 30 148, 151–2 Quercus (oak) PERTHSHIRE (Perth and Kinross) Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 16, 17, 17 Carpow Roman camp 133, 140–1, 144–6; coin Loch Kinord 217 finds 140, 141, 141, 144, 145 Claish Neolithic site 14, 15, 16, 20, 58 radiocarbon dating crannogs 218–19 crannogs, Loch Kinord 216–17, 217, 219 Roman coin hoards at Inchyra and Muthill 134 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 10–13, 11, 12 Pertinax (Roman emperor), coin hoards 134, 137 Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel 113, 115, 116 Petre, James Scott. Mingary in Ardnamurchan: a Raigmore (Inverness-shire), Neolithic buildings 55, review of who could have built the castle 57, 58 265–76 Ramsay, Susan, contributor (Lelong) phosphorus concentrations, Langwell Farm soils carbonized plant remains, Langwell Farm site 105 113 Pickering, M D, contributor (Lelong), analysis of soil wood and charcoal from Langwell Farm cist 97 organic matter, Langwell Farm cist 109–10 Raven, John, joint author see Breen, Colin Picts Redland (Orkney), Pictish symbol stone 170, 174, cross-slabs: Loch Kinord 213; Orkney 181–3, 198 177, 197 symbol stones, Orkney 169–81, 172, 174, 178, Rescobie Loch (Angus), possible crannog/castle 207, 180, 193–5, 197–8; art and technique 177–81; 209, 218 context of 173, 175; distribution 169, 170; ribwort plantain, Langwell Farm cist 97 symbols used 170–3, 175, 177, 184 Riddle, Robert 323, 341 symbols: portable artefacts 179; symbol Ritchie, Anna, joint author see Scott, Ian stones 170–3 Rogers, Penelope Walton, contributor (Lelong), piercers, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 27, 29 brown cattle hide, Langwell Farm burial 88–92 Pinder, A P, contributor (Lelong), analysis of soil Roman period organic matter, Langwell Farm cist 109–10 coin hoards at Synton and Kippilaw as evidence Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Langwell Farm for late Antonine and Severan Scotland 133–67 cist 115, 116 fort at Inveresk 325 Pitcullo (Fife), Roman coin hoard 134 inscribed stones 324, 325–32, 326, 327, 329, 335, plague, 14th century, effects 230–1 336–7, 336, 338, 339–40

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Ronaldsay (Orkney) see North Ronaldsay; South Skeabost Island, Snizort (Skye) (cont.) Ronaldsay chapel (Nicolson Aisle) 251–2, 252, 261; ROSS AND CROMARTY (Highland) effigy 255–6, 255 Neolithic building at Kinbeachie 55, 57, 58 effigies 253, 254, 255–6, 255 woman’s burial in cattle hide, Langwell Farm, enclosure dyke 247–9 Strath Oykel 65–131 location 246 ROXBURGHSHIRE, Roman coin hoards MacQueen enclosure 252–3 Kippilaw 141, 142, 142, 143, 143, 162–5 name 247 Synton 135–7, 135, 136, 139, 148 parish church 261 Rubus fructicosus (blackberry), Garthdee Road, skeletal remains Aberdeen 18, 19 bioerosion/preservation: effect of wrapping/ Rumbling Bridge (Kinross-shire), Roman coin mummification 83–5; Langwell Farm site hoard at Brigland 135, 135, 136, 136, 137, 139, 82–4, 104–5 148 Langwell Farm, Strath Oykel 72–3, 74, 74, 75; Ryder, Jane, brief biography 372–3 analysis 78–88; radiocarbon dating 115, 116 Skye (Inverness-shire), Skeabost Island, St Margaret’s Inch crannog, Loch Forfar (Angus) Snizort 245–64 207, 209, 218 slate, Orkney Pictish symbol stone 170 Sanday (Orkney) Smith, Beverley Ballin, brief biography 371 cross-slabs 181, 199; Pictish 179, 180, 181–3, Smith, Ewen D, brief biography 372 198 Snizort Island (Skye) Pictish symbol stones, Pool 175, 177, 178, 198 name origin 247 small incised artefacts, Pool 179, 180 otherwise see under Skeabost sandstone Šoberl, Lucija, contributor (Lelong), organic residue axehead, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 20, 21, 24, 28, analysis, Langwell Farm cist 100 30, 32 soils analysis, Langwell Farm cist 97, 102, 102–3, Orkney Pictish symbol stones 159, 170 104–12, 119 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Langwell Farm cist South Ronaldsay (Orkney), Pictish symbol stones, 115, 116 St Peter’s Church 173, 176, 177, 197–8 Scott, Ian G and Ritchie, Anna. Pictish symbol stones Spergula arvensis (corn spurrey), Garthdee Road, and early cross-slabs from Orkney Aberdeen 18, 19 169–204 STIRLINGSHIRE, Roman period scrapers, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 28–9, 32 coin hoard at Falkirk 147, 148, 151–2 Septimius Severus (Roman emperor) 138, 139, 140, inscribed stones at Kilsyth 330, 330, 332, 336, 336 144 stone artefacts, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 8–9, coin hoards 137–8, 141, 141, 143, 146, 147–9 20–35 Sheridan, Alison, contributor (Murray and Murray), chronology 32–5 ceramic finds at Garthdee Road, Aberdeen cores 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 35–50 debitage 21, 22, 24, 30 SHETLAND, altar slab at Crosskirk, Eshaness 193, distribution 30–2 200 raw materials 20–2, 24 Shotts (Lanarkshire), Roman coin hoard 135 tools 21, 27, 28–30, 30 Skaill, Deerness (Orkney), cros-slab 186, 200 Stone of Destiny 286 Skaill, Eday (Orkney), cross-slab at St Mary’s stones Church 186, 188, 199 carved, Orkney: cross-slabs 181–3, 198; Pictish Skeabost Island, Snizort (Skye) 245–64, 247, 251 symbol stones 169–81, 172, 174, 178, 180, archaeology 247–56 193–5, 197–8 cathedral church 248, 249–50, 249, 250, 256–8; inscribed, Morton Manuscript 323–48; medieval burial enclosures 249–50; effigy 253, 254, stones 331, 332–4, 333, 335, 339, 340–1; 255; historical context 258–60; as parish Roman stones 324, 325–32, 326, 327, 329, 335, church 261; roll moulding 253, 253 336–7, 336, 338, 339–40

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Strath Oykel (Ross and Cromarty) Triticum aestivo-compactum (bread/club wheat), Bronze Age settlement and burial remains 70, 71 Neolithic sites 20 chambered and long cairns 69, 70, 71, 123–4 Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 17, 18 woman’s burial in cattle hide: Langwell Farm Triticum dicoccum (emmet wheat), Neolithic sites 20 65–131; for detailed entry see Langwell Farm Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 17, 18, 19, 19 Strathaven (Lanarkshire), Roman coin hoard 134 twining, fabric structure 95–6, 95 Stratigos, Michael J and Noble, Gordon. Crannogs, castles and lordly residences: new research and Ulster dating of crannogs in north-east Scotland Kinbane Castle 311–22 205–22 McDonnells (Macdonalds) 311–16 strontium isotopes, Langwell Farm skeleton 79, 80 Warren Field, Crathes (Kincardineshire), Neolithic Stuart, John, duke of Albany see Albany site 19, 20, 58–9 sulphur isotopes, Langwell Farm skeleton 80–1, 80, building 14, 14, 15, 16, 58 81 lithic assemblage 33–4 Sunnybrae Farm (Aberdeenshire), crannog 207, pottery 49 208 West Calder (West Lothian), Roman coin hoard 134 Synton (Roxburghshire), Roman coin hoard 135, WEST LOTHIAN, Roman coin hoards at Linlithgow 136, 137, 152–61 and West Calder 134 Commodan 135–7, 135, 136, 139, 148 wheat bread/club (Triticum aestivo-compactum), Tayport (Fife), Roman coin hoard at Kirkton Neolithic sites 20; Garthdee Road, Barns 134 Aberdeen 17, 18, 19 teeth, Langwell Farm skeleton 70 emmet (Triticum dicoccum), Neolithic sites 20; textile remains, Langwell Farm burial 93–6, 93–4, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 17, 18, 19, 19 118, 121 Wick (Caithness), altar slab 192, 192, 193, 200 Thomas, Sarah, From cathedral of the Isles to Wilson, Clare, contributor (Lelong) obscurity - the archaeology and history of bulk soils analysis, Langfield Farm cist 102–7 Skeabost Island, Snizort 245–64 SEM-EDS analysis of white residues, Langwell Timpany, Scott, contributor (Murray and Murray), Farm cist 101 environmental evidence, Garthdee Road, wind erosion, 14th century 234 Aberdeen 16–20 wood remains, Langwell Farm cist 97, 115, 116 tombstones see gravestones Wormald, Luke, brief biography 372 tools, stone, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen 21, 27, Wreningham (Norfolk), Commodan coin hoards 135, 28–30, 30, 31–2 135, 136, 136, 137

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