Stalinizarea Ideologică a României Și Negarea Propriei Istorii (1945 - Începutul Anilor 1960)

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Stalinizarea Ideologică a României Și Negarea Propriei Istorii (1945 - Începutul Anilor 1960) STALINIZAREA IDEOLOGICĂ A ROMÂNIEI ȘI NEGAREA PROPRIEI ISTORII (1945 - ÎNCEPUTUL ANILOR 1960). CĂI DE ȘTERGERE A MEMORIEI COLECTIVE ROMÂNEȘTI CU PRIVIRE LA BASARABIA, NORDUL BUCOVINEI ȘI ȚINUTUL HERȚA Prof. univ. dr. hab. Arthur-Viorel TULUȘ, Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” din Galați Abstract. Romania’s inclusion in the Communist totalitarian Bloc also had negative consequences in the matter of historiography, the history of Romanians being ideologized and falsified in order to correspond to the “new truths” dictated from Moscow. The most sensitive chapter within Romanian-Soviet relations was the matter of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina and the Hertza region (essentially, those Romanian territories that were forcibly taken by the Soviet Union in the summer of 1940). The reflection of these provinces’ past in the Romanian Communist historiography had several stages, in which the pursuit to erase collective memory by falsification had its most harmful interlude between the beginning of the regime up to the end of the 1950s. Despite the efforts of the Communist authorities, the brutal falsification and ideology pressure could not erase the sentiment of Bessarabia, northern Bukovina and the Hertza region’s belonging to the Romanian nation from the consciousness of true historians and from that of Romanians in general. The Western Bloc was aware of the falsification of Romanian history, as it is proven by several documents belonging to the CIA. Încă din primele lui momente de existență, regimul comunist a produs schimbări radicale în toate planurile, inclusiv în domeniul social și cultural. Ideologii partidului și- au propus imediat să acționeze pentru formarea pe plan spiritual a „omului nou”, după prototipul impus din afară al acelui homo sovieticus, având ca trăsături definitorii „o înaltă conștiință socialistă și un atașament necondiționat la ideologia și politica Partidului Comunist”1. Indisolubil legată de această campanie de sovietizare, alinierea ideologică trebuia să se subordoneze direct principiului eliminării „dușmanilor de clasă”, începând prin distrugerea structurilor rurale tradiționale, continuând cu lichidarea burgheziei și sfârșind prin îndepărtarea tuturor celor care exercitau o influență morală sau spirituală asupra societății – intelectualii. „Totalitarismul venit la putere înlocuiește invariabil toate talentele de primă mână, indiferent de simpatiile lor, cu oameni a căror lipsă de inteligen- ță și creativitate constituie totdeauna cea mai bună garanție a loialității lor”2. 1 M. Golu, Dimensiunea psihologică a totalitarismului. Cazul regimului comunist, în Arhivele Totalitarismului, anul IV, 1998, nr. 19-20, p. 75. 2 H. Arendt, Originile totalitarismului, Humanitas, București, 1994, p. 447. 662 CENTENAR SFATUL ȚĂRII Istoricii au primit din partea structurilor comuniste și misiunea de a deveni ide- ologi ai Partidului. În conformitate cu această directivă, lucrările de istorie scrise în perioada 1947-1989 se îndepărtează mai mult sau mai puțin de realitatea istorică pe care o interpretează, fiindcă ele nu sunt numai teorii științifice (unele de-a dreptul ab- surde), ci sunt și o altă fațetă a propagandei regimului, care cenzura și dicta tipul de istorie ce trebuie prezentat poporului. În mod normal, istoriografia românească din perioada comunistă a fost sensibil legată de schimbările petrecute la nivelul condu- cerii Partidului și, mai ales, al raporturilor nomenclaturii de la București cu omologii lor de la Moscova. De altfel, cel mai sensibil capitol al raporturilor „tovărășești” româno-sovietice a fost, în toată perioada comunistă, problema Basarabiei. Maniera în care a fost reflectată istoria acestei provincii în diverse surse (manuale, tratate etc.) constituie un veritabil barometru al relațiilor politice dintre liderii și partidele comu- niste de la București și Moscova. În tot acest vârtej al interpretărilor istoriografiei comuniste românești și sovietice, cele mai sensibile puncte erau: Unirea Basarabiei cu România (27 martie / 9 aprilie 1918); anexarea Basarabiei de către Uniunea So- vietică (sfârșitul lunii iunie 1940) și motivația participării României la Operațiunea Barbarossa (atacarea de către Axă și aliații săi a Uniunii Sovietice la 22 iunie 1941). În România, perioada comunistă nu a fost unitară și compactă și, deci, nici istori- ografia comunistă nu avea cum să fie așa. În linii mari, distingem trei mari perioade în evoluția ei: 1) istoriografia de tip stalinist, internaționalistă, specifică începutului regi- mului și anilor 1950; 2) istoriografia de recuperare a unor valori naționale, întâlnită în anii 1960; 3) istoriografia ceaușistă, de tip național-comunist, de după anul 19713. În studiul nostru4 ne vom opri doar asupra primei perioade, de departe, după cum vom vedea, cel mai nociv interval cronologic în încercările de a șterge memoria colectivă ro- mânească cu privire la istoria reală a Basarabiei, nordului Bucovinei și a ținutului Herța. În planul istoriei, după scurta tranziție a anilor 1944-1947, care a mai permis încă unele manifestări ale „vechii” istoriografii, „noua” istorie marxistă, în fond stalinis- tă, a ocupat întregul teren. Seismul în istoriografie nu a fost de mai mică amploare decât cel care a afectat ansamblul structurilor sociale, în condițiile în care nu exista în istoriografia românească o tradiție marxistă. În numai câțiva ani, reperele istoriei românești au fost inversate, deoarece firul ei conducător, care fusese ideea națională, a fost înlocuit cu spiritul internaționalist dictat de la Kremlin. Ocuparea locului vechilor istorici de către pseudo-specialiști a netezit Partidului calea spre falsificarea istoriei, prin ștergerea a tot ce era național românesc. De fapt, conștient de puterea culturii în 3 Istoriografia comunistă poate fi și mai mult detaliată. De exemplu, istoricul Vlad Georgescu a identificat în evoluția istoriografiei comuniste din perioada 1944-1977, mai multe etape: 1) 1944- 1960 – „Frontul istoric, stabilirea Adevărului”; 2) 1960-1965 – „începutul reinterpretării adevărurilor istorice abia reinterpretate”; 3) 1965-1971 – „relaxarea ideologică”; 4) 1971-1977 – „culturnicii și noile mituri”. Vezi V. Georgescu, Istorie și politică. Cazul comuniștilor români. 1944-1977, Humanitas, București, 1991, pp. 6, 8, 51, 58, 66. 4 O parte din analiza acestui studiu – partea introductivă referitoare la istoriografia românească comunistă, biografia lui M. Roller și elementele de conținut privind Manualul de Istorie coordonat de acesta – au mai fost publicate în studiul: A.-V. Tuluș, Participarea României la Operațiunea Barbaros- sa (22 iunie 1941 - 23 august 1944). Interpretări în spiritul „tovărășiei româno-sovietice” în manua- lele și tratatele de istorie românești comuniste, în Analele Asociației Naționale a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova (ANTIM), nr. 10, Chișinău-București, 2012, pp. 293-306. ARTHUR-VIOREL TULUȘ 663 educarea populației, „de a contribui la crearea omului nou, de a întreține o stare de psihoză proprie contrarevoluției”5, PCR6 înființează o serie de instituții noi, prin care manifestă un control și o cenzură totală în toate domeniile. De exemplu, va transfor- ma bibliotecile în focare de răspândire a noii culturi socialiste în orașe și sate și va da ordin nou-înființatei Uniuni a Scriitorilor Români (luase locul Asociației Scriitorilor Români), structură condusă și controlată direct de către Partid, „să producă” o litera- tură de consum conformă din punct de vedere ideologic7. Fenomenul s-a manifestat cu predilecție începând din anul 1948, după ce regimul a reușit să se consolideze. În anii precedenți, mult mai importante pentru PCR fuseseră preluarea puterii politice și economice sau înlăturarea monarhiei, decât subordonarea elitei intelectuale. La 9 iunie 1948 însă, o mare parte din vechii academicieni au fost excluși (îndeosebi mem- brii marcanți ai fostelor partide istorice, dar și persoane care se manifestaseră critic la adresa PCR)8, noii veniți fiind înlocuiți cu oameni fideli noii puteri. Marea majoritate a celor care le-au luat locul nu aveau însă o activitate științifică ce să le permită acce- derea în forul suprem al științei din România, fiind persoane cu o poziție periferică în profesia lor. Rolul lor era însă acela de cerberi ideologici, de instrumente de impunere a noii politici culturale, mult mai importantă fiind adeziunea lor totală la comunism. Printre cele mai ilustrative exemple de istorici improvizați, amintim pe Mihail Roller, Petre Constantinescu-Iași, Victor Cheresteșiu, Ladislau Banyai sau Barbu Câmpina, istorici de partid care au ocupat cele mai importante poziții în sistem9. Și totuși, negarea până la absurd a propriei istorii naționale din prima fază a istoriografiei comuniste nu a fost numai opera lui Roller sau a acoliților acestuia. Și unii dintre „foștii” istorici, din diverse motive, s-au adaptat la noile realități. În lucrarea Istoricii și Securitatea, autorul ei, Ioan Opriș, a urmărit destinul sub regi- mul comunist al 14 personalități din lumea academică și științifică – patru arheologi, șapte istorici și trei etnografi. Mulți dintre ei au avut destine tragice, fiind urmăriți de Securitate, anchetați și închiși. Fiind nevoiți să supraviețuiască, unii devin colabo- ratori ai Securității, chiar dacă în majoritatea cazurilor doar sub aspect formal, fiind recuperați și reintegrați în instituții onorabile, proces început în anii 1960 pe fondul răcirii relațiilor româno-sovietice10. 5 M. Nițescu, Sub zodia proletcultismului. Dialectica puterii, Humanitas, București, 1995, p. 96. 6 Se folosește în general termenul
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