(24 Cm, 391). ISBN 0 900416 76 9 Ce Livre Est La Traduction Anglaise De L'original Publié En Allemand En 1996 Sous Le Titre Neuägyptisch, Einführung in Die Grammatik

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(24 Cm, 391). ISBN 0 900416 76 9 Ce Livre Est La Traduction Anglaise De L'original Publié En Allemand En 1996 Sous Le Titre Neuägyptisch, Einführung in Die Grammatik 259 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LIX N° 3-4, Mei-Augustus 2002 260 BOEKBESPREKINGEN FARAONISCH EGYPTE JUNGE, F. — Late Egyptian Grammar. Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, 2001. (24 cm, 391). ISBN 0 900416 76 9 Ce livre est la traduction anglaise de l'original publié en allemand en 1996 sous le titre Neuägyptisch, Einführung in die Grammatik. L'ouvrage est divisé en huit grands chapitres, eux-mêmes subdivisés en sous-chapitres consacrés chacun à l'exposé d'un «point de grammaire». On notera le soin avec lequel l'auteur replace chaque forme étudiée dans l'évolution de la langue, signalant, à chaque fois que c'est possible, son «ancêtre» classique et sa descendance démotique et copte. L'exposé est illustré par de nombreux exemples en hiéro- glyphes, dont la translittération utilise le i anglais et non point comme dans l'original le j allemand. On remarquera que les traductions sont accompagnées de notes explicatives, per- mettant au débutant d'identifier les constructions employées. Des tableaux regroupent l'essentiel de ce qui est à retenir et des encadrés sur fond gris donnent les définitions des notions ou des termes nouvellement introduits. A la fin de chaque sous-chapitre, on trouve une bibliographie avec des renvois en marge aux divers points traités, ainsi que des exercices accompagnés de commentaires grammaticaux ou lexicaux destinés au néophyte. Dans un chapitre d'introduction (§0), l'auteur situe le néo-égyptien dans la diachronie de l'égyptien et précise ses divers niveaux de langue (néo-égyptien partiel, néo- égyptien mixte, néo-égyptien complet, égyptien de tradi- tion) ainsi que les différentes catégories de textes où l'on peut les rencontrer (littéraires, historiques, religieux, rela- tifs à la vie quotidienne). Il décrit ensuite les supports de l'écriture (essentiellement papyrus et ostraca), expose les principes de la transcription en hiéroglyphes des textes ori- ginaux lorsqu'ils sont, comme c'est presque toujours le cas, écrits en hiératique, de leur translittération et de leur tra- duction, puis termine par quelques mots sur la terminolo- gie employée. Le deuxième chapitre (§1) est consacré à l'orthographe et au système d'écriture. On y trouve tout ce que doit savoir un étudiant, qui après avoir appris la langue classique, se lance dans l'étude du néo-égyptien et se retrouve confronté à des graphies pour le moins déroutantes. Un dernier sous-chapitre est consacré à l'écriture dite syllabique qui connaît un grand développement au Nouvel Empire. Le chapitre suivant (§2) traite de la morphosyntaxe. Après avoir insisté sur la tendance de la langue à devenir de plus en plus analytique (développement des constructions péri- phrastiques, emploi de l'article défini), l'auteur étudie les constituants du syntagme nominal: le substantif et ses satel- lites (article, démonstratif, pronom suffixe, nom en apposi- tion, génitif direct, génitif indirect, épithète adverbiale, adjec- tif et propositions relatives). Suit un sous-chapitre intitulé «Eléments de construction de la phrase» où l'on trouve suc- cessivement: les pronoms dépendants, l'impératif, l'infinitif, le pseudoparticipe (old perfective), les particules, préposi- tions, conjonctions et adverbes. Dans le dernier sous-chapitre «La construction des formes verbales», après avoir rappelé le développement des constructions périphrastiques, l'auteur 261 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — FARAONISCH EGYPTE 262 traite des «Formes du sdm.f néo-égyptien»1) (§2.3.2) où ne La lecture achevée, quelques remarques d'ordre général sont traités que le sdm.f nominal (ou emphatique), le viennent alors à l'esprit: , l'aoriste négatif et la forme exprimant la nuance sdm.t.f En ce qui concerne le plan de l'ouvrage, on voit bien que «pas encore» (expectatif), ainsi que les formes passives. l'auteur a cherché à aller du simple au complexe: d'abord, le Le «preterite » (perfectif) est à peine mentionné, quant sdm.f système d'écriture (§1); puis, le nom et ses «modificateurs», au prospectif, il n'est pas signalé. L'énumération de diverses les éléments de construction de la phrase, la construction des constructions formées d'une préposition et de l'infinitif (on formes verbales (§2); ensuite les propositions indépendantes y trouve le conjonctif) ou de la forme relative constitue le (ou principales), verbales (§3) ou nominales (§4); les proposi- dernier paragraphe. tions subordonnées (§5) et pour finir les constructions com- Vient alors un chapitre (§3) consacré aux propositions ver- plexes (§6). bales indépendantes ou formes verbales autonomes (Sentence Pourtant, le lecteur ne peut s'empêcher d'éprouver une cer- conjugations). Sont traités successivement: le Présent I indé- taine impression de désordre. Par exemple, s'il veut avoir une pendant (Independent Adverbial Sentence), le Présent I cir- vue d'ensemble sur les pronoms personnels, il lui faudra aller constanciel (sic), le Futur III, le nominal ou empha- sdm.f chercher les pronoms suffixes parmi les déterminants du nom tique, l'impératif et le prospectif, et enfin, le «preterite (§2.1.2 (1)), les pronoms dépendants dans les éléments de ». Un dernier sous-chapitre explique comment les sdm.f construction de la phrase (§2.2.1) et enfin les pronoms indé- constructions précitées peuvent être «transposées» dans le pendants dans la phrase nominale (§4.1.2) où ces derniers passé grâce au convertisseur . wn sont qualifiées de pronoms de la phrase nominale, ce qui Le chapitre intitulé «La phrase nominale» (§4) renferme, semble excessif, car on peut les trouver comme «thème mar- après un exposé consacré à sa structure et à sa morphologie, qué» ou «topique» de phrases «verbales»3) ou, à la fin d'une la phrase nominale proprement dite, la phrase adjectivale phrase, comme «renforceur» d'un pronom antérieur, en étant (où l'on trouve la prédication d'existence), la phrase avec py souvent précédé par .4) Enfin on aurait aimé avoir l'opi- et les deux types de cleft sentences (cleft sentence propre- gr nion de l'auteur sur le «nouveau pronom COD».5) ment dite et pseudo clef sentence). Mais il y a plus. Concernant les formes verbales, on aime- Les propositions verbales subordonnées (Clause conju- rait savoir pourquoi l'impératif (affirmatif et négatif) fait par- gations) sont étudiées dans le chapitre suivant (§5). On tie des «éléments de construction de la phrase» (avec l'infi- rencontre d'abord les subordonnées obtenues grâce aux nitif et le pseudo-participe) §2.2, alors que le nominal, convertisseurs (subordonnées circonstancielles) et sdm.f iw nty le et l'aoriste négatif se trouvent dans la «construc- (subordonnées relatives). Viennent ensuite la «Non-initial sdm.t.f tion des formes verbales» §2.3 et qu'il faut attendre le §3 main sentence» dite NIMS (ou «séquentiel»), et la «Old - iw «Propositions principales» (Sentence Conjugations) pour sentence» (correspondant aux constructions analogiques du entendre parler du prospectif, voir réapparaître le Futur III), ces deux constructions étant pour l'auteur des Pré- sdm.f sdm.f nominal (emphatique) et traiter convenablement le preterite sents I circonstanciels fonctionnant comme des propositions (ou perfectif). Sans compter d'autres bizarreries dues indépendantes, et par conséquent «not fundamentally diffe- sdm.f aux partis pris théoriques de l'auteur. C'est ainsi que la rent».2) Suivent les propositions complétives (sujet et objet), «Non-initial main sentence» se trouve, malgré son nom, dans le propectif à sens final et les subordonnées circons- sdm.f les propositions subordonnées ou «Clause conjugations» tancielles introduites par une préposition/conjonction: le tem- (§5.2), en compagnie du conjonctif (§5.4.3) tandis que le Pré- porel et le terminatif. Un dernier sous-chapitre revient sur le sent I circonstanciel figure parmi les propositions principales conjonctif qui doit sans doute à son étymologie sa place dans ou «Sentence conjugations» (§3.1.3).6) ce chapitre. Abordons maintenant la question de la terminologie. Nous Un dernier chapitre (§6) traite des «Phrases complexes». ne pouvons qu'exprimer notre désaccord lorsque l'auteur Il contient les diverses constructions introduites par la par- écrit: «consistency is not necessarily a virtue in the use of ticule qui permet l'antéposition d'un syntagme nominal ir grammatical terminology» (§0.5, p. 31). Nous pensons, au ou adverbial, qui se retrouve ainsi «topicalisé»; le second contraire, qu'il est nécessaire de faire preuve du maximum de cas renferme en particulier les systèmes corrélatifs condi- rigueur et de cohérence, ne serait-ce que pour permettre au tionnels précédés de . Viennent alors les systèmes corréla- ir débutant de s'y retrouver. Par exemple, l'auteur pose comme tifs introduits par et , puis les «phrases balancées» inn hn «synonymes» les termes «sujet, agent, acteur (actor)» (§0.5, (Wechselsätze) où l'on trouve les systèmes introduits par p. 31, et encadré p. 102) ce qui ne peut être que source de et les formules de serment. Le dernier sous-chapitre wnn confusion, car le terme «sujet» ressortit au point de vue (§6.3) présente les constructions continuatives héritées de la «syntaxique», tandis que «agent» ressortit au point de vue langue classique. «sémantique». Si les deux termes peuvent se correspondre, L'ouvrage se termine par un Appendice (§7) qui étudie: ce qui est le cas dans un tour actif, où le sujet du verbe est (§7.1) La formule du serment au Nouvel Empire; (§7.2) Le aussi l'agent du procès, il n'en va pas de même dans un tour style épistolaire; (§7.3) Les unités de mesure et de compte passif où le sujet du verbe correspond au patient du procès.7) monétaire; (§7.4) L'organisation de l'institution de «La Tombe», établie à Deir el-Médineh et chargée du creusement et de la décoration de la dernière demeure du roi. 3) O. Gardiner 53, 3-4 = KRI V, 484, 4. Une bibliographie générale, arrêtée en 1996, date de la 4) P.
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