DOCSLIB.ORG

Mixed Migration: Trends in Libya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mixed Migration: Trends in Libya ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Altai Consulting in partnership with IMPACT Initiatives (IMPACT), for the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Libya. It was written in February 2017 by Marie-Cecile Darme and Tahar Benattia of Altai Consulting, with the support of Hind Kinani of Altai Consulting and IMPACT. Data collection in Libya was carried out by Istishari Research, Altai Consulting’s local partner, and managed by Karim Nabata and Omar Hunedy. Marie-Cecile Darme conducted fieldwork in Algeria and Niger, while IMPACT conducted fieldwork in Chad and Italy. We are grateful to UNHCR’s Libya office for its role in designing and framing this study, as well as the organisation’s offices in Algeria, Chad, Niger and Italy, and the International Organisation for Migration’s Libya mission for their valuable input and assistance. We are also indebted to the numerous migrants, refugees, government representatives, humanitarian workers, academic researchers and community members who shared their time and their views with us on the various themes that this study covers. Photographer Monder Haraga graciously provided the images on the front cover and section pages. All images in this report belong to Altai Consulting, unless otherwise stated. All maps were created by Altai Consulting and IMPACT Initiatives. IMPACT Initiatives (IMPACT) is a Geneva-based think- tank created in 2010. IMPACT assesses, monitors and evaluates aid programmes and makes capacity-building recommendations. Headquartered in Geneva, it has an established field presence in over 15 countries, where it operates through a team of full-time international experts as well as a roster of consultants. Altai Consulting is a specialised consulting firm that focuses on research, monitoring and evaluation in fragile states. Since launching in 2003, it has successfully completed more than 300 assignments in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and today operates in more than 25 countries through a team of over 50 international staff and 500 national consultants. Altai’s public policy division maintains permanent regional offices and teams in Libya, Tunisia, Somalia, Somaliland, Puntland, South Sudan, Kenya, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Altai has developed significant expertise in studying migration, producing numerous research reports and providing strategic advisory guidance on migration for governments, international institutions and aid agencies such as IOM, UNHCR, International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the Department for International Development (DFID), the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) and Save the Children. Contact Details: IMPACT Initiatives: [email protected] Marie-Cecile Darme (Altai): [email protected] www.impact-initiatives.org www.altaiconsulting.com MIXED MIGRATION TRENDS IN LIBYA Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges Please note: For the purposes of this report the expression “refugees and migrants” refers to all people on the move along the routes studied, including migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and other populations (such as victims of trafficking or unaccompanied and separated children), unless a distinction is otherwise made. This study does not include the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs). When used separately, the term “refugees” encompasses all persons in need of international protection under UNHCR’s mandate. This includes refugees recognised as such following a refugee status determination procedure as well as asylum seekers. Altai Consulting and IMPACT Initiatives prepared this report for review by the United Nations High Commissioner Refugees (UNHCR). Opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCHR. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration CAR Central African Republic CDC Community Development Centres (UNHCR-funded centres in Libya) CMR Central Mediterranean Route CSO Civil Society Organisation DCIM Department for Combating Illegal Immigration (Libyan institution) DDG Danish Demining Group DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix (IOM data collection mechanism) DRC Danish Refugee Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EMR East Mediterranean Route EU European Union GBV Gender-Based Violence GITNOC Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime (network of experts) GNA Government of National Accord 5 ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDI In-Depth Interview IDP Internally Displaced Person INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation IO International Organisation IOM International Organisation for Migration ISS Institute for Security Studies KII Key Informant Interview LCG Libyan Coast Guard MENA Middle East North Africa MSF Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) NFI Non-Food Item NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PoC Persons of Concern RMMS Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat RSD Refugee Status Determination UASC Unaccompanied and Separated Children UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations Refugee Agency UNSMIL United Nations Support Mission in Libya VoT Victim of Trafficking WMR West Mediterranean Route 6 Migration Trends in Libya: Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Abbreviations and Acronyms 5 Table of Contents 7 Table of Figures 9 Foreword 11 Executive Summary 14 1. Introduction 25 1.1. Background 25 1.2. Objectives of the Research 26 1.3. Key Concepts and Definitions 27 2. Methodology 33 2.1. Approach 33 2.2. Secondary Research 34 2.3. Primary Data Collection in Libya 34 2.3.1. In Depth Interviews with Refugees and Migrants 34 2.3.2. Key Informant Interviews in Libya 36 2.4. Fact Finding Missions 38 2.4.1. Niger 38 7 2.4.2. Algeria 40 2.4.3 Chad 40 2.4.3. Italy 41 2.5. Analysis 42 2.6. Challenges and Limitations 42 2.6.1. Challenges 42 2.6.2. Limitations of the Research 43 3. Mixed Migration Trends on the Central Mediterranean Route 46 3.1. Overview 46 3.1.1. Routes to Europe 46 3.1.2. Types of Journeys on the CMR 48 3.1.3. Main Evolutions 49 3.2. Refugees and Migrants Passing Through Libya 52 3.2.1. Number and Nationalities of Refugees and Migrants in Libya 52 3.2.2. Refugees and Migrants Profiles 56 3.2.3. Causes and Intentions of Movement 62 3.2.4. Communicating 73 3.3. Smuggling 74 3.3.1. Smugglers Involved Along the Routes 74 3.3.2. Costs and Finances 83 3.4. Journey Conditions 88 3.4.1. Preparing for Departure 88 3.4.2. Logistics 89 3.5. Eastern Routes through Libya 91 3.5.1. Horn of Africa to Sudan 92 3.5.2. Travelling through Sudan 93 3.5.3. Route through Chad 93 3.5.4. Entering Libya through the South-eastern Border 95 3.5.5. Route through Egypt 96 3.6. Western Routes through Libya 97 3.6.1. Overview 97 3.6.2. Routes through Niger 99 3.6.3. Routes through Algeria 101 3.7. Northern Leg of the Journey and Departure to Europe 102 3.7.1. Northern Leg of the Journey 102 3.7.2. Departures From the Coast to Europe 104 4. Mixed Migration in the South of Libya 110 4.1. Mapping Refugee and Migrant Communities 110 4.1.1. Overview 110 4.1.2. Refugees and Migrants in Sebha Region 111 4.1.3. Refugees and Migrants in the Region of Kufra 115 4.1.4. Refugees and Migrants in the South West (Gatrun, Murzuq, Ubari, Ghat) 117 4.1.5. Refugees and Migrants in the Region of Tripoli 120 4.2. Protection Issues and Vulnerabilities 122 4.2.1. Risks and Vulnerabilities Associated with the Journey 122 4.2.2. Key Protection Concerns and Challenges upon Arrival in Southern Libya 125 4.2.3. Detention Centres 131 4.3. Supporting Refugees and Migrants 135 4.3.1. Support Received and Coping Mechanisms 135 4.3.2. Networks and Focal Points 138 4.3.3. Organisations Supporting Refugees and Migrants in the South 141 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 154 5.1. Conclusion 154 5.2. Recommendations for UNHCR and Other International Community Organisations Supporting Refugees and Migrants in Libya 156 6. Annex 160 6.1. Literature Review 160 6.2. Recoding Open-Ended Answers 164 8 Migration Trends in Libya: Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges TABLE OF FIGURES TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Overview of Libya and key cities mentioned to in the report ................................................. 12 Figure 2: Main Migration Routes to Europe .......................................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Main migration routes through Libya ..................................................................................... 18 Figure 4: Research modules ................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 5: In-depth interviews conducted with refugees and migrants in Libya ..................................... 35 Figure 6: Countries of origin of migrants interviewed ........................................................................... 35 Figure 7: Breakdown of refugees and migrants sample by age ........................................................... 36 Figure 8: Breakdown of sample by gender ........................................................................................... 36 Figure 9: Key informant interviews conducted in Libya ........................................................................ 37 Figure 10: Interviews conducted in Niger ............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism Overview
    Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism On July 14, 2020, Libya’s eastern-based parliament approved a motion that would allow Egypt to militarily intervene in the Libyan war to counter Turkish support of the Government of National Accord (GNA). Accordingly, Egypt’s military has claimed to have carried out exercises involving navy, air force, and Special Forces near the Libyan border in anticipation of drastic changes in the region. On June 30, 2020, France’s president, Emmanuel Macron, accused Turkey of importing large numbers of jihadists into Libya. In recent weeks, Turkey has significantly intervened in Libya, providing air support, weapons, and fighters to the internationally recognized GNA to repel the opposing Libyan National Army (LNA). Macron did not provide clear evidence regarding the nature of the deployed fighters but claimed that Turkey was “massively importing” fighters from Syria. Although the GNA seized back the capital from the LNA on June 3, 2020, Libya is still split between the two factions—the LNA maintains control of the east, and the LNA controls the western area of the country. (Sources: Al Jazeera [1], Arab News [2], Reuters [3], Al Jazeera [4], Guardian [5], Reuters [6]) Fighting between the rival factions has been ongoing since April 2019, and escalated in early 2020 after Haftar’s declaration of a “final” and decisive battle for Tripoli on December 12, 2019. A couple of weeks later, on January 2, 2020, Turkish lawmakers authorized the deployment of troops into Libya, however, Turkish and Russian forces called for a truce on January 12. As of June 2020, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Maria Zakharova, has claimed that the situation in Libya continues to deteriorate despite the attempted Russian-Turkish ceasefire.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Modernization and Preservation: the Changing Identity of the Vernacular in Italian Colonial Libya
    Between Modernization and Preservation: The Changing Identity of the Vernacular in Italian Colonial Libya BRIAN MCLAREN Harvard University This paper concerns the changing identity of the vernacular The architecture of this tourist system balanced a need to project architecture of the Italian colony of Libya in architectural discourse, an image of a modern and efficient network of travel, with the desire and the related appropriation of this re-configured vernacular by to preserve and even accentuate the characteristic qualities of the architects working in thls region. In this effort, I will describe the indigenous culture of each region. In the first instance, the tourist system difference between an abstract assimilation of these influences in the in Libya offered an experience of the colonial context that was early 1930s and a more scientific interest in the indlgenous culture of fundamentally modern-facilities like the dining room at the Albergo Libya in the latter part of this decade. In the first case, the work of "alle Gazzelle" in Zliten conveying an image of metropolitan comfort. architects like Sebastiano Larco and Carlo Enrico Rava subsumed In the second, a conscious effort was made to organize indigenous cultural references to vernacular constructions into modern aesthetic practices. manifestations that would enhance the tourist experience. One In the second, archtects llke Florestano Di Fausto evinced the material prominent example were the musical and dance performances in the qualities of these buildings in works that often directly re-enacted CaffeArabo at the Suq al-Mushr, which were made in a setting that was traditional forms. However, rather than dlscuss the transformation of intended to enact the mysteries of the East.
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of the Family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Egypt
    Zootaxa 4410 (1): 136–146 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4410.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6431DC44-3F90-413E-976F-4B00CFA6CD2B New records of the family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Egypt MEDHAT I. ABUL-SOOD1 & NEVEEN S. GADALLAH2,3 1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] 2Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the present study, a checklist of new records of the family Chalcididae of Egypt is presented based on a total of 180 specimens collected from 24 different Egyptian localities between June 2011 and October 2016, mostly by sweeping and Malaise traps. Nineteen species as well as the subfamily Epitraninae and the genera Bucekia Steffan, Epitranus Walker, Proconura Dodd, and Tanycoryphus Cameron, are newly recorded from Egypt. A single species previously placed in the genus Hockeria is transferred to Euchalcis Dufour as E. rufula (Nikol’skaya, 1960) comb. nov. Key words: Parasitic wasps, Chalcidinae, Dirhininae, Epitraninae, Haltichellinae, new records, new combination Introduction The Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a medium-sized family represented by more than 1500 described species in 93 genera (Aguiar et al. 2013; Noyes 2017; Abul-Sood et al. 2018). A large number of described species are classified in the genus Brachymeria Westwood (about 21%), followed by Conura Spinola (20.3%) (Noyes 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Libya: Protect Vulnerable Minorities & Assist Civilians Harmed
    Libya: Protect Vulnerable Minorities & Assist Civilians Harmed • The Libyan authorities should work with UNSMIL, IOM, the U.S., and other donors to provide protec- tion for displaced sub-Saharan Africans, including through the adoption of migrant-friendly policies and compliance with human rights obligations. • The Libyan authorities should work with UNSMIL, the U.S., and other donors to protect displaced dark-skinned Libyans, foster reconciliation, and provide long-term solutions for them. • The Libyan authorities should request NATO’s, the U.S’s, and UNSMIL’s long-term commitment, and technical and financial assistance to develop an effective security sector capable of protecting civil- ians. • NATO must fully and transparently investigate, and when appropriate make amends for civilian harm incurred as a result of its military operations in Libya. Similarly, the Libyan authorities should ensure all civilian conflict-losses are accounted for and amends offered to help civilians recover. With the death of Muammar Gaddafi a long-standing dictatorship has come to an end. The majority of Libyans are celebrating a new future; but certain groups, including suspected loyalist civilians, sub-Saharan Africans, and ethnic minorities remain displaced and vulnerable to violent attacks. The National Transitional Council (NTC) – the current de facto government of Libya – lacks command and control over all armed groups, including those responsible for revenge attacks. As such, the NTC cannot yet establish or maintain the rule of law. The plight of these vulnerable civilians foreshadows challenges to reconciliation, integration, and equal treatment of all in the new Libya. Further, civilians suffering losses during hostilities have not been properly recognized or assisted.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. the Big Picture Political Security
    Libya Weekly Political Security Update Bell Whispering Bell March 17, 2020 1. The Big Picture Oil crisis to take centre stage amid COVID-19 concerns While ,fighting remains limited to bouts of violence More importantly, the LNA is expected to exploit the and intermittent skirmishes between Libyan situation to strengthen its case for accessing oil & National Army (LNA) and Government of National gas revenues. Of note, the blockade on exports Accord (GNA) forces, reinforcements continue to orchestrated by pro-LNA tribes continues to deepen underline the prospect of an escalation in Libya’s with losses now estimated at 3 billion USD west, especially along the Sirte-Weshka-Abugrein according to the National Oil Corporation (NOC). engagement axes. Reports of large GNA-aligned The oil crisis was the centre of Haftar’s Paris and CONTENTS Misrata military reinforcements were spotted Berlin visits. France’s diplomacy made it clear this arriving in Abugrein to join the GNA’s Sirte-Jufra week that Haftar forms an integral part of Libya’s Ops Room on 09 March. In response, the LNA’s future. Haftar met with French President Emmanuel 1 general command mobilised additional resources Macron and expressed commitment to abide by a THE BIG PICTURE towards Weshka - Abugrein on 10 March. ceasefire if GNA forces comply. Haftar’s Paris visit Oil crisis to take centre stage was low-profile and no official communique was amid COVID-19 concerns The LNA led by Khalifa Haftar continues to claim it released, leading French media to underline the is monitoring GNA preparations for a broader Elysee’s low confidence in a resolution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Central Mediterranean Route: Deadlier Than Ever
    GLOBAL MIGRATION DATA ANALYSIS CENTRE DATA BRIEFING SERIES ISSN 2415-1653 │ Issue No. 3, June 2016 The Central Mediterranean route: Deadlier than ever 1 in 23 die in the Mediterranean in the first five arrivals; (b) analyse the changing routes towards the months of 2016 departure points for this dangerous sea journey into Europe; and (c) investigate how patterns and trends During the first five months of 2016, 1 in every 23 have changed during the period between January 2014 migrants has died attempting the journey across the and the end of May 2016. Central Mediterranean to Europe. This represents a drastic worsening of the death toll. Since the beginning HOW MANY MIGRANTS HAVE DIED? of 2014, the overall ratio of deaths to the number of migrant crossings has been 1 in 50. For 2015, it was Monthly totals of deaths in the Central 1 in 53. This ratio of deaths to attempted crossings Mediterranean, January 2014–May 2016 worsened further in April and May 2016 when 1 migrant died for every 17 attempted crossings. This was 5 per Figure 1 indicates the deaths and disappearances by cent of the total number of people who attempted month on each Mediterranean route. Compared to the journey across the Central Mediterranean during other routes, death while attempting to cross the these two months. These estimated figures, using the Central Mediterranean occurs at disproportionately same methodology and sources since the beginning high levels to the number of people attempting the of 2014, indicate an increasingly deadly route, despite crossing. Since 2014, 17 of every 20 migrant deaths the widespread media attention and public and policy in the Mediterranean have occurred on the Central awareness of this continuing humanitarian disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • Mints – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY
    No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 USD1.00 = EGP5.96 USD1.00 = JPY77.91 (Exchange rate of January 2012) MiNTS: Misr National Transport Study Technical Report 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 THE MINTS FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................1-1 1.2.1 Study Scope and Objectives .........................................................................................................1-1
    [Show full text]
  • Political Actors, Camps and Conflicts in the New Libya
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Wolfram Lacher Fault Lines of the Revolution Political Actors, Camps and Conflicts in the New Libya RP 4 May 2013 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2013 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (English version of SWP-Studie 5/2013) The English translation of this study has been realised in the context of the project “Elite change and new social mobilization in the Arab world”. The project is funded by the German Foreign Office in the framework of the transformation partnerships with the Arab World and the Robert Bosch Stiftung. It cooperates with the PhD grant programme of the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung and the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung. Table of Contents 5 Problems and Conclusions 7 Parameters of the Transition 9 Political Forces in the New Libya 9 Camps and Interests in Congress and Government 10 Ideological Camps and Tactical Alliances 12 Fault Lines of the Revolution 14 The Zeidan Government 14 Parliamentary and Extra-Parliamentary Islamists 14 The Grand Mufti’s Network and Influence 16 The Influence of Islamist Currents
    [Show full text]
  • V.4 Parta Compressed
    Migration Trends Across the Mediterranean: Connecting the Dots Prepared by Altai Consulting for IOM MENA Regional Office, June 2015 This report was prepared, researched, and written by Arezo Malakooti (Project Director), under the supervision of Eric Davin (Altai Partner). All field research was managed and conducted by Arezo Malakooti, with the exception of fieldwork with migrants in Libya, which was carried out by Altai’s local partner, Istishari Consulting. Assistance was also provided by Tahar Benattia, Marie-Cecile Darme, Souad Chatar and Matthew Burnard (all from Altai Consulting). We gratefully acknowledge IOM’s Middle East and North Africa Regional Office (Cairo) for its role in designing and framing this study, as well IOM country offices in Egypt, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain and Tunisia for their valuable input and assistance. UNHCR offices in all of the above-mentioned countries are also gratefully acknowledged for their time and expertise. We are also indebted to the numerous migrants, government representatives, humanitarians/aid workers, academic researchers and community members who shared their views on the various themes that this study covers. The image on the front cover of this report was graciously provided by the Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS.eu)/ Darrin Zammit Lupi. Layout and graphic design by Marie-Cecile Darme. Altai Consulting provides strategy consulting and research services to private companies, governments and public institutions. Altai teams operate in more than 25 countries in Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Europe. Since its inception 12 years ago, Altai Consulting has developed a strong focus on migration and labour market related research and program evaluations.
    [Show full text]
  • Libyan Eclipse 2006
    Libyan Eclipse 2006 HIGHLIGHTS PACK Libyan Eclipse 2006 By Anthony Ham Anthony’s love affair with Libya began on his first visit in 2001, and by the time he’d fin- ished Lonely Planet’s guide to Libya a few months later, the country had won his heart. First drawn to the country by its isolation and by his experience elsewhere of the Arab hospitality that puts to shame media stereotyping about the region, Anthony quickly made numerous Libyan friends and set about pursuing his new passion with them – exploring the inexpressible beauty of the Sahara. A full-time writer and photographer, Anthony returns to Libya from his home in Madrid whenever he can and loves the fact that the world is finally discovering that Libya is so much more than Colonel Gaddafi. ALSO AVAILABLE FROM LONELY PLANET Eclipse predictions courtesy of Fred Espenak, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. For more information on solar and lunar eclipses, see Fred Espenak’s eclipse home page: http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html. © Lonely Planet 2006. Published by Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd ABN 36 005 607 983 © photographers as indicated 2006. Cover photographs by Lonely Planet Images: Shadows along a ridge of sand dunes in the Awbari Sand Sea, Jane Sweeney; Halo of sunlight glowing around the silhouette of the moon during a total solar eclipse, Karl Lehmann. Many of the images in this guide are available for licensing from Lonely Planet Images: www.lonelyplanetimages.com AVAILABLE APRIL 2006 ORDER NOW All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, except brief extracts for the purpose of review, and no part of this publication may be sold or hired, without the written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Data on Periodical (Weekly) Market at the End of the 19Th Century in Egypt -The Cases of Qaliubiya, Sharqiya and Daqahliya Provinces
    The Data on Periodical (Weekly) Market at the End of the 19th Century in Egypt -The cases of Qaliubiya, Sharqiya and Daqahliya Provinces Hiroshi Kato Some geographers and historians are concerned with periodical market, which they define as the place of economic transactions peculiar to so called "peasant society. In Egypt, which is, as well known, a typical hydraulic society, periodical market, that is weekly market (α1- siiq al-usbu i) in the Islamic world, still has the important economic functions in rural areas at the present, as well as it had in the past. The author is now collecting the data on Egyptian weekly market from the 19th century to the present, based upon source materials on one hand, and field research on the other. The aim of this paper is to present some statistical and ge0- graphical data on Egyptian weekly market at the end of the 19th century to the researchers who are interested in periodical market in agrarian society, before the intensive study, which the author is planning in the future, on the economic functions of Egyptian weekly market and their transformation in the process of the modernization of Egyptian society. The source material from which the data are collected is A. Boinet, Geographie Econ0- mique et Administrative de I'Egypte, Basse-Egypte I, Le Caire, 1902. It is the results of the population census in 1897 and the agrarian census maybe took in 1898 and 1899, being annexed to the population census in the previous year. The data are arranged village by village, and contain the statistics on cultivated area, crops, planted trees, animals, industry, traffic by rail- road, and transportation by the Nile and canals, and the descriptive informations and remarks on school, canal, railroad, market, post office and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Conveyor Belt : Trends in Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Post-Revolution Libya
    The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking.
    [Show full text]