The Partition of India Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85661-4 - The Partition of India Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh Index More information

Index

3 June Plan 7 Attlee, Clement xiii, xiv, 12 and Jinnah 12 withdrawal from India 40 Abdullah, Sheikh, ‘Lion of Kashmir’ 54 Auchinleck, General Claude 158, 159 and Kashmiri nationalism 136 Austin, Granville 132 and National Conference 161 Awami League 147 Abell, George 41, 46 campaign for autonomy 148 Advani, Lal Krishna, and Bharatiya Janata Six Points 148 Party 129 Ayodhya mosque, destruction of 168 Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of 166 Ayub Khan martial law regime 145 Ahmad, Shahid 77, 119 Aziz, Mazhar 142, 162, 163 Ahmad, Syed Nur 75 Ahmed, Akbar S. 12 Bahadur, Lal 9 Ahmed, Imtiaz 84 Bahawalpur, and accession to Pakistan 56 Ahmed, Ishtiq 145, 146, 147 Balagopal, K. 137 Aiyar, Swarna 84, 91 Ballard, Roger 28 ajlaf Muslim community 27 Balochistan states, absorption into Pakistan Alam, Javeed 21, 84 56–7 Alavi, Hamza 27 Bandopadhyay, Hiranmoy 103 Albiruni, A. H. 10 Bangladesh Alexander, A. V., United India option 40 creation of 179 Ali, Chaudhary Rahmat 31, 33 ethnic bonds 156 Ali, Imram 162 partition of Bengal 25 Ali, S. Mahmud 3 struggle for independence 164–5 Ali, Tariq 148, 149 Baqir, M. 77 All-Bengal Urdu Association 52 Bedi, Rajinder Singh 108 All-India Congress Working Committee, Bengal view of Partition 37–8 concentration of refugees 96, 125 All-India Muslim League cross-border trafﬁc98 see Muslim League famine in 51 Amnesty International 137 Hindu acceptance of Partition 49, 51–2 Anand, Som 77, 98, 107 limitation of migration 103 Ansari, Sarah 16, 18, 20, 78, 100, 121, 128, migration as response to violence 72, 129, 144, 146 102, 103 anti-cow-killing riots 29 partition of Arora, R. K. 173 3 June Plan 7 ashraf elites, and demand for separatism 27 and Bangladesh 23 in UP 29–30 studies of separatism in 16–17, 20–1 Ashraf, K. M. 32 political leadership 25, 53 Assam Bhalla, Alok 93 migrants and tension 101, 102 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 129, 168 separatism in 140 Bhasin, Kamla 17–18, 68, 107, 108 atomic bomb, India’s testing of 166 Bhatnagar, A. S. 119

197

198 Index

Bhattacharjee, A. K. 113 Carranza, Mario E. 171 Bhattacharyya, Harihar 101 Cease Fire Line 161 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 165 Central Pakistan Government Employees’ alienation of left and right 166 Co-operative Housing Society 122 foreign policy 166 Central Treaty Organisation 162 mohajir influence 145 Chakrabarti, Prajulla 111, 112 Simla Agreement 165–6 Chakravarty, Tapati 95 Bihar Chandra, Bipan 32–3 Muslim population of 21, 27 Chatterjee, Nilanjee 116 Muslim refugees from 101 Chatterji, Joya 18, 20–1, 49, 53, 96, 97, 103, violence in 66, 67, 71 104, 109, 113, 116, 117 background to 72 Chattopadhyay, Jayanthi 95 and Congress leaders 72–3 Chaudhuri, Pranati 116, 117 bin Sayeed, Khalid 10, 141 Chaudhuri, Sukanta 102, 103, 115 blame, for violence, conflicting accounts Chester, Lucy, and Punjab Boundary of 62–4 Award 46 Bose, Sugata 16 Chief Khalsa Diwan, and Punjab violence 76 Bose, Surat, and united Bengal 51 Chimni, B. S. 23 Brass, Paul R. 3, 15, 68, 76, 84, 87, 130, China, policy towards India and Pakistan 172 133, 134, 149, 151 Cohen, S. P. 144 Brasted, Howard 84 communalism Britain and Congress authors 9–10 bolstering of Muslim League and Jinnah 11 versus secularism 133 introduction of representative West Bengal 21 institutions 29 Communist Party of India 117 and Partition 58, 177 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 168 contradictory attitudes to 39–41 conflicts, arising from resettlement 128–9 protection of interests 7, 12 see also Nehru, rules for managing conflict and separatism 28 Congress Party British army officers, continued and British attitude to partition 38 employment in Pakistan 158 and British Labour Party 7, 12 British Overseas Airways Corporation, division of Bengal 49 transportation of refugees 106 effect of anti-colonialism during war British Transfer of Power, twelve-volume years 34 series 14 fascism xii Brown, Judith M. 18, 39 partition of Punjab 43 Bullock, Alan 11 transfer of power after Second World War Burke, S. M. 42 37–8 Burrows, Sir Frederick, United Bengal Constituent Assembly Scheme 53 dismissal of 142 Butalia, Urvashi 17–18, 108 Objective Resolution 132 and religious minorities 132 Cabinet Mission constitutional reform 29, 31 effect of collapse of 40 attitude of Muslim political leaders 29–30 and United India 40 Copland, Ian 81, 86 Calcutta, impact of refugee migration Corbridge, Stuart 150 115–16 Corera, G. 166 acute migrants 116 Corfield, Sir Conrad, and accession of political change 117 princely states 55 riots in 51 Cripps, Sir Stafford xiii, 12 squatter colonies 116 Indian support for war 34–5 tented camps 116 sympathy for nationalist struggle 37 transformation of landscape 117 United India option 40 Cambridge School of Indian History 14, 24 Curzon, Viceroy Lord, partition of Campbell-Johnson, Alan 13 Bengal 29

Index 199

Dacca in Punjab 95 emergence as Pakistan’s ‘second ethnic consolidation patterns capital’ 118 domination of pastoral native impact of refugee migration 117–18 communities in north-east states 128 language riots 147 furthered by Partition 128 Damodaran, Vinita 72, 73, 86, 87 see also Sikhs Das, Suranjan 16, 22, 66, 68, 85, 86 evacuee property laws 22 Das, Veena 17, 67 Dasgupta, Anindita 57, 97 Farland, Joseph 148 Dasgupta, J. B. 136 Farooq, Kashmiri nationalism 136, 137 Datta, V. N. 12, 64 Fazl-i-Husain, Mian, and Unionist Party De, S. L. 113 31, 42 Debroy, Bibek 173 female refugees Delhi, impact of refugee migration Hindu middle classes 108 displacement of Muslims 118–19 treatment by post-colonial state 108, 109 growth of population 119–20 French, Patrick 62 demographic transformation after Fukuyama, Francis 131 Partition 128 Dewey, Clive 144 Gallagher, John 14 Direct Action xiv, 178 Gandhi, Indira Dixit, J. N. 137, 155, 164 assassination of 17 Dow, Hugh 73 and Bangladesh independence 165 Durrani, F. K. 10 intervention in East Pakistan 148 Dutt, C. Dass 75 rise of Hindu Right 167 dyarchy 32 and Kashmir 136 Simla Agreement 165–6 East Bengal Gandhi, Mahatma 1950 violence 82–3 and Cripps’s proposals 35 and Bangladesh 25, 146, 147–8 fast over financial divisions 157 border with Tripura 98 foot pilgrimage for peace xiv clash with Pakistan centralism 147 moral influence of 78–9 class conflict 52 and Muslims in Delhi 119 government response to refugee problem and Noakhali riots 71 114–15 release from custody xiii introduction of passport system 104 support for Khilafat movement 30–1 migration from 103 view of Partition 37 migration to 102 Gandhi, Rajiv, and Hindu militancy 167–8 Nehru–Liaquat Pact 103 Garhmukhteshwar, violence in 73–4 Radcliffe Award 53 Geller, Daniel S. 163, 171 refugees 179 Ghosh, Papiya 18, 21, 36, 66, 71, 72, 101, separation of West and East Pakistan 146–7 110, 118 see also Awami League Gilmartin, David 15 East Pakistan Renaissance Society 52 Glancy, Sir Bertrand 43 East Punjab 25 Godse, Nathuram, assassination of needs of urban refugees 112 Gandhi 79 sympathy with Kashmiri cause 143 Golden Temple, Amritsar 60 education, communal quotas 42 entry of Indian army 167 educational backwardness, and Muslim Goswami, Omkar 116 separatism 28 Government of India Act xii, 29, 32, 177 Emergency, the 167 Gowda, H. D. Dev 140 enduring conflicts 2 Great Calcutta Killing xiv, 7, 69–70 Engineer, Asghar Ali 28 background to 68–9 Epstein, Simon 11 demand for Pakistan 69–70 ethnic cleansing 66, 67–8, 73, 80–2 and earlier outbreaks of violence 22 in East Pakistan 148 ethnic cleansing 67

200 Index

Guha, Ranajit 17 escape from the ‘trap of history’ 172–4 Gupta, Dipankar 84, 133 international pressure to negotiate Gupta, S. 140 168–9, 170 over Jammu and Kashmir 159–61, 163–6 Hagerty, Devin 168 nuclear stand-off 154, 168 Hansen, Thomas Blum 168 Pakistan as ‘insecurity state’ 161 Haq, Fazlul 32 people-to-people contacts 174 Haqqani, Husain 148 Radcliffe Award 159 Harriss, John 150 religious differences 155–6 Harun-or-Rashid 16, 52 religious mobilisation 168 Hasan, Mushirul 18 rooted in Partition 156–9 Hashmi, Taj-ul-Islam 51 Simla Agreement 165–6 Hassan, Mashkur 63 individual civil disobedience xiii Hayat, Sikander, and Unionist Party 42 Indo-Pakistan war 138 high politics, of Partition 8–13 Indus Waters Treaty 173 Hindi–Urdu controversy 29 institutionalised riot systems 151 Hindu nationalism, and Partition 130 Islamisation, of Pakistan 129–30, 155, 180 Hindu Right, rise of 167 Ismay, General 41 Hindu rioters, organisation of 86 Hindu–Muslim differences, and Partition 57 Jaffrelot, Christophe 119, 180 Hindutva movement Jalal, Ayasha 12, 18, 31, 141, 142, 157, growth of 150, 180 159, 162 minorityism and violence 150 Jamaat-i-Islami party 129 spectre of Partition 151 Jammu and Kashmir history from below 9 accession and division 3, 159–61 Hitchens, C. 2 and Bangladesh independence 164–5 Hizbul Mujahideen 136 basis of inter-state rivalry 163–4 Hodson, H. V. 13, 34, 53, 55 and Chitral 56 honour, and assaults on females 64–5, 66, Congress-PDP 137–8 68, 71 conﬂict after Lahore Declaration 169 Horowitz, Donald 80 division of army 158 hostage theory 4 and Gandhi 79 Huq, Fazlul 16 Hindu monarchy 54 Husain, Intizar 106 and Hindu refugees 129 Hutchins, F. G. 11 incorporation in India 55 Hyderabad, and Partition 54 Indian governance 161 internationalisation of dispute 161 Iftikhar, Khawaja 63, 64 and jihadist groups 152 Independence xv Kashmiri nationalism 135 India legitimacy of Partition 175 cooperation with Pakistan 172 and nuclear stand-off 154 economic growth in 179 Operation Gibraltar 164 economic ties with Pakistan 173–4 Pakistan claims for 156 and US policy 172 peace process 171 India–China war 164 President’s Rule 134–5 Indian army, legacy of war and Partition uprising against Indian state 136 massacres 60, 71, 74 response of Indian government 137–8 Indian Councils Act 29, 30 US pressure for settlement 164 Indian National Airways 106 Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front 136 Indian National Congress (INC) 30 Jan Sangh, reliance on refugees 129 distance from Muslim masses 32 Jansson, Erland 15, 36 and extremism 29 Jeffrey, Robin 129, 138 see also Congress Party Jinnah, Mohammad Ali India–Pakistan rivalry 3 June Plan 12 division of army 158–9 14 Points 31

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attitude to role of religion in politics 30 Khizr Tiwana Coalition, Punjab, and Bihari killings 71 resignation of xiv declining inﬂuence of 37–8 Kholi, Atul 150 and Hyderabad 54 Khosla, G. D. 62, 92, 98, 105 independent army for Pakistan 158 Khuhro, M. A. 4, 100 meeting with Nehru and Baldev Singh in Kinnvall, Catrina 141 London xiv Krepon, Michael 169 Partition Plan 41, 58 Krishak Praja Party 16 political objective 12 Kudaisya, Gyanesh 20, 100, 103, 110, 113, Punjab canal system 45 118, 119, 123 resignation of Muslim PMs xiii Kux, Dennis 155, 164, 165, 169, 173 and Simla conference xiii spokesman for Muslim community 35, 58 Lahore Resolution for Pakistan State xii, 141 support for United Bengal Scheme Lahore, impact of refugee migration 123 51, 52 resettlement of Muslim refugees 123–5 two-nation theory 33 linguistic reorganisation Johnson, Gordon 14 of Indian provinces 134 Joint Defence Council 158 and Punjab 138 Junagadh, accession to Pakistan 55 Linlithgow, Viceroy Lord xii August offer 34 Kabur, Humayn 9 declaration of war 33 Kalat, and accession to Pakistan 56–7 Lion of Kashmir Kamra, A. J. 83 see Abdullah, Sheikh Karachi, impact of refugee migration Louis, Wm Roger 11 anticipatory migration 121 Low, D. A. 84 distribution of property 122–3 Lucknow Pact 30 population increase 121–2 previous commercial development 120–1 Mahajan, Sucheta 9, 11, 37, 71 seizure of property 122 Major, Andrew J. 68, 107 Kargil, conﬂict between India and Malerkotla, oasis of peace 77, 79–80 Pakistan 137 Malik, Hafeez 10 Kashmir Malik, Iftikhar H. 167 see Jammu and Kashmir Mandal, Jogendra Nath 83 Kaur, Ravinder 18, 102, 105, 106, 108, 110, Manipur 119 see north-eastern states Kennedy, C. H. 144 Maniruzzaman, T. 147 Kepel, Gilles 150 Manto, Saadat Hasan 108 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar 36 Mascarenhas, Anthony 148 Khan, Abdul Qadeer, nuclear Maududi, Maulana 129 development 166 Maxwell, Neville 140 Khan, Ayub, President 155 Mayaram, Shail 67 Khan, General Ayub, Punjab Boundary Mehrotra, S. R. 127 Force 47, 164 Mehta, Asoka 9 Khan, Liaquat Ali 51 Mehta, Uday 131 Khan, M. M., relief of refugees 114 Menon, Ritu 17–18, 68, 107, 108 Khan, Major General Shah Nawaz 74 Menon, V. P., and princely states 55 Khan, Nawab Ali, peace in Malerkotla 80 Mieville, Sir Eric 41 Khan, Nighat Said 18 migration Khan, Sir Zafrullah, and Punjab see movement of population Commission 45 Military Evacuation Organisations (MEOs) Khan, Yasmin 8, 82, 86 96, 102–3 Khan-i-Azam 56–7 Minault, G. 30 Khilafat movement, and INC Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, Fact self-rule 30–1 Finding Commission 62 Khilnani, Sunil 130, 152, 177 minorityism, Hindutva campaign against 150

202 Index

Minto, Viceroy Lord 29 impact of World War on 33–5, 58 Mizoram inﬂuence in Sindh and NWFP 15 see north-eastern states plan for Partition 41 Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz 62, 145 provincial autonomy 179 mohajirs two-nation theory 33 clash with native Sindhis 128, 144 Muslim peasants, attitude to Hindu decline of 145–6 landlords 51 and Karachi 145 Muslim Personal Law 132 Mohammad, Governor General Ghulam 142 Muslim population clusters 27 Momen, Humaira 16 Muslim separatism, and Partition 130 Moon, Penderel 62 Moore, R. J. 11, 12–13, 34 Nadvi, Maulana 129 Mosley, Leonard 45 Nagaland Mountbatten, Lord Louis (Viceroy) xiv, xv see north-eastern states British departure from India 40 Nanda, B. R. 37 dispute over Jammu and Kashmir 161 Nandy, Ashis 67 and historiography of partition 13 Nasr, S. V. R. 130, 153 and Joint Defence Council 158 Nasreen, Taslima 106 and Partition 41 nation- and state-building Punjab Boundary Award 46 government force against Sikh separatism United Bengal Scheme 53 138–9 view of princely states 55 importance of borders 133–4 movement of population Nehru and centralised state 132 advantages of wealth 106 Partition as end of history 131 anticipatory 105, 125 religious minorities 132 in Bengal 83 see also Jammu and Kashmir; north- Bihar violence 71 eastern states; Sikhs cultural loss 106–7 National Conference 54 differences in patterns 102–4 National Defence Council xiii Great Calcutta Killing 70 national identity Karachi violence 78 Indian 155, 156 long-term consequences 101 Pakistani 155–6 magnitude of 178 nationalism, and self-interest 14 recovery of abducted women 107–8 Nazimuddin, Khawaja 71 response to violence 59, 102 Nehru rural 110–11 and Bihar violence 72 unanticipated effect of Partition 90 Cabinet Mission proposals 40 urban 111 and centralised state 132 see also Bengal; Punjab; twice migrants close ties with Mountbatten 13 Musharraf, General Pervez 152 defence of borders 133 attempts on the life of 170 Gandhi’s assassination 79 and Kashmir peace process 171 Gandhi’s offer to go to Pakistan 79 military rule of 169 integration of Jammu and Kashmir into Muslim Educational Conference 30 Indian Union 136 Muslim League xii, 30 and Jammu and Kashmir 161 1946 election victories 35–6 leadership of Congress System 134 abolition of zamindari system 51 meeting with Jinnah and Baldev Singh in British treatment of 11 London xiv and communalism 9–10 and Muslim mass contact movement 32 and Congress rule 31, 32–3 need for positive publicity 92 demand for separate homeland 7, 14 opposition to Sikh demands in division of majority provinces 38 Punjab 138 East Pakistan state 52 Partition Plan xiv fears of Indian domination 155–6 proposal for three-tiered Indian historiography of nationalist struggle 10 Union xiv

Index 203

Punjab canal system 45 withdrawal of military from politics 165 reflections on Partition 58, 178 see also East Bengal; Punjab; Sindh; response to calls for independence in two-nation theory north-eastern states 140 Pakistan People’s Party 146 rules for managing religious and ethnic Pakistan Resolution 33 conflict 134 Pandey, Gyanendra 19, 60, 62, 72, 73, 74, distinction between periphery and 84, 149 mainstream 134–5 Panikkar, K. N. 85 suspicions of Corfield 55 Panjabi, K. L. 105 view of Hindu–Muslim conflict 38–9 Pant, Govind Ballabh 82 warning to Mohammed Ali Bogra 164 para-military groups, planning of violence Nehru–Liaquat Pact 103 66, 74 Nevile, Pran 107 Parekh, Bhikhu 131 new history, use of personal testimonies 19 Parmanand, Bhai 42 Noakhali riots 51, 52, 67, 70–1 Partition Council 157 non-cooperation movement 34 division of financial assets 157, 158 north-eastern states Partition literature and films 93–5 campaigns for independence 139–41 Partition Plan xiv–xv President’s Rule 134–5 partition, definition of 1 nuclear-missile testing as end of history 131, 153 and Musharraf 169 exchange of populations 2, 4 pressure from US 170 historiography of 5, 8, 24 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty 168 in India 1 nuclear war 137–8 long-term legacies of 176–81 nuclear weapons, possession of 179 management of ethno-religious conflict 181 O’Leary, Brendan 1, 23, 181 reluctance of British 2 One Unit Scheme 142, 145, 147 reversibility of 3, 181 Operation Blue Star 138 view as process 18–19 Organisation of the Islamic Conference 166 see also high politics organisation of violence 22 Partition-related discourses, persistence Owen, Nicholas 34 of 151–2 Patel, S. 133 Page, David 31 Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, and partition 38 Pakistan and princely states 55 absorption of princely states 56–7 Patwardhan, Achut 9 authoritarian centralised state 141 Paul, T. V. 154 centralisation of 3 Pethick-Lawrence, United India option 40 as insecurity state 171–2 Pirpur Report xii, 33 alignment with US 162–3 pluralism of Muslim community 27–8, 30 military predominance of institutions political jihadism 151 161–2, 163 Potter, D. C. 11 border agreement with China 164 power contest, and violence 66 cooperation with India 172 Prasad, Bimal 10 economic ties 173–4 Prasad, Rajendra 9 and Islamic world 166, 167, 172 princely rulers, attacks on Muslims 80–2 major challenge from Bengal 146 princely states official language of 143 and British States Department 54–6 realisation of Muslim destiny 10 and colonial rule 53–4 reappraisal of militant–military nexus and Muslim peasantry 54 170–1 and Pakistan 56–7 second period of military rule 166–7 transition and violence 61 third period of military rule 169 see also Hyderabad; Jammu and Kashmir ties with US 172 Pritam, Amrita 108 War on Terror 172 Provincial Governors’ Fortnightly Reports 14

204 Index

provincial studies, and Muslim separatism refugees 14–16 attacks on trains 22 pseudo-secularism 149 government approach to 97 Punjab resettlement of 23 3 June Plan 7 tax on 114 and Congress Working Committee upper-caste migrants 97 Resolution 37, 39 see also movement of population cooperation between East and West 143 regional governments, response to dominance of new state 144 resettlement 111–15 epicentre of violence 63 regional studies, and Muslim separatism experience of migration 90, 96, 98–100, 125 16–17 government response to resettlement rehabilitation 111–12 agriculturalists 110–11 historiographic dominance 24 effects of wealth and social class influence of Mountbatten 13 109–10, 126 Joint Evacuation Plan 102 regional biases 110 migration as response to violence 102 Reifeld, Helmut 174 permanence of borders 97 religious nationalism 149, 155–6 political leadership in 25 ambiguous nature of 152 power of Unionist party 15 global jihadism 152–3 President’s Rule 143 growth of Hindutva movement 150 publications and films 92–5 persistence of 149–50 Sikh demands 138–9 spectre of Partition 151 use of Urdu in Pakistan 143 see also communalism; terrorism violence in 7, 74–6 Renan, definition of nation 130 justice for perpetrators 76 Rittenberg, S. A. 36 violent division of 143 Rizvi, Gowher 11 see also Rawalpindi Massacres Roberts, Andrew 13 Punjab Boundary Commission xv, Robinson, Francis 14–15, 29 44–5 Roy, Asim 12 controversy over award 46–7 Roy, Kiran Shankar, and united Punjab Boundary Force 47–9, 88 Bengal 51 Roy, Oliver 150 Quit India movement xiii, 11, 34, 35 Roy, Tathagata 78 Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain 10 sadism, in Partition violence 66, 67 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril xv Sahni, Bhisham 64 and boundary commissions 25, 44, 45, Samad, Yunas 142, 144 46, 53 Samaddar, Ranabir 174, 178 Radcliffe Award Sanyal, Jhuma 92 and ethnic cleansing 95 Saran, Shyam 137 exclusion of Muslim-majority districts Sarila, Narendra Singh 177, 180 from Pakistan 143 Sarkar, Sumit 11, 79 Rahman, S. 10 Sathyamurthy, T. V. 133 Rahman, Tariq 143 Sayeed, K. bin 10 Rai, Lala Lajpat, and partition of Schechtman, J. B. 110 Punjab 42 Schofield, Victoria 171 Randhawa, Mohindar Singh 60, 92, 112 Seal, Anil 14 Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (Hindu Second World War, impacts of Volunteer Movement) 61, 63, 74, 79 developments in South Asia 11 Rawalpindi Massacres 44, 67 secularism organisation of riots 22, 84–5 and effects of Partition 4 Raychaudhuri, Tapan 14, 61 versus communalism 133 Rees, Major General Thomas, Punjab Seetal, Sohan Singh 63 Boundary Force 47, 88 Sen, Shila 16, 101

Index 205

separate electorates Singh, Maharaja Hari, accession of Jammu development of 31 and Kashmir 159–61 Muslim interests 33 Singh, Khushwant 77 Setalvad, Motilal C., and Punjab Singh, Kirpal 102 Commission 45 Singh, Master Tara 75 Shahab, Qudrat Ullah 108 Punjab Boundary 46 Shaikh, Farzana 15 Rawalpindi Massacres 43 Shareef Report xii, 33 Singh, Rajendra, Brigadier 88, 102 Sharif, Nawaz 168–9 Singh, Ranjit 42 withdrawal of Kashmir militants 169 Singh, Sardar Harnam, Punjab boundary Sharma, S. 21 claims 45 Sherwani, Latif Ahmed 11 Singh, Sardar Nanak, death of 87 Shibutani, Tamotsu 89 Singh, Shauna 19 Shirin, M. 77 Singh, Yadavindra, attacks on Muslims 81 Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) party 43 Sinha, M. K. 88 acceptance of 3 June Plan 44 Sinha, Sri Krishna 36, 72 Anandpur Sahib Resolution 138 Sipe, K. R. 120, 122 demand for Sikhistan state 43, 55 Smith, Antony D. 127 division of Punjab 138 South Asian Association for Regional election of government 13 Cooperation 170, 173 and Sikh balance of power in Punjab 58 South Asian Free Trade Area 173 Shraddhananda, Swami, and partition Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation 162 of Punjab 42 Soviet Union, India’s proximity to 164 Siddiqa, Ayesha 163 Spate, Oskar, and Punjab Boundary Sikh community 4 Commission 45 campaign for statehood in East Punjab 128 state involvement in violence 22 demands for own state 138–9 States Department, creation of xv desire for revenge 67 status reversal 103 and division of Punjab 43–4, 45, 46 Stevens, F. H., Brigadier 98 and jathas 49 Subaltern Studies School of writing 17, 24 martyrs 60 Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed organisation of violence 85–6 and Great Calcutta Killing 69, 85 role of princes in massacres 80–2 united Bengal scheme 51 and violence 75 suicide, of females 64–5, 73 see also Shromani Akali Dal party Swami, P. 159 Simla Agreement 165–6 Syed, G. M. 145 Simla Conference xiii, 35 Synnott, Hilary 168 Sindh impact of Partition 20 Talbot, Ian 15, 18, 19, 22, 25, 29, 35, 57, 64, marginalisation in Pakistan 144 66, 75, 98, 100, 106, 109, 123, 126, resentment against Punjabi settlers 144–5 130, 143, 144, 158, 159, 181 role of suﬁ pirs in Muslim League Talbott, Strobe 169 advance 16 Talib, S. Gurbachan Singh 63, 64, 65, 78, timescale of migration 100 88, 100 Sindh Muslim League, commitment to Taliban regime in Afghanistan 167 Pakistan 144 Tan, T. Y. 110, 118, 119, 123 Singh, Anita Inder 11 Taneja, Nisha 173 Singh, Baldev xiv, 81 Tanwar, Raghuvendra 105 Singh, Bhagwan, Colonel, attacks on Tatla, Darshan Singh 19, 100 Muslims 81 Tenancy Act (UP) xii Singh, Bir Davinder, attacks on Muslims 81 terrorism Singh, Giani Partap 63 and Deobandi 150 Singh, Gurharpal 23, 128, 130, 132, 134, global jihadism 152–3 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150, and Islamisation 180 151, 167, 170 Thandi, Shinder Singh 138

206 Index

Thapur, Romila 84 organisation of 84–8 third way, persistence of 180 and Partition as solution 2–3, 37, 39, 58 Thornton, Thomas Perry 161, 167 police ineffectiveness 73, 74 Tiwana, Khizr Hayat Khan 35, 74, 178 and Punjab Boundary Award 46 Tomlinson, B. R. 11 social sanction of 88 traditional riots 66, 68 state’s response to 61 transition of power, effect on law and order timing of 89 61, 76, 80 transition to communal violence 65, Tripura, migration to 101, 102 68, 74 see also north-eastern states see also Bihar; Garhmukhteshwar; Great Tuker, Lt General Francis 74 Calcutta Killing; Noakhali; Punjab; Turner, John 77 Rawalpindi Massacres twice migrants 101 Virdee, P. 18, 79 two-nation theory 10 Vohra, Sahdev 107 and Biharis 21 demise of 146 Wagha ceremony 130 and Muslim League 33 Waseem, Mohammad 143 and Partition 4 Wavell, Viceroy Lord xiii, xiv and Bihar killings 71 United Bengal Scheme 51 and Interim Government 39 conflict between Bengali and Urdu organisation of violence 86 speakers 52 plan for phased British withdrawal 40 opposition to 52, 58 Simla Conference 35 United Provinces West Bengal 25 ashraf elites 27, 29–30 1950 violence 83 Muslim demands 27, 28 effects of migration 49–51 success in curbing violence 82 government help for refugees 112–14 urban refugees, legitimation of new states 129 migration from 103 US diplomatic pressure, on Pakistan 170 migration to 100–1, 102 migration within border 104 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 168–9 north-western boundary 98 and Kashmir 169 Radcliffe Award 53 Van Schendel, Willem 20, 23, 98, 159 untouchables’ resettlement in victims of Partition, and ‘new history’ 17–18 Sunderbans 113 use of oral testimonies 18 West Bengal Eviction Act 117 violence West Punjab casualty figures 61–2 and Pakistan 25 difference between Partition and rural resettlement 111 communal riots 60–1, 89 urban refugees in 111 displacement of blame in community Wilcox, W. A. 9, 57 accounts 62–4 Wolpert, Stanley 13, 79 during August–November 1947 77 women, attacks on 70, 71, 72, 74 different levels of 78 and honour 64–5, 66, 68, 71 first outbreak in Karachi 78 and ‘new history’ of Partition 17–18 and military 81, 88 and Pakistani experience 18 moral constraints to 80 writer castes 28 pockets of peace 77 and police 81, 86–7 Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacooabli 20, 22, role of administration 82, 88 77, 98, 119, 176, 177, 179 role of princely rulers 80–2 Zia-ul-Haq, General 166 government failings 62 Ziegler, Philip 13, 55 historiography of 21–2 Zins, Max Jean 22 link with collapse of state 88–9 Zweig, R. W. 23