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PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE: the Political Role of the Jiamã' SAFIR AKIITAR

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PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE: the Political Role of the Jiamã' SAFIR AKIITAR PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE: The Political Role of the JIamã' (2 Volumes) Volume 1 SAFIR AKIITAR (Thesis submitted for the degree of DPhil.) Department of Politics University of York. May 1989 To the memory of my father .bdu1 Majid TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements..............................vii Note on Transliteration Scheme................ Abbreviations................................. xiv Introduction..................................xviii PART ONE ( '-, CHAPTER 1 THE (lLAMA IN ISLAMIC SOCIETY 1.1 The Position of the U1ainá'in Muslim Society...................................... 1.2 The 'Ulamã'under Muslim Rule.................6 1.3 The SUfis and the State.....................13 1.4 The 1Ulamã'and the Firs under British ColonialRule...............................17 1.5 Religious Divisions Among Muslims in Pakistan....................................18 1.6 The Nadrasah Education Curriculum...........45 1.7 Conclusion..................................50 CHAPTER 2 THE INDIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM: 1803-1947......62 2.1 The 'Ularnã"s Response to East India CompanyRule................................62 2.2 The Introduction of English Education.......66 2.3 Hindu Response to Western Liberalism........68 2.4 Muslim Response to Western Liberalism.......73 2.5 Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh College.......78 2.6 The tUlamã'on the Learning of the English Language....................................80 2.7 The Early Phase of Development of Indian Nationalism..........................81 2.8 The Indian National Congress (INC) ..........82 2.9 The Muslims and INC (1885-1888) .............83 2.10 Nadwat-ul-'Ulamã' (Council of the 'U1amã ..... 87 2.11 Militant Hindu Nationalism: Bãl Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920) ..............89 2.12 Hindu-Muslim Tension and the Emergence of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) .......91 2.13 The Early Phase of AIML (1906-1912) .........96 2.14 Pan-Islamism and its Impact on Indian Muslims.....................................97 2.15 Interconnection Between the 'Ulamã'and the English-educated Muslims................101 2.16 The Kanpur Mosque Incident..................106 2.17 The 'Ulamä'during World War I................107 2.18 Rapprochement Between INC and AIML..........110 2.19 The Khiläfat Issue..........................112 ii 2.20 Jamiyat-ul-'Ulamà-i-Hind (Association of the Indian "(llama') (JUH) .....................116 2.21 Hindu-Muslim Unity During the Khilãfat Movement....................................117 2.22 The Aftermath of the Khilãfat and Non-co-operation Movements..................125 2.23 From Non-co-operation to Co-operation.......129 2.24 TheNehru Report............................132 2.25 The All India Muslim Conference (1928) ......137 2.26 Dr. Muhammad Iqbãl on the Hindu-Muslim Question....................................138 2.27 The Najlis-i-AI.irar-i-Islârn (Society of the Free People of Islam) (MAI) ..........140 2.28 The Government of India Act,1935...........143 2.29 The Central Parliamentary Board (CPB) .......145 2.30 The1937 Election...........................148 2.31 The Struggle Between INC and AIML...........151 2.32 The Re-vitalisation of AIML.................154 2.33 The Lahore Resolution (23 March 1940) .......157 2.34 The Growth of AIML (1937-1947) ..............159 2.35 Splitin JUH................................165 2.36 The 'Demand for Pakistan' and the 'Ularnâ. 168 2.37 The1945-46 Election ........................181 2.38 The Role of the '(llama' in the 1945-46 Election....................................184 2.39 Transferof Power...........................189 2.40 Conclusion.................................. 199 PART TWO CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF PAKISTAN......232 3.1 The Socio-Economic Structure of PakistaniSociety...........................234 3.2 Political Parties...........................239 3.3 The Civil Administration....................273 3.4 The Armed Forces............................277 3.5 Conclusion..................................279 CHAPTER 4 THE PROCESS OF CONSTITUTION-MAKING...............293 4.1 PML versus the 'tJlamã........................ 294 4.2 Whatis Shariah? ............................ 296 4.3 The Sharih (Islamic) State.................300 4.4 Muhammad 'Ali Jinnäh and the Islamic State. ..310 4.5 The Demand for the Enforcement of Shariah. 312 4.6 Jinnãh's Death..............................315 4.7 The Ob j ectives Resolution (12 March 1949)...316 4.8 The Basic Principles Committee (BPC) ........318 4.9 The Basic Principles of an Islamic State. .322 4.10 From BPC's Interim Report to its Final Report......................................326 4.11 The Qadiyãni (Ahmadi] Question..............329 iii 4.12 The Proposal for an Interim Constitution....341 4.13 TheDissolution of CAP......................341 4.14 TheSecond CAP..............................346 4.15 Towards the 1956 Constitution...............348 4.16 The1956 Constitution.......................349 4.17 The 'Ula.mã'and their Parties on the 1956 Constitution...........................352 4.18 The 1956 Constitution in Practice...........355 4.19 Conclusion..................................363 CHAPTER 5 THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC MODERNISM....................377 5.1 Pre-emptive Strike against Politicians andthe Ulamã' .............................. 379 5.2 Nizàrn-ul-'Ula.riia' (Order of the 'U1ainã) (NU)... .381 5.3 Basic Democracies and the Vote of Confidencefor CMLA.........................382 5.4 The Constitution Commission of 1960.........383 5.5 The Muslim Famil y Laws Ordinance (MFLO) .....387 5.6 The 1962 Constitution.......................393 5.7 The Revival of Political Parties............398 5.8 The First Two Amendments to the 1962 Constitution...........................403 5.9 JIP versus the Regime: A Trial ofStrength.................................406 5.10 The Presidential Election (1965) ............409 5.11 Election to National and Provincial Assemblies and the Fate of COP..............414 5.12 The September 1965 War and its Aftermath. .415 5.13 Shaykh Mujibur Rahmãn's Six-Point Formula.. .419 5.14 The Pakistan Democratic Movement(PDM) .......421 5.15 The Response of the Regime to the Six-Point Formula...........................423 5.16 The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) ...........423 5.17 TheJUIP Conference.........................426 5.18 'A Decade of Development and Reform' 1:1958-19681 .........................427 5.19 The 'Ulamã' and the so-called 'Rational Understanding of Islam' .....................429 5.20 The Downfall of Muhammad Ayñb Khn..........436 5.21 Conclusion.................................. 445 CHAPTER 6 THE 1970 ELECTION: A WATERSHED IN PAKISTAN'S HISTORY ...............................460 6.1 ElectionIssues............................. 461 6.2 The Fatwaof the 113 'Ularnä' ................. 474 6.3 The New Political Forces....................475 6.4 Towards the General Election (1970) .........479 6.5 The General Election (1970) .................482 6.6 The Aftermath of the 1970 Election..........505 6.7 The Break-up of Pakistan....................515 6.8 Conclusion..................................517 iv CHAPTER THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE 'JLAHA' AND BHUTTO, 'THE ISLN1IC SOCIALIST' .................. 527 7.1 JUIP's Privileged Position .................. 531 7.2 NAP and JUIP versus Bhutto .................. 534 7.3 The Interim Constitution .................... 536 7.4 NAP-JUIP Coalition Governments in NWFP and Baluchistan (29 April 1972 - 14 February 1973) ........................... 537 7.5 United Democratic Front (UDF) ............... 540 7.6 Recognition of Bangladesh ................... 544 7.7 The1973 Constitution ....................... 554 7.8 The Question of the Status of the Ahrnadis. 561 Changes in the Political Character of PPP. 568 7.9 7.10 Bhutto: 'The Servant of Islam' .............. 571 7.11 Bhutto's Style of Government ................ 573 7.12 Bhutto and the Civil Administration........ 576 7.13 Bhutto and the Armed Forces ................. 580 7.14 The General Election of 1977 ................ 583 7.15 The Aftermath of the 7 March Election...... 594 7.16 Conclusion .................................. 605 CHAPTER 8 THE SHARLH UNDER THE MILITARY REGIME ............ 622 8.1 Why did the Regime apply Sharih?........... 623 8.2 PNA's Response to Ziyá-ul-liaq's Coup d'Etat................................. 624 8.3 Towards the Application of Shari'ah.......... 628 8.4 Political Manoeuvres in Preparation for Election .................................... 635 8.5 Towards the 'Civilianisation' of the MilitaryRegime ............................. 648 8.6 Mu1ammad Khãn Junejo's Prime Ministership (1985-1988) ................................. 651 8.7 The Shariat Bill ............................ 652 8.8 The Ninth Amendment to the 1973 Constitution ................................ 8.9 The Change in JIP's Policy .................. 661 8.10 The Afghanistan Factor in the Politics ofthe 'Ulamä................................ 662 8.11 The Dismissal of Muianunad Khãn Junejo's Ministry .................................... 663 8.12 The Enforcement of the SharLh Ordinance (15 June 1988) .............................. 665 8.13 Conclusion .................................. 669 CHAPTER 9 ANOVERALL VIEW .................................. 680 Appendices ....................................... 690 Glossary ......................................... 711 Bibliography ..................................... 722 v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.1 Religious Divisons of Muslims in Pakistan..............20 Tables 1.1 Sect-wise Number of !iadrasahs in 1959-60 and1971
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