Radcliffe Award and the Dissection of the Punjab 1947: Partition Retrospect
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Freedom in West Bengal Revised
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Freedom and its Enemies: Politics of Transition in West Bengal, 1947-1949 * Sekhar Bandyopadhyay Victoria University of Wellington I The fiftieth anniversary of Indian independence became an occasion for the publication of a huge body of literature on post-colonial India. Understandably, the discussion of 1947 in this literature is largely focussed on Partition—its memories and its long-term effects on the nation. 1 Earlier studies on Partition looked at the ‘event’ as a part of the grand narrative of the formation of two nation-states in the subcontinent; but in recent times the historians’ gaze has shifted to what Gyanendra Pandey has described as ‘a history of the lives and experiences of the people who lived through that time’. 2 So far as Bengal is concerned, such experiences have been analysed in two subsets, i.e., the experience of the borderland, and the experience of the refugees. As the surgical knife of Sir Cyril Ratcliffe was hastily and erratically drawn across Bengal, it created an international boundary that was seriously flawed and which brutally disrupted the life and livelihood of hundreds of thousands of Bengalis, many of whom suddenly found themselves living in what they conceived of as ‘enemy’ territory. Even those who ended up on the ‘right’ side of the border, like the Hindus in Murshidabad and Nadia, were apprehensive that they might be sacrificed and exchanged for the Hindus in Khulna who were caught up on the wrong side and vehemently demanded to cross over. -
Two Nation Theory: Its Importance and Perspectives by Muslims Leaders
Two Nation Theory: Its Importance and Perspectives by Muslims Leaders Nation The word “NATION” is derived from Latin route “NATUS” of “NATIO” which means “Birth” of “Born”. Therefore, Nation implies homogeneous population of the people who are organized and blood-related. Today the word NATION is used in a wider sense. A Nation is a body of people who see part at least of their identity in terms of a single communal identity with some considerable historical continuity of union, with major elements of common culture, and with a sense of geographical location at least for a good part of those who make up the nation. We can define nation as a people who have some common attributes of race, language, religion or culture and united and organized by the state and by common sentiments and aspiration. A nation becomes so only when it has a spirit or feeling of nationality. A nation is a culturally homogeneous social group, and a politically free unit of the people, fully conscious of its psychic life and expression in a tenacious way. Nationality Mazzini said: “Every people has its special mission and that mission constitutes its nationality”. Nation and Nationality differ in their meaning although they were used interchangeably. A nation is a people having a sense of oneness among them and who are politically independent. In the case of nationality it implies a psychological feeling of unity among a people, but also sense of oneness among them. The sense of unity might be an account, of the people having common history and culture. -
Political Role of Religious Communities in Pakistan
Political Role of Religious Communities in Pakistan Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Maqsudul Hasan Nuri Muneer Mahmud Khalid Hussain Editors ASIA PAPER November 2008 Political Role of Religious Communities in Pakistan Papers from a Conference Organized by Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Institute of Security and Development Policy (ISDP) in Islamabad, October 29-30, 2007 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Maqsudul Hasan Nuri Muneer Mahmud Khalid Hussain Editors © Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Islamabad Policy Research Institute House no.2, Street no.15, Margalla Road, Sector F-7/2, Islamabad, Pakistan www.isdp.eu; www.ipripak.org "Political Role of Religious Communities in Pakistan" is an Asia Paper published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. Through its Silk Road Studies Program, the Institute runs a joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center with the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. The Institute is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This report is published by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and is issued in the Asia Paper Series with the permission of IPRI. -
„Marzy Mi Się Lew Boży”. Kryzys Ustrojowy W Pakistanie 1953–1955
Dzieje Najnowsze, Rocznik L – 2018, 1 PL ISSN 0419–8824 Tomasz Flasiński Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie „Marzy mi się Lew Boży”. Kryzys ustrojowy w Pakistanie 1953–1955 Abstrakt: Artykuł omawia przesilenie ustrojowe w Pakistanie, które trwało w latach 1953– 1955 i zakończyło się praktyczną likwidacją ustroju demokratycznego w tym państwie. Wła- dza wykonawcza (gubernator generalny) w sojuszu z sądowniczą (Sąd Najwyższy) i wojskiem odrzuciła przejęte po Brytyjczykach niepisane zasady regulujące parlamentaryzm, a w końcu rozpędziła i sam parlament. W ostatecznym rozrachunku droga ta powiodła kraj ku autokracji. S ł owa kluczowe: Pakistan, system westminsterski, Hans Kelsen. Abstract: The article describes the crisis of Pakistani policy between 1953 and 1955, which resulted de facto in the liquidation of democracy. The executive power (Governor-General) allied with the judicial one (Supreme Court) and the army to get rid of the unwritten princi- ples, taken over from the British, regulating the parliamentary order, and fi nally dissolved the Parliament itself. Ultimately, it led the country to autocracy. Keywords: Pakistan, Westminster system, Hans Kelsen. 12 VII 1967 r. do willi Mohammada Ayuba Khana w górskim kurorcie Murree przyszedł na kolację Muhammad Munir. Pierwszy z wymienionych, od dziewięciu lat – dokładniej od 27 X 1958 r., gdy obalił swego poprzed- nika Iskandra Mirzę – sprawujący dyktatorską władzę nad Pakistanem, powoli tracił w kraju mir po niedawnej, przegranej wojnie z Indiami; drugi, w 1962 r. minister prawa w jego rządzie, a przedtem (1954–1960) prezes Sądu Najwyższego, był już politycznym emerytem, gnębionym przez choroby. Konwersacja zeszła na temat, o którym w tej sytuacji obaj panowie mogli już rozmawiać zupełnie szczerze: zamach stanu Iskandra Mirzy, który 8 X 1958 r. -
Ending the Raj
0 BACKGROUND GUIDE: ENDING THE RAJ 1 BACKGROUND GUIDE: ENDING THE RAJ Greetings from the Director, Hello and welcome to UTMUN 2018! My name is Shanzae Khan and I will be your Director for ‘Ending the Raj.’ As this is a crisis committee, we have a highly skilled crisis team working with us. The Crisis Manager for this committee is Jennifer Ben, our Moderator is Roaa Shoukry and the Crisis Analysts are Laura Quon, Maya Li Preti, Akil Abrar and Aniket Ka. We have been working very hard over the past few months to bring you this committee and will be present during the conference to answer any queries you may have. I have been involved with Model United Nations (MUNs) for over nine years and this is one of the most interesting committees that I have been given the opportunity to be a part of. I have participated as a Delegate, Vice-Chair, Co-Director, Director and have recently endeavored towards the logistical aspect of MUNs by serving as Director General for Internal Affairs at a recent conference. Diplomacy and debates are one of the most interesting aspects within this committee, and I hope to help you all with any and all aspects of debate you encounter during the course of this conference. Due to the competitive nature of UTMUN, I would strongly advise you all to read this background guide, submit your position papers on time, and conduct the relevant research required for your character. This will not only help you with your debating and diplomacy skills, but will also ensure that you all have a fun and memorable time within the committee. -
Jinnah and Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
Al-Khair University, Bhimber Jinnah and Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 WALEED AKRAM [email protected] The Cabinet Mission Plan Background As the provincial election campaigns heated up, reports of Hindu Muslim riots, and of “poisonous propaganda” especially in Punjab, increased. The failure of the Simla conference had created a dangerous stalemate in Indian politics. It might be said that the body politic in India almost died of a surfeit of conferences. Moreover, Pethick Lawrence had concluded by then that it would be useless to leave the another round of political negotiations to the viceroy alone, and 2 nothing less than a Cabinet Mission to India was required to break the Hindu Muslim “deadlock”.1 Mr. Attlee made it clear that the Cabinet Mission would not take any definite proposals with them as had sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 nor would have any share in the constitution making. ‘India herself must choose’. He made a remark which was most significant from the point of view of the Muslims. He observed, ‘we are very mindful of the rights of minorities and minorities should be able to live free from fear. This remark welcome to the Congress leader while Muhammad Ali Jinnah replied ‘Muslims are not a minority in India they are a nation and self determination is their birthright’. The British Ministers examined the Muslim demand for Pakistan and came to the conclusion that neither a larger nor a smaller sovereign state of Pakistan would provide an acceptable solution for the communal problem. They referred to what they termed as ‘weighty administrative, economic and military consideration’ against the idea of partitioning of India and the setting up of two sovereign states. -
01720Joya Chatterji the Spoil
This page intentionally left blank The Spoils of Partition The partition of India in 1947 was a seminal event of the twentieth century. Much has been written about the Punjab and the creation of West Pakistan; by contrast, little is known about the partition of Bengal. This remarkable book by an acknowledged expert on the subject assesses partition’s huge social, economic and political consequences. Using previously unexplored sources, the book shows how and why the borders were redrawn, as well as how the creation of new nation states led to unprecedented upheavals, massive shifts in population and wholly unexpected transformations of the political landscape in both Bengal and India. The book also reveals how the spoils of partition, which the Congress in Bengal had expected from the new boundaries, were squan- dered over the twenty years which followed. This is an original and challenging work with findings that change our understanding of parti- tion and its consequences for the history of the sub-continent. JOYA CHATTERJI, until recently Reader in International History at the London School of Economics, is Lecturer in the History of Modern South Asia at Cambridge, Fellow of Trinity College, and Visiting Fellow at the LSE. She is the author of Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition (1994). Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society 15 Editorial board C. A. BAYLY Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St Catharine’s College RAJNARAYAN CHANDAVARKAR Late Director of the Centre of South Asian Studies, Reader in the History and Politics of South Asia, and Fellow of Trinity College GORDON JOHNSON President of Wolfson College, and Director, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society publishes monographs on the history and anthropology of modern India. -
Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India
Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India Gyanendra Pandey CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Remembering Partition Violence, Nationalism and History in India Through an investigation of the violence that marked the partition of British India in 1947, this book analyses questions of history and mem- ory, the nationalisation of populations and their pasts, and the ways in which violent events are remembered (or forgotten) in order to en- sure the unity of the collective subject – community or nation. Stressing the continuous entanglement of ‘event’ and ‘interpretation’, the author emphasises both the enormity of the violence of 1947 and its shifting meanings and contours. The book provides a sustained critique of the procedures of history-writing and nationalist myth-making on the ques- tion of violence, and examines how local forms of sociality are consti- tuted and reconstituted by the experience and representation of violent events. It concludes with a comment on the different kinds of political community that may still be imagined even in the wake of Partition and events like it. GYANENDRA PANDEY is Professor of Anthropology and History at Johns Hopkins University. He was a founder member of the Subaltern Studies group and is the author of many publications including The Con- struction of Communalism in Colonial North India (1990) and, as editor, Hindus and Others: the Question of Identity in India Today (1993). This page intentionally left blank Contemporary South Asia 7 Editorial board Jan Breman, G.P. Hawthorn, Ayesha Jalal, Patricia Jeffery, Atul Kohli Contemporary South Asia has been established to publish books on the politics, society and culture of South Asia since 1947. -
The Great Calcutta Killings Noakhali Genocide
1946 : THE GREAT CALCUTTA KILLINGS AND NOAKHALI GENOCIDE 1946 : THE GREAT CALCUTTA KILLINGS AND NOAKHALI GENOCIDE A HISTORICAL STUDY DINESH CHANDRA SINHA : ASHOK DASGUPTA No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the author and the publisher. Published by Sri Himansu Maity 3B, Dinabandhu Lane Kolkata-700006 Edition First, 2011 Price ` 500.00 (Rupees Five Hundred Only) US $25 (US Dollars Twenty Five Only) © Reserved Printed at Mahamaya Press & Binding, Kolkata Available at Tuhina Prakashani 12/C, Bankim Chatterjee Street Kolkata-700073 Dedication In memory of those insatiate souls who had fallen victims to the swords and bullets of the protagonist of partition and Pakistan; and also those who had to undergo unparalleled brutality and humility and then forcibly uprooted from ancestral hearth and home. PREFACE What prompted us in writing this Book. As the saying goes, truth is the first casualty of war; so is true history, the first casualty of India’s struggle for independence. We, the Hindus of Bengal happen to be one of the worst victims of Islamic intolerance in the world. Bengal, which had been under Islamic attack for centuries, beginning with the invasion of the Turkish marauder Bakhtiyar Khilji eight hundred years back. We had a respite from Islamic rule for about two hundred years after the English East India Company defeated the Muslim ruler of Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah in 1757. But gradually, Bengal had been turned into a Muslim majority province. -
MYTH OR REALITY ABOUT the HINDU-WOMEN CONVERSION to ISLAMIC BELIEF DURING the NOAKHALI RIOTS Md
THE PARTITION OF INDIA 1947: MYTH OR REALITY ABOUT THE HINDU-WOMEN CONVERSION TO ISLAMIC BELIEF DURING THE NOAKHALI RIOTS Md. Pervejur Rahaman1, Dr. Mark Doyle1, Dr. Andrew Polk1 , Dr. Martha Norkunas1 1. Department of History, Middle Tennessee State university, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA Introduction Literature Review Methodology The partition of India in 1947 caused one of the Historians have often failed to portray the Hindu- Gandhi Preached in Noakhali to Bridge great migrations in human history. In 1947, in the Muslim relations in Bangladesh, which then 1. Interviews, archival study, historical photos, the Gap between Hindus and Muslims blink of an eye, the British colonial power became Bengal. The good relation between the ethical procedures; partitioned India on the basis of Hindu and Hindu-Muslim community has constantly been Muslim majority. Pakistan was pieced together overlooked by the historians’ narrative. There 2 Written memories and letters; combining two far-apart wings of India: East were stories that would not manifest the fear of 3. Gandhi sojourned to Noakhali: November 6, Pakistan and West Pakistan. Within a short space ‘other’ religion in the Noakhali-Tippera areas. 1946: (many people accepted and acted as of a few months, around twelve million people Thus, the partition historians use context-free Gandhi; he just got the most attention. Kindness moved to newly created Pakistan and India. The lens when they talk about Hindu and Muslim was always a primary part of the narrative. wave of the partition forced people -
Mcqs of Past Papers Pakistan Affairs
Agha Zuhaib Khan MCQS OF PAST PAPERS PAKISTAN AFFAIRS 1). Sir syed ahmed khan advocated the inclusion of Indians in Legislative Council in his famous book, Causes of the Indian Revolt, as early as: a) 1850 b) 1860 c) 1870 d) None of these 2). Who repeatedly refers to Sir Syed as Father of Muslim India and Father of Modern Muslim India: a) Hali b) Abdul Qadir c) Ch. Khaliquz Zaman d) None of these 3). Military strength of East India Company and the Financial Support of Jaggat Seth of Murshidabad gave birth to events at: a) Plassey b) Panipat c) None of these 4). Clive in one of his Gazettes made it mandatory that no Muslim shall be given an employment higher than that of chaprasy or a junior clerk has recorded by: a) Majumdar b) Hasan Isphani c) Karamat Ali d) None of these 5). The renowned author of the Spirit of Islam and a Short History of the Saracens was: a) Shiblee b) Nawab Mohsin c) None of these ( Syed Ameer Ali) 1 www.css2012.co.nr www.facebook.com/css2012 Agha Zuhaib Khan 6). Nawab Sir Salimullah Khan was President of Bengal Musilm Leage in: a) 1903 b) 1913 c) 1923 d) None of these (1912) 7). The first issue of Maualana Abul Kalam Azads „Al Hilal‟ came out on 13 July: a) 1912 b) 1922 c) 1932 d) None of these 8). At the annual session of Anjuman Hamayat Islam in 1911 Iqbal‟s poem was recited, poetically called: a) Sham-o-Shahr b) Shikwa c) Jawab-i-Shikwa d) None of these 9). -
Judicial Law-Making: an Analysis of Case Law on Khul' in Pakistan
Judicial Law-Making: An Analysis of Case Law on Khul‘ in Pakistan Muhammad Munir* Abstract This work analyses case law regarding khul‘ in Pakistan. It is argued that Balqis Fatima and Khurshid Bibi cases are the best examples of judicial law- making for protecting the rights of women in the domain of personal law in Pakistan. The Courts have established that when the husband is the cause of marital discord, then he should not be given any compensation; and that the mere filing of a suit for khul‘ by the wife means that hatred and aversion have reached a degree sufficient for courts to grant her the separation she is seeking by resorting to her right of khul‘. The new interpretation of section 10(4) of the West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964 by Courts in Pakistan is highly commendable. Key words: khul‘, Pakistan, Muslim personal law, judicial khul‘, case law. * [email protected] The author, is Associate Professor at Faculty of Shari‘a & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, and Visiting Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law at the University College, Islamabad. He wishes to thank Yaser Aman Khan and Hafiz Muhammad Usman for their help. He is very thankful to Professor Brady Coleman and Muhammad Zaheer Abbas for editing this work. The quotations from the Qur’an in this work are taken, unless otherwise indicated, from the English translation by Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur’an (Wiltshire: Dar Al-Andalus, 1984, reprinted 1997). Islamabad Law Review Introduction The superior Courts in Pakistan have pioneered judicial activism1 regarding khul‘.