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Law Review Islamabad Islamabad Law Review ISSN 1992-5018 Volume 1, Number 1 January – March 2017 Title Quarterly Research Journal of the Faculty of Shariah & Law International Islamic University, Islamabad ISSN 1992-5018 Islamabad Law Review Quarterly Research Journal of Faculty of Shariah& Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad Volume 1, Number 1, January – March 2017 Islamabad Law Review ISSN 1992-5018 Volume 1, Number 1 January – March 2017 The Islamabad Law Review (ISSN 1992-5018) is a high quality open access peer reviewed quarterly research journal of the Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University Islamabad. The Law Review provides a platform for the researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners and students of law and allied fields from all over the world to impart and share knowledge in the form of high quality empirical and theoretical research papers, essays, short notes/case comments, and book reviews. The Law Review also seeks to improve the law and its administration by providing a forum that identifies contemporary issues, proposes concrete means to accomplish change, and evaluates the impact of law reform, especially within the context of Islamic law. The Islamabad Law Review publishes research in the field of law and allied fields like political science, international relations, policy studies, and gender studies. Local and foreign writers are welcomed to write on Islamic law, international law, criminal law, administrative law, constitutional law, human rights law, intellectual property law, corporate law, competition law, consumer protection law, cyber law, trade law, investment law, family law, comparative law, conflict of laws, jurisprudence, environmental law, tax law, media law or any other issues that interest lawyers the world over. Copyright © Islamabad Law Review 2017 All Rights Reserved. Editorial Team Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr. Ahmad Yousif Ahmad Al-Draiweesh Editor: Dr. Hafiz Aziz-ur-Rehman Associate Editors: Mr. Zaheer Abbas and Ms. Shamreeza Riaz Editorial Assistant: Mr. Fazal Khalique Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Muhammad Tahir Hakeem, Dean Faculty of Shariah & Law; Mr. Amjad Mahmood, Chairman, Department of Law, Faculty of Shariah & Law; Dr. Muhammad Munir, Associate Professor, International Islamic University, Islamabad; Dr. Samia Maqbool Niazi, Assistant Professor, International Islamic University, Islamabad; Dr. Shahbaz Cheema, Assistant Professor, University of the Punjab, Lahore; Justice Shakir Ullah Jan, Former Justice in the Supreme Court of Pakistan; Dr. Khursheed Iqbal, Dean Faculty, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Judicial Academy,Peshawar; Dr. Henning Grosse Ruse – Khan, University Lecturer, University of Cambridge, UK; Dr. Matthew Rimmer, Associate Professor, ANU College of Law, Australian National University, Australia; Professor Richard Johnstone, Director of Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Prof. Martin W Lau, Professor of South Asian Law at SOAS, University of London, UK; Prof. Christie S. Warren, College of William & Mary, United States of America; Ms. Ramizah Bt. Wan Muhammad, Associate Professor, International Islamic University, Malaysia; Ms. Shamrahayu Binti Ab Aziz, Associate Professor, International Islamic University, Malaysia; Mr. Ahmad Azam Bin Othman, Assistant Professor, International Islamic University, Malaysia ______________________________________________________________ Editorial Office Room D-29, Faculty of Shariah & Law, Imam Abu Hanifa Block, International Islamic University, Sector H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan, Postal Code: 44000 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.iiu.edu.pk/ilr Phone: +92-51-9258022, +92-51-9019782 Contents Judicial Law-Making: An Analysis of Case Law on Khul‘ in Pakistan Muhammad Munir 07 Islamic Law and the Surrogate Mother Samia Maqbool Niazi 25 Sawara Marriages and Related Legal Issues Mudasra Sabreen 39 Rape Laws in Pakistan: Will We Learn from our Mistakes? Ruba Saboor 65 Qawamah in Islamic Legal Discourse: Analysis of Traditionalist and Modernist Approaches Shagufta Omar 99 Contributors MUHAMMAD MUNIR is Professor, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad SAMIA MAQBOOL NIAZI is Assistant Professor, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad MUDASRA SABREEN is Assistant Professor, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad RUBA SABOOR Worked at the British High Commission as a Lecturer and is currently a Lecturer at Al-Huda International Welfare Foundation SHAGUFTA OMAR is Incharge Dawah Center for Women, Dawah Academy, International Islamic University Islamabad JUDICIAL LAW-MAKING: AN ANALYSIS OF CASE LAW ON KHUL‘ IN PAKISTAN Muhammad Munir* Abstract This work analyses case law regarding khul‘ in Pakistan. It is argued that Balqis Fatima and Khurshid Bibi cases are the best examples of judicial law-making for protecting the rights of women in the domain of personal law in Pakistan. The Courts have established that when the husband is the cause of marital discord, then he should not be given any compensation; and that the mere filing of a suit for khul‘ by the wife means that hatred and aversion have reached a degree sufficient for courts to grant her the separation she is seeking by resorting to her right of khul‘. The new interpretation of section 10(4) of the West Pakistan Family Courts Act, 1964 by Courts in Pakistan is highly commendable. Key words: khul‘, Pakistan, Muslim personal law, judicial khul‘, case law. * [email protected] Dr. Muhammad Munir, PhD, is Professor at Faculty of Shari‘ah and Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, and Visiting Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law at the University College, Islamabad. He wishes to thank Yaser Aman Khan and Hafiz Muhammad Usman for their help. He is very thankful to Professor Brady Coleman and Muhammad Zaheer Abbas for editing this work. The quotations from the Qur’an in this work are taken, unless otherwise indicated, from the English translation by Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur’an (Wiltshire: Dar Al-Andalus, 1984, reprinted 1997). Islamabad Law Review Introduction The superior Courts in Pakistan have pioneered judicial activism1 regarding khul‘. In 1959, the Lahore High Court gave a revolutionary decision when it decided the Balqis Fatima case, which judicially recognized for the first time, the right of khul‘ for a Muslim woman without the consent of her husband. This was a revolutionary decision and was endorsed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1967 in the Khurshid Bibi case. Both were landmark decisions and are followed to date in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Since Khurshid Bibi, courts in Pakistan have given numerous decisions refining and polishing the law of khul‘ in Islam, based on the foundations of Balqis Fatima2 and Khurshid Bibi3 cases. These two cases are important for many reasons but one of the important ones is that they are the best examples of judicial law-making4 in the legal system of Pakistan. This work 1 The phrase “Judicial activism” was first used to describe some decisions of the US Supreme Court. In the US jurisprudence, it means that in determining whether laws would meet constitutional muster, the Court was accused of acting more as a legislative body than as a judicial body. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes JR (d. 1935) of the US Supreme Court from 1902-1932, in his famous dissenting opinion in Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45 (1905) argued for “judicial restraint,” cautioning the Court that it was usurping the function of the legislature. See, West Encyclopedia of American Law, Jeffrey Lehman & Shirelle Phelps eds., (MI: Thomson Gale, 2nd edn., 2005), vol. 6, p. 58, (Judicial Review). Two dissenting opinions were written in Lochner, one by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes and the other by Justice John M. Harlan. Both dissents attacked the majority opinion as judicial activism and extolled the virtues of judicial self-restraint. West Encyclopedia of American Law, vol. 6, p. 361, (Lochner v. New York). See, also, Christopher Wolfe, Judicial Activism: Bulwark of Freedom or Precarious Security (San Diego: Harcourt College Pub, 1990). Judicial activism was never a feature of Pakistan’s polity. It was born out of the guilt associated with the historic sins of our superior judiciary. As far as our constitutional history is concerned, it is replete with decisions which legitimized executive arbitrariness & extra-constitutional adventures. The law of khul‘ is, perhaps, the only exception in our legal system in which judges did not follow judicial restraint. 2 Mst. Balqis Fatima v. Najm-ul-Ikram Qureshi, PLD 1959 Lahore 566; B.Z. Kaikaus, Shabir Ahmad, & Masud Ahmad JJ. 3 Mst. Khurshid Bibi v.Muhammad Amin, PLD 1967 SC 97; S.A. Rahman, Fazle-Akbar, Hamoodur Rahman, Muhammad Yaqub Ali, & S.A. Mahmood, JJ. 4 One of the heated jurisprudential debates is whether judges make or create law during adjudication in the same sense as the legislator or they simply discover it. Many famous jurists, among them Bacon, Hale, Blackstone, and Ronald Dworkin, were convinced that the office of the judge was only to declare and interpret the law, but not to make it. At the other end of 8 Judicial Law-Making: An Analysis of Case Law on Khul‘ in Pakistan focuses on an analysis of the case law concerning khul‘ over the years to point out its pros and cons. It discusses the weaknesses and the strengths of these cases from the perspective of Islamic law that the judges have been referring to and makes recommendations for further development of
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