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Cómo Se Formó La Diversidad Ecológica Del Perú

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Cómo Se Formó La Diversidad Ecológica Del Perú 1 CÓMO SE FORMÓ LA DIVERSIDAD ECOLÓGICA DEL PERÚ 2 3 CÓMO SE FORMÓ LA DIVERSIDAD ECOLÓGICA DEL PERÚ Carlos Reynel R. Toby Pennington Tiina Särkinen Contribuciones de F. Carrasco, E. Honorio, R. Linares, A. Tovar y T. Valqui Ilustraciones de C. Reynel MAYO 2013 4 CÓMO SE FORMÓ LA DIVERSIDAD ECOLÓGICA DEL PERÚ Textos © Los Autores Ilustraciones © Carlos Reynel R. Está prohibida la reproducción de este llbro sin el permiso expreso de los autores. C. Reynel Profesor Principal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria-La Molina, Lima, Perú Miembro Titular de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias del Perú [email protected] R. T. Pennington Head, Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland [email protected] T. Särkinen Researcher, Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland [email protected] Primera edición, Mayo 2013. Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú: 2013- Tiraje: 300 ejemplares Impresión: Jesús Bellido M. - Los Zafiros 244 Balconcillo Tf 4702773 Lima 13 5 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 NOTA PREVIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 SOBRE ABREVIATURAS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS UTILIZADAS EN EL TEXTO ............................................ 18 1. CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS Y TERMINOLOGÍA EN LOS ESTUDIOS DE DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA ............................................................................................................................................ 19 LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA; CÓMO ESTÁ ESTRUCTURADA, Y SUS NIVELES DE ANÁLISIS ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Escala Geográfica ................................................................................................................................... 21 Diversidad Alfa (Dα) .......................................................................................................................... 21 Diversidad Beta (Dβ) ......................................................................................................................... 22 Diversidad Gamma (Dγ) .................................................................................................................... 22 Escala de los organismos vivientes ....................................................................................................... 22 Comunidades ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Especies ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Genes ................................................................................................................................................. 23 CLASIFICACIÓN E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ORGANISMOS VIVIENTES ................................... 23 Nombre científico .................................................................................................................................... 23 Sistema Binomial de nomenclatura ....................................................................................................... 23 Descripción y catalogación de nuevas especies de plantas y animales .............................................. 26 Nombres comunes de las especies, y su problemática en un país Megadiverso ............................... 27 Sinonimia en la Nomenclatura Científica ............................................................................................... 28 Qué es una Especie ................................................................................................................................ 30 Concepto Morfológico ........................................................................................................................ 30 Concepto Reproductivo ..................................................................................................................... 30 Concepto Filogenético ....................................................................................................................... 31 PROCESOS QUE ORIGINAN A LAS ESPECIES................................................................................ 33 Procesos de Microevolución y Macroevolución ..................................................................................... 33 Microevolución: Perspectiva Genética de la Evolución ................................................................... 34 Macroevolución: Perspectiva de la Evolución en el contexto Geográfico y del tiempo Geológico ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Diversificación y Especiación ................................................................................................................. 41 Diversificación en la perspectiva de los espacios Geográficos y Ecológicos ...................................... 42 Especiación en Poblaciones no contiguas en el territorio, o Alopátrica .......................................... 42 Especiación en Poblaciones contiguas en el territorio; Especiación Simpátrica y Parapátrica ..... 43 Diversificación en la perspectiva del desarrollo de linajes .................................................................... 49 Anagénesis .............................................................................................................................................. 49 Cladogénesis o Radiación Evolutiva ...................................................................................................... 49 Conceptos de Biogeografía de las Islas y su relevancia en el contexto de la diversificación de los organismos vivientes............................................................................................................................... 50 6 2. MÉTODOS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA EN EL TIEMPO .................. 57 REVELANDO CUÁLES SON REALMENTE LAS ESPECIES, Y CUÁL ES EL GRADO DE PARENTESCO ENTRE ELLAS............................................................................................................. 59 Variación en las características de una especie, y herramientas para precisar su delimitación ........ 60 Gradientes de variación morfológica ................................................................................................ 60 Fenología y Biología Reproductiva ................................................................................................... 61 Líneas adicionales de evidencia: Corología, Anatomía, Ontogenia, Citogenética, Palinología; el trabajo de Revisión Monográfica........................................................................................... 61 Herramientas de análisis del parentesco entre especies y linajes ....................................................... 62 Criterio de Homología ..................................................................................................................... 62 Filogenética ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Homología en la perspectiva Filogenética; cómo los Caracteres Morfológicos pueden emplearse para inferir la Evolución en los linajes de seres vivos ........................................... 64 Cladística.................................................................................................................................... 64 Uso de secuencias de ADN para inferir Filogenias; Homología en el contexto molecular .... 65 3. SURAMÉRICA Y PERÚ: LOS BIOMAS DE HOY ............................................................................ 81 BIOMAS SURAMERICANOS DEL PRESENTE .................................................................................. 83 Concepto de Bioma y Ecorregión ........................................................................................................... 83 Sumario de los Biomas suramericanos del presente ............................................................................ 85 Biomas húmedos de llanura ................................................................................................................... 85 Bosque húmedo de la llanura Amazónica ........................................................................................ 85 Bosque Atlántico de Brasil ................................................................................................................ 86 Chocó ................................................................................................................................................. 87 Biomas Montanos.................................................................................................................................... 88 Pastizal Altoandino y de tierras altas ................................................................................................ 88 Bosque Montano Nublado (BMN) ..................................................................................................... 88 Tierras Altas de la Guyana ...............................................................................................................
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