DOCSLIB.ORG

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY of Cedrela (MELIACEAE) in CENTRAL BRAZIL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY of Cedrela (MELIACEAE) in CENTRAL BRAZIL ALEXANDER HUAMÁN-MERA EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF Cedrela (MELIACEAE) IN CENTRAL BRAZIL Thesis submitted to the Botany Graduate Program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, as part of the requirements to obtain the title of Doctor Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRAZIL 2018 i To my parents, Mardóneo and Yolanda and my family in my country, Peru, to my own family, Yuriko and Akira, And to Scientia amabilis ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my wife Yuriko and my little son Alexander Akira, for their support, patient and constantly love. To the Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica and its professors of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) for the new aknowlegments I acquired during my stage as doctoral student. To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the grants and scholarship fundings. To my Professor Luiz Orlando de Oliviera for the guidance, dedication and especially by stimulated my interest in the Evolutionary Biology. To Juan Manuel Díaz-Soto who unceasingly supported in fieldwork and lab work of the present study, as well as for his friendship and scientific support. To my friends and colleagues in the Laboratory of Biologia Molecular e Filogeografia: Jefferson, Rafaela, Thaís, Thamyres, and Tiago; and to my friends who are no more in the laboratory: Érica, Hugo, Khalid, Leandro, and Thiago, for their companionship and friendship. To my professors of the Departamento Académico de Botánica of the Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo: Guillermo Delgado Paredes, Consuelo Rojas Idrogo, Leopoldo Vásquez Nuñes, and Josefa Escurra Puicón for their support and teachings during my undergraduate course. iii BIOGRAPHY ALEXANDER HUAMÁN-MERA, son of Mardóneo Huamán Chávez and Yolanda Mera Cayao, was born in Chomza Alta, La Peca, Bagua, Amazonas – Peru, on July 25th 1983. He completed his elementary education in 1996 and high school in 1999 at the "Juan Pablo Guzmán y Vizcardo Zea" high school in La Victoria, Chiclayo, Peru. He concluded his undergraduate course in the Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas of the Universidad Nacional "Pedro Ruiz Gallo", Lambayeque – Peru, in October 2006. He also completed a specialization in Botany during his undergraduate studies. In July 2011 he obtained the Professional title of Biologist–Botanist. In February 2014, he obtained the degree of Masgister Scientiae in Botany at the Botany Graduate Programa of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais – Brazil. His major was in the area of Systematic of Phanerogams. In March 2014, he began as Doctoral student in the Botany Graduate Programa of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. iv SUMARY ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vii RESUMO .............................................................................................................................................. viii I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The central Brazil ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Neotropical genus Cedrela (Meliaceae) ............................................................................ 1 1.3 The hotspot Cerrado, Neotropical Forests, and tropical refugies ............................................. 2 1.4 Brazilian seasonal Forest .......................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Niche phylogenetic conservatism of Cedrela and Species Distribution Modeling (SDM)...... 4 II. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER I: CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS OF TERTIARY/QUATERNARY BOUNDARY AS THE DRIVERS OF NEW LINEAGES OF Cedrela (MELIACEAE) IN THE CENTRAL BRAZIL .... 9 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 10 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 11 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Sampling Strategy and DNA extraction ................................................................................. 14 2.2 Microsatellite analyses ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3 cpDNA and ITS datasets Sequencing .................................................................................... 20 2.4 Supplementary information from GenBank ........................................................................... 23 2.5 Bayesian phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................. 25 2.6 Divergence dating .................................................................................................................. 25 2.7 Species Distribution Modeling (SDM)................................................................................... 26 III. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Analyses of microsatellite loci ............................................................................................... 27 3.2 Bayesian phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................. 31 3.3 Estimated date of divergence ................................................................................................. 36 3.4 Species Distribution Modeling (SDM)................................................................................... 38 IV. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 45 4.1 New lineages restricted to central Brazil ................................................................................ 45 4.2 Different historical origins of lineages of Cedrela ................................................................. 45 4.3 Recent wave of colonization of Cedrela brachystachya in central Brazilian plateau ............ 46 4.4 Convergence of hybridization zones of Cedrela fissilis and others Cedrela lineages ranges.47 4.5 Displacement of niche of the Lineage from Northern Minas Gerais ..................................... 48 4.6 Conservation implications of current distribution of Cedrela lineages .................................. 48 4.7 Morphological correspondence of new Cedrela lineages ...................................................... 49 v V. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 50 VI. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER II: TWO NEW SPECIES AND NEW OCCURRENCES OF Cedrela (MELIACEAE) FROM CENTRAL BRAZIL .................................................................................................................. 61 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 62 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 63 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................... 65 2.1 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 65 2.2 Morphometric analyses .......................................................................................................... 68 III. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 68 3.1 Taxonomic treatment.............................................................................................................. 68 3.1.1 Cedrela microanthus Huamán-Mera A. and Oliveira LO, sp. nov.. ................................... 68 3.1.2 Cedrela pandeirensis Huamán-Mera A. and Oliveira LO, sp. nov..................................... 73 3.2 New occurrences of Cedrela brachystachya in central Brazil ............................................... 78 IV. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 79 4.1 Morphometric analyses of Cedrela microanthus ................................................................... 79 4.2 Morphometric analyses of Cedrela pandeirensis ................................................................... 80 4.3 Conservation status of new taxa of Cedrela ........................................................................... 83 V. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 84 vi ABSTRACT HUAMÁN-MERA, Alexander, D.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, June, 2018.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IN COSTA RICA B
    CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN INTEGRATED CONTROL PROGRAMME OF HYPS1PYLA GRANDELLA (ZELLER) IN COSTA RICA b *m&& C* VL>" -;-.,-* d Comparison of the effect of aequous leaf extract of the Australian cedar (bottom specimens in a, b and c) with that of Spanish cedar (top specimens in a, b and c) incorporated in diet, on the mahogany shootborer. a. After 14day s of feeding, b.Afte r 24 days of feeding, c.Pupa e obtained after 28 days and 40 days from diet mixtures containing Spanish cedar and Australian cedar respectively, d. Adult with shortened wingsreare d on diet con­ taining Australian cedar. For accompanying text refer to chapters 2.1.3. and 3. yVA/ 8lOl /b(p P. GRIJPMA CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN INTEGRATED CONTROL PROGRAMME OF HYPSIPYLA GRANDELLA (ZELLER) IN COSTA RICA (MET EEN SAMENVATTING IN HET NEDERLANDS) UIBLIOTHIBK J"- DEH JLAHDBOWHOCrESCHOOI, WAGESI NGE N PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, DR. IR. H. A. LENIGER, HOOGLERAAR IN DE TECHNOLOGIE, IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 20 DECEMBER 1974 DES NAMIDDAGS TE VIER UUR IN DE AULA VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN /, ' '/$ Dit proefschrift met stellingen van PIETER GRIJPMA landbouwkundig ingenieur, geboren te Bandoeng, Indonesie, op 7 april 1932, is goedgekeurd door de promotoren Dr. J. de Wilde, hoogleraar in het dierkundige deel van de plantenziektenkunde en door Dr. L. M. Schoonhoven, hoogleraar in de algemene en vergelijkende dierfysiologie. De Rector Magnificus van de Landbouwhogeschool, H. A. Leniger Wageningen, 16 September 1974. nn : — Stellingen Inee ngeintegreer dbestrijdingsprogramm ava nHypsipyl averdien t hetaanbevelin gplantmateriaa lva nMeliaceee nt egebruiken , waarvand enieuw elote nsynchroo ne nweini gfrequen tuitlopen .
    [Show full text]
  • Silvicultural Contributions Towards Sustainable Management And
    1 Silviculture in Southern Ecuador (Unpublished) Silvicultural contributions towards sustainable management and conservation of forest genetic resources in Southern Ecuador Condiciones silviculturales para manejo sostenible y conservacion de recursos geneticos forestales en el Sur de Ecuador Sven Guenter, Bernd Stimm & Michael Weber* Chair of Silviculture and Forest Planning, Technische Universität München, D - 85354 Freising - Weihenstephan, GERMANY, Tel. 0049 8161 71 4689 , Fax 0049 8161 71 4616, Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author Jun 28 2004 Lyonia, Volume #, Pages [ # - # ], 2004 Sven Guenter, Bernd Stimm & Michael Weber* 2 Resumen Bosques con una diversidad alta de arboles por area normalmente son caracterizados por una abundancia baja de muchas especies. Este hecho tiene implicaciones fuertes hacia un manejo sustentable de recursos genéticos forestales como tambien hacia la conservación. Depues de la selección de especies prioritarias utilizando criterios ecológicos y económicos, se inició una evaluación de la variación genética dentro de cada especie prioritaria. Por ello se estudió la fenología de Cedrela montana, Prumnopitys montana, Myrica pubescens y Clethra revoluta durante porun plazo de dos años en dos sitios diferentes, ECSF en el Valle de la Estacón Cientifíca San Francisco y El Bosque, cerca de San Pedro de Vilcabamba. Adicionalmente se realizaro inventarios forestales en la Reserva Estación Científica San Francisco y en la Reserva La Ceiba en el bosque seco. Los resultados demuestran una variación alta de datos de floración y fructificación, no solo entre las dos areas geograficas, sino también dentro de ellas. Como consecuencia, esa variación se debe considerar en planes de manejo y conservación. Los inventarios demostraron que hay varias especies con subpopulaciones sin contacto o flujo de genes entre ellas o que son demasiado pequeñas para conservación estatica de recursos genéticos.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudo Do Desenvolvimento Floral Em Espécies Arbóreas Da Família Meliaceae / Cantídio Fernando Gouvêa; Orientadora Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli Rodriguez
    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO CENTRO DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR NA AGRICULTURA CANTÍDIO FERNANDO GOUVÊA Estudo do desenvolvimento floral em espécies arbóreas da família Meliaceae Piracicaba 2005 CANTÍDIO FERNANDO GOUVÊA Estudo do desenvolvimento floral em espécies arbóreas da família Meliaceae Tese apresentada ao Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Biologia na Agricultura e no Ambiente. Orientador: Profa. Dra. Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli Rodriguez Piracicaba 2005 AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Seção Técnica de Biblioteca - CENA/USP Gouvêa, Cantídio Fernando Estudo do desenvolvimento floral em espécies arbóreas da família Meliaceae / Cantídio Fernando Gouvêa; orientadora Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli Rodriguez. - - Piracicaba, 2005. 101 p. : il. Tese (Doutorado – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Biologia na Agricultura e no Ambiente) - - Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Agamous 2. Apetala 3. Expressão gênica 5. Hibridização in situ 6. Modelo ABC 7. Morfogênese vegetal I. Título DEDICATÓRIA A DEUS Pela sua onipotência e oportunidade de crescimento aos seus filhos. DEDICO À HUMANIDADE Na contribuição para sua evolução OFEREÇO AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente a Deus pela criação maior, força inspiradora e oportunidade de crescimento para com seus filhos. À Profa. Dra. Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli Rodriguez, pela orientação, amizade e principalmente compreensão e apoio nas horas difíceis. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcelo Carnier Dornelas pela amizade, colaboração, orientação e paciência na execução das diferentes fases do estudo.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices at the 14Th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties
    IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices at the 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties The Hague, Netherlands 3–15 June 2007 Prepared by IUCN Species Programme and Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC ANALYSES IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices at the 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties The Hague, Netherlands 3–15 June 2007 Prepared by IUCN Species Programme and Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Production of the 2007 IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices was made possible through the support of: • The Commission of the European Union • Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Department for Nature, Netherlands • Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable, Direction de la nature et des paysages, France • Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección General para la Biodiversidad, Spain • Office vétérinaire fédéral, Switzerland • Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Direzione Protezione della Nature, Italy • Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK • Danish Ministry of the Environment, Forest and Nature Agency • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Division for Nature Conservation and Species Protection, Austria IUCN -The World Conservation Union brings together states, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique global partnership - over 1,000 members in some 181 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Asociados Con Cedrela Montana Moritz Ex Turcz an Exploratory Study of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria in Two Habitats Associated with Cedrela Montana Moritz Ex Turcz
    Estudio exploratorio de bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo en dos hábitats asociados con Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz An exploratory study of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in two habitats associated with Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz RESEARCH / INVESTIGACIÓN Estudio exploratorio de bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo en dos hábitats asociados con Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz An exploratory study of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in two habitats associated with Cedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz Tanya Ascencio-Lino1*, Esther Matamoros-Alcívar1, Verónica Sandoya-Sánchez1, Milton Barcos-Arias2, Jaime Naranjo-Morán2 DOI. 10.21931/RB/2021.06.01.20 Resumen: La disponibilidad de fósforo (P) en la corteza terrestre está limitada por la composición química del suelo, y por factores antropogénicos en el caso de ambientes perturbados. Debido a que solo el 0.1% de P está disponible para ser absorbido directamente por las plantas, se requiere de una interacción positiva con bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo (BSF) para convertir 1575 el P insoluble a su forma soluble, y hacerlo disponible para las plantas. Aun siendo esta asociación de gran importancia, existe poca información sobre la presencia de BSF en especies arbóreas, especialmente de ambientes montanos andinos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la presencia de BSF en la rizosfera de dos individuos de cedro andino (Cedrela montana), provenientes de bosque secundario (BS) y zona de pastizal (ZP), respectivamente, de la localidad de Intag (norte de la Cordillera Occidental del Ecuador). Se recolectaron un total de tres muestras de suelo de cada rizósfera, las cuales fueron enriquecidas con fosfato tricálcico, y cultivadas en medio selectivo NBRIP para determinar la presencia de BSF.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Australian Red Cedar and Other Meliaceae Species in Plantation
    G row i n g Australian Red Cedar and other Meliaceae species in plantation A report published by the RIRDC/Land & Water Australia/FWPRDC/MDBC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program RIRDC publication number 04/135 “All living things are interrelated. Whatever happens to the earth will happen to all children of the earth”. Jefe Seattle 1785-1866 “It merely requires interest and effort, so that one day there will be avenues, small forests and garden cedars across the length and breadth of the country; and if they do take one hundred years to mature, we can be sure that future generations will be very pleased with us, for ‘Toona australis’ is the most beautiful of all cedars.” John Vader (1987) in: Red Cedar, The Tree of Australia’s History © 2005 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 043 0 ISSN 1440 6845 Publication number: 04/135 Growing Australian Red Cedar and Other Meliaceae Species in Plantation The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable industries. The information should not be relied upon for the purpose of a particular matter. Specialist and/or appropriate legal advice should be obtained before any action or decision is taken on the basis of any material in this document. The Commonwealth of Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, the authors or contributors do not assume liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from any person’s use or reliance upon the content of this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleocene–Eocene Palynomorphs from the Chicxulub Impact Crater, Mexico
    Palynology ISSN: 0191-6122 (Print) 1558-9188 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tpal20 Paleocene–Eocene palynomorphs from the Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico. Part 2: angiosperm pollen Vann Smith, Sophie Warny, David M. Jarzen, Thomas Demchuk, Vivi Vajda & Sean P.S. Gulick To cite this article: Vann Smith, Sophie Warny, David M. Jarzen, Thomas Demchuk, Vivi Vajda & Sean P.S. Gulick (2020): Paleocene–Eocene palynomorphs from the Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico. Part 2: angiosperm pollen, Palynology, DOI: 10.1080/01916122.2019.1705417 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2019.1705417 View supplementary material Accepted author version posted online: 17 Dec 2019. Published online: 23 Jan 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 55 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tpal20 PALYNOLOGY https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2019.1705417 Paleocene–Eocene palynomorphs from the Chicxulub impact crater, Mexico. Part 2: angiosperm pollen Vann Smitha,b , Sophie Warnya,b, David M. Jarzenc, Thomas Demchuka, Vivi Vajdad and Sean P.S. Gulicke aDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; bMuseum of Natural Science, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; cCleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, USA; dSwedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; eInstitute for Geophysics and Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS At the end of the Cretaceous Period, an asteroid collided with the Earth and formed the Chicxulub Mexico; Paleocene; impact structure on the Yucatan Platform.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Forest Plantations: Policies and Progress
    Chapter 5 Forest Plantations: Policies and Progress Logging in the Tropics is commonly followed by defores- 15-year rotation as an example, he concluded that em- tation and agriculture that degrade the soil, precluding ployment is nearly 5 times greater in forest plantations subsequent continuous cultivation or pasturing. Agricul- than in pasture production, and yet the forest may be ture persists on the best sites, leaving the poorer ones to grown on poorer soils. return to forests. Of these, the best may be suitable for forest plantations. Two valuable references on forest plantations in the Trop- ics are available. Evans (1992) emphasizes the planning The growing need for plantations was recognized de- of plantations, taking into account social and economic cades ago by Champion (1949). He pointed out that factors and describing practices from establishment to there are many millions of hectares of land that should harvest. Zobel and others (1987) clarify misunderstand- be afforested as soon as possible for society's benefit. He ings concerning exotic species and document the high further stated that although the technology to restore yields attainable through plantation tree improvement. forests may be based on incomplete understanding of the underlying principles, the work must proceed in the light TheCase for Planting of existing experience. His plea is still valid. The case for planting rests partly on land availability and foreseen timber shortages. One analysis concluded that The ultimate extent of forest plantations in the Tropics plantations are needed where: (1) natural forest area is will be determined by the degree to which they can inadequate, (2) natural forests grow too slowly to meet compete with other land uses, meet growing demands bulk forest-product demands on a sustained-yield basis, for wood, outproduce alternative wood sources, and (3) natural forests are too scattered to permit economical _) protect the environment for future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonality of Weather and Tree Phenology in a Tropical Evergreen Mountain Rain Forest
    Int J Biometeorol DOI 10.1007/s00484-006-0029-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE J. Bendix . J. Homeier . E. Cueva Ortiz . P. Emck . S. -W. Breckle . M. Richter . E. Beck Seasonality of weather and tree phenology in a tropical evergreen mountain rain forest Received: 8 October 2005 / Revised: 3 February 2006 / Accepted: 16 February 2006 # ISB 2006 Abstract Flowering and fruiting as phenological events of oscillation of precipitation and related cloudiness. As 12 tree species in an evergreen tropical mountain rain forest revealed by power spectrum analysis and Markov in southern Ecuador were examined over a period of 3– persistence, rainfall and minimum temperature appear to 4 years. Leaf shedding of two species was observed for be the only parameters with a periodicity free of long-term 12 months. Parallel to the phenological recordings, variations. The phenological events of most of the plant meteorological parameters were monitored in detail and species showed a similar periodicity of 8–12 months, related to the flowering and fruiting activity of the trees. In which followed the annual oscillation of relatively less and spite of the perhumid climate of that area, a high degree of more humid periods and thus was in phase or in counter- intra- and inter-specific synchronisation of phenological phase with the oscillations of the meteorological param- traits was apparent. With the exception of one species that eters. Periods of unusual cold or dryness, presumably flowered more or less continuously, two groups of trees resulting from underlying longer-term trends or oscillations could be observed, one of which flowered during the less (such as ENSO), affected the homogeneity of quasi-12- humid months (September to October) while the second month flowering events, fruit maturation and also the group started to initiate flowers towards the end of that production of germinable seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.5 Plan Nacional Para El Control De Incendios Forestales Y Restauración
    Capítulo 4. Gestión sobre los ecosistemas de bosque 149 4.5 Plan nacional para el control de de gestión a través de los cuales se pueda evaluar incendios forestales y restauración de forma cualitativa o cuantitativa según sea el de áreas afectadas caso, el cumplimiento de las metas definidas. En Colombia se estima que la casi totalidad de los El Plan establece cuatro programas: fortaleci- incendios forestales son de origen antrópico, bien miento de la capacidad institucional, educación e sea generados intencionalmente para la amplia- Información pública, investigación y mejoramiento ción de la frontera agropecuaria, o por negligencia en incendios forestales y, silvicultura preventiva, al no tomar las precauciones adecuadas, sobre restauración ecológica y manejo de quemas con- todo en las quemas agrícolas; por descuido (fu- troladas (MAVDT, 2002a). En el 2008 se plantearon madores, fogatas, pólvora y cacería de animales, dos programas adicionales los cuales están subdi- entre otros); accidentales (caída de líneas eléctri- vididos en subprogramas con metas específicas, cas sobre la vegetación o roce de las mismas con instancias responsables y de apoyo y tiempo de los árboles) y por atentados terroristas (MAVDT, ejecución (a corto, mediano y largo plazo); los 2002a). programas propuestos son: Debido a la problemática periódica frente al tema, • Programa de prevención de incendios para el gobierno a través de la Comisión Nacional bosques naturales en áreas protegidas y Asesora de Prevención y Mitigación de Incendios reservas forestales, el cual busca “Propiciar Forestales que preside el MAVDT, formuló el Plan acciones tendientes a prevenir la ocurrencia Nacional de Prevención, Control de Incendios de incendios en áreas cuyo fin sea preservar Forestales y Restauración de Áreas Afectadas los bienes y servicios ambientales, en aque- (PNPCIFRA), el cual fue aprobado por el Comité llas zonas de propiedad pública o privada Técnico Nacional de Desastres en 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Aportes Botánicos De Salta
    ............. APORTES BOTÁNICOS DE SALTA - Ser. Flora HERBARIO MCNS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SALTA Buenos Aires 177- 4400 Salta- República Argentina ISSN 0327- 506X Vol. 3 Agosto 1995 Nº 9 Edición Internet 2012 FLORA DEL VALLE DE LERMA M E L I A C E A E A.Juss. Fanny C. Juárez1 Arboles raro arbustos; ramas con corteza lenticeladas. Hojas alternas pinnadas raro bipinnadas; folíolos opuestos o subopuestos elípticos lanceolados oval- lanceolados (a veces dimorfos y desiguales) glabros o pubescentes; bordes enteros lobados aserrados o crenados; raro con domacios en las nervios principales o secundarios. Inflorescencias axilares raro terminales en panículas o tirsos. Flores actinomorfas perfectas o imperfectas. Cáliz 4-5-mero; sépalos soldados o imbricados. Corola 4-5-mera; pétalos libres con prefloración imbricada o valvada glabros o pubérulos. Estambres iso o diplostémonos raro polistémonos; total o parcialmente soldados formando un tubo polimorfo con ápice entero lobado o denticulado raro libres; anteras dorsifijas o basifijas inclusas o ubicadas en el margen del tubo. Disco nectarífero anular tubuloso unido o no al androceo o gineceo pocas veces ausente. Ovario súpero 2-6-carpelar 2-12 lóculos con 1- numerosos óvulos por lóculo; estilo breve; estigma capitado discoidal o lobado. Fruto cápsula loculicida o septifraga con placentas sobre una columna central lignificada a veces indehiscente drupáceo. Semillas generalmente aladas con endosperma carnoso o ausente. Familia con alrededor de 51 géneros y 600 especies originarias de regiones tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mundo. En la Argentina 4 géneros en Salta 2 en el valle 2 uno de ellos escapado de cultivo.
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusion of Cedrela Spp. in Appendix II. Proponent
    CoP 14 Prop. 33 Inclusion of Cedrela spp. in Appendix II. Proponent: Germany, on behalf of the European Community Member States acting in the interest of the European Community. Summary: Cedrela is a genus of trees which, as currently defined, is restricted to the New World and comprises at least seven species that occur naturally from Mexico and the Caribbean islands south to Argentina. The most widespread species, C. odorata has been planted widely in many parts of the region and has been introduced to many countries elsewhere. Once a common tree, it has had a long history of over-exploitation for its timber and now suffers from extensive loss of habitat. Populations are now much reduced in many countries in its native range and it is categorised in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as globally Vulnerable. The wood is used extensively in many countries for furniture making and other purposes and large quantities have recently been exported by several South American countries. In many countries there are laws and regulations addressing control of logging and trade in the species but lack of human and financial resources diminishes their effectiveness, and some illegal trade has been reported. Other species in the genus, particularly C. fissilis and C. lilloi, are also apparently subject to over-exploitation. Both C. fissilis and C. lilloi are currently classified by IUCN as Endangered. Cedrela odorata has been listed in CITES Appendix III by Colombia and Peru since 2001. The other species in the genus are proposed for inclusion in Appendix II on a look-alike basis.
    [Show full text]