Contribution À La Classification Des Langues Kru (Niger-Congo) Pour Françoise
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Linguistic Diversity, Linguistic Div Minority Languages Minority
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY, LINGUISTIC DIV MINORITY LANGUAGES MINORITY LAN AND SUSTAINABLE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT DEVEL DIVERSIDAD LINGÜÍSTICA, DIVERSIDAD LENGUAS MINORIZADAS LENGUAS MIN Y DESARROLLO Y DESARROLLO Y DES SOSTENIBLE SOSTENIBLE SOSTENIBL DIVERSITÉ LINGUISTIQUE, DIVERSITÉ LANGUES MINORITAIRES LANGUES MI ET DÉVELOPPEMENT ET DÉVELOPPEM DURABLE DURABLE DURABLE DURAB ITZIAR IDIAZABAL & MANEL PÉREZ-CAUREL (EDS.) Organización de las Naciones Unidas Munduko Hizkuntza Ondarearen para la Educación, UNESCO Katedra la Ciencia y la Cultura Cátedra UNESCO Hezkuntza, de Patrimonio Lingüístico Mundial Zientzia eta Kulturarako UNESCO Chair Nazio Batuen Erakundea on World Language Heritage LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY, MINORITY LANGUAGES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DIVERSIDAD LINGÜÍSTICA, LENGUAS MINORIZADAS Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE DIVERSITÉ LINGUISTIQUE, LANGUES MENACÉES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE Edted by Editado por Itziar Idiazabal Manel Pérez- Caurel Con la colaboración de Nora Etxaniz With the colaboration of Nora Etxaniz UNESCO Chair on Wordl Language Heritage of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU Cátedra UNESCO de Patrimonio Lingüístico Mundial de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) CIP. Biblioteca Universitaria Linguistic diversity, minority languages and sustainable development = Diversidad lingüística, lenguas minorizadas y desarrollo sostenible = Diversité linguistique, langues menacées et développement durable / Itziar Idiazabal & Manel Pérez-Caurel (eds.) ; [con la colaboración de = with the colaboration of, Nora Etxaniz]. – Datos. – Bilbao : Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Argitalpen Zerbitzua = Servicio Editorial, [2019]. – 1 recurso en línea : PDF (262 p.) Textos en inglés, español y francés Modo de acceso: World Wide Web ISBN: 978-84-1319-070-9. 1. Minorías lingüísticas. 2. Multilingüismo. 3. Lenguaje y lenguas - Renovación. 4. Desarrollo sostenible. I. Idiazabal, Itziar, editor. II. Pérez-Caurel, Manel, editor. -
MANDE LANGUAGES INTRODUCTION Mande Languages
Article details Article author(s): Dmitry Idiatov Table of contents: Introduction General Overviews Textbooks Bibliographies Journals and Book Series Conferences Text Collections and Corpora Classifications Historical and Comparative Linguistics Western Mande Central Mande Southwestern Mande and Susu- Yalunka Soninke-Bozo, Samogo, and Bobo Southeastern Mande Eastern Mande Southern Mande Phonetics Phonology Morphosyntax Morphology Syntax Language Contact and Areal Linguistics Writing Systems MANDE LANGUAGES INTRODUCTION Mande languages are spoken across much of inland West Africa up to the northwest of Nigeria as their eastern limit. The center of gravity of the Mande-speaking world is situated in the southwest of Mali and the neighboring regions. There are approximately seventy Mande languages. Mande languages have long been recognized as a coherent group. Thanks to both a sufficient number of clear lexical correspondences and the remarkable uniformity in basic morphosyntax, the attribution of a given language to Mande is usually straightforward. The major subdivision within Mande is between Western Mande, which comprises the majority of both languages and speakers, and Southeastern Mande (aka Southern Mande or Eastern Mande, which are also the names for the two subbranches of Southeastern Mande), a comparatively small but linguistically diverse and geographically dispersed group. Traditionally, Mande languages have been classified as one of the earliest offshoots of Niger-Congo. However, their external affiliation still remains a working hypothesis rather than an established fact. One of the most well-known Mande languages is probably Bamana (aka Bambara), as well as some of its close relatives, which in nonlinguistic publications are sometimes indiscriminately referred to as Mandingo. Mande languages are written in a variety of scripts ranging from Latin-based or Arabic-based alphabets to indigenously developed scripts, both syllabic and alphabetic. -
1 African Language Classification Beyond Greenberg
1 "Areal linguistics in Africa before a new approach to its genealogical language classification" Lecture 1, LLACAN, Paris, 9/3/2019 2 + his earliest classification was received positively - Westermann (1952: 256): 1 African language classification beyond Greenberg Greenberg is the first linguist who has attempted to give a classification of the whole range of Tom Güldemann African languages. He has not contented himself with a general survey, as all his predecessors, Humboldt University Berlin and Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena including myself, have done, but has gone into considerable detail; in each single case he gives his proofs in word-lists, in tabulated formative elements, and also on sketch maps; he does not 1.1 Before and after Greenberg (1963) quote all his sources, which would have been practically impossible; nor is it essential, since they are known to the expert. He confirms many findings of those who have worked before 1.1.1 African language classification before Greenberg him, he corrects a number of errors; although many of these had been refuted by others, it had seldom been done with such clarity and definiteness as here. It is quite possible that some of + relying heavily on non-linguistic criteria, couched in colonial European attitudes to Africa his statements and classifications may prove to be not sufficiently clarified, or that he has (notably "Hamitic theory") overlooked a language which cannot be shown to be related to any other in Africa; he will be + highly synthetic: 3-5 genealogically intended super-groups criticized, and some of his classifications may be rejected; but all this does not detract from the value of his study, for which all of us have to thank him. -
Folktales and Moral Instruction: a Thematic Analysis of Hausa Women’S Tales in Kumbotso Local Government Area in Kano State
FOLKTALES AND MORAL INSTRUCTION: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF HAUSA WOMEN’S TALES IN KUMBOTSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN KANO STATE BY DAUDA BABA TALATU DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA APRIL, 2018 i FOLKTALES AND MORAL INSTRUCTION: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF HAUSA WOMEN TALES IN KUMBOTSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KANO STATE BY DAUDA BABA TALATU M.A/ARTS/24250/2012/13 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES FACULTY OF ARTS AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA APRIL, 2018 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation entitled “Folktales and Moral Instruction: A Thematic Analysis of Hausa W omen Tales in Kumbotso Local Government Area in Kano State” has been carried out by me in the Department of English and Literary Studies been duly acknowledge in the text and a list of reference provided. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other institution. Talatu B. Dauda ___________________ _______________ ________________ Name of Student Signature Date iii CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled “Folktales and Moral Instruction: A Thematic Analysis Hausa Women Tales in Kumbotso Local Government Area in Kano State” by TALATU B. DAUDA meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master Degree of Ahmadu Bello University and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ___________________________ Date_____________________ Professor A. A. Sani Chairman, Supervisory Committee ___________________________ Date_____________________ Professor A. -
The Syntactic Diversity of Sauxov in West Africa Hannah Sande Georgetown University Nico Baier Mcgill University Peter Jenks UC Berkeley
Chapter 34 The syntactic diversity of SAuxOV in West Africa Hannah Sande Georgetown University Nico Baier McGill University Peter Jenks UC Berkeley Surface SAuxOV orders abound in West Africa. We demonstrate that apparent ex- amples of this word order have important structural differences across languages. We show that SAuxOV orders in some languages are due to mixed clausal headed- ness, consisting of a head initial TP and head-final VP, though this order can be concealed by verb movement. Other languages are more consistently head-initial, and what appear to be SAuxOV orders arise in limited syntactic contexts due to specific syntactic constructions such as object shift or nominalized complements. Finally, we show that languages which have genuine SAuxOV, corresponding to a head-final VP, tend to exhibit head-final properties more generally. This obser- vation supports the idea that syntactic typology is most productively framed in terms of structural analyses of languages rather than the existence of surface word orders. 1 Introduction The order subject-auxiliary-object-verb (SAuxOV) is quite common across West Africa. At the same time, it is well-known that syntactic differences exist among the languages with this surface order (Creissels 2005). Our goal in this paper is to identify structural differences across languages for which SAuxOV order occurs, Hannah Sande, Nico Baier & Peter Jenks. 2019. The syntactic diversity of SAuxOV in West Africa. In Emily Clem, Peter Jenks & Hannah Sande (eds.), Theory and descrip- tion in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 667–701. Berlin: Language Science Press. -
Contribution À La Classification Des Langues Kru (Niger-Congo) À Françoise Bouges
1 Pierre Vogler 2017 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Contribution à la classification des langues kru (Niger-Congo) À Françoise Bouges Résumé. La classification interne des langues kru est fondée sur la mise en œuvre des procédures ordinaires de la comparaison des formes – essentiellement – consonan- tiques. Une stricte hiérarchisation des composants des deux branches, occidentale et orientale, en constitue le cadre essentiel. Plutôt que non-classé, l’aizi doit être considéré comme un membre du sous-groupe grebo. Le kuwaa/belle, éloigné du massif principal et théoriquement issu d’une première divergence, occupe en réalité une place au sein des langues de l’ouest. Les migrations internes, en rapport avec la pression de la savane et les troubles dus à la traite, expliquent la situation de ces parlers, isolés en zone kwa ou mande. Le bakwé présente des traits des deux branches et son allure composite pro- cède de mouvements récents. Au plan externe, les langues kru sont issues d’une migra- tion venue du nord et leurs relations avec les groupes gur et Adamawa sont à privilégier de ce point de vue. 1. Les données 1.1. Le domaine des langues kru, de part et d’autre de la frontière de la Côte d’Ivoire et du Libéria, a été qualifié d’« éburnéo-libérien » (Delafosse 1952 : 830) pour cette raison même. Malgré la forte spécificité de l’ensemble, les limites sont demeurées probléma- tiques un temps, au nord – rapproché du mande – et à l’est – assimilé au lagunaire (kwa). Bien que l’intégration du sèmè/siamou du Burkina Faso soit largement admise (Person 1966 : 489, 491 ; Marchese 1984 : 88 ; Williamson/Blench 2000 : 24-25), cette langue doit être écartée. -
The Niger-Congo Family in Time and Space: a First Attempt 1 Language
1 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, African Linguistics Colloquium 1/12/2020 2 The Niger-Congo family in time and space: a first attempt 1.2 Macro-areal linguistics of Afrabia + first more comprehensive research by Greenberg (1959, 1983) and Heine (1975, 1976) Tom Güldemann + resumed by Güldemann (e.g., 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008b, 2010, 2011, 2017; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and MPI for the Science of Human History Jena with Fehn 2017) and independently Clements and Rialland (2008) with considerably 1 Language classification in Africa similar results regarding macro-areal feature aggregations in Africa before more recent large-scale colonization from outside 1.1 Genealogical relationships + most recent update by Güldemann (2018a) > Map 2 + Greenberg’s (1963) classification with just four African super-“families” widely accepted > external separation as a continent-sized unit “Afrabia” comprising Africa and Arabian but methodologically and empirically not robust (cf., e.g., Campbell and Poser 2008) Peninsula: behaves as a unit with recurrent cross-migrations of major impact, - review of the state of language classification in Africa by Güldemann (2018b), oriented to delimited by Southwest Asian transition zone (Haig 2017, Haig and Khan 2018) standard criteria of the general discipline (cf., e.g., Nichols 1996, Campbell 2003) > internal macro-areal partition of Afrabia into: > Africa is genealogically far more diverse > Map 1 and Appendix 1: a) 2 genealogically homogeneous spread zones: II, VI - coherence largely due to inheritance -
An Introduction to Liberian English
DOCUMENT RESUME FL 013 561 ED 226 617 AUTHOR Singler, John Victor; AndOthers An Introduction toLiberian English. TITLE Lansing. African Studies INSTITUTION Michigan State Univ.', East Center.; Peace Corps,Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 81 , NOTE 253p. 1 PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use -Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. Education; Dialogs DESCRIPTORS African Languages; *Cultural (Language); Grammar; LanguageVariation; *Listening Comprehension; *NonstandardDialects; *Second Language,Instruction; Standard SpokenUsage; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *English (Liberian); *Liberia ABSTRACT The aim of this text is tointroduce Liberian English, which includes the manyvarieties of English spoken by Liberians, to Peace Corps volunteers.The text is dividedinto two sections. The first part talksabout Liberian English,while the sedond part uses LiberianEnglish to describe aspectsof contemporary --------Li-berfairdiature. Part one containsdiscussions of the histories, varieties, pronunciation, and grammarof Liberian English. Where possible, differences fromvariety to variety of LiberianEnglish and grammar are noted.1Parttwo of the with regard to pronunciation i(referred to as text concentrates on"mainstream" Liberian English vernacular Liberian English),particularly as it is spokenin Monrovia. Emphasis is onunderstanding the type of Englishwidely by people who have gone toWestern schools. used in informal contexts understanding of the The aim of the text is tofacilitate volunteers' language; there is no emphasison learning to speak the language because of the Liberianattitudes toward varieties ofLiberian English other than LiberianStandard English. (NCR) **********************************************************.************* the best that can be made * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** is Jr) VC) C\I CD 1.1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIBERIAN ENGLISH BY JOHN VICTOR S I NGLER wi th J. -
12 Godié (Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru)
12 Godié (Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru) John Hewson/Christa Beaudoin-Lietz 12.1 General This chapter reports on the verbal constructions of Godié, and since the source materials, mostly Marchese 1986a, give information about other Kru languages much cognate information has also been added. Though the various languages differ among themselves, even within one complex (Hasselbring and Johnson 2002), there are elements in the verbal structure that they all share1. The Kru language family is a group of languages spoken mainly in southwestern Ivory Coast and in Liberia. The total numbers of speakers of Kru languages is relatively small. Marchese (1986a) gives an estimate of 1.8 million, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2006) gives 3 million. The speakers of Godié, which belongs to the Eastern Kru languages, are reported by the Ethnologue as numbering some 27,000 in Ivory Coast. A nine vowel system is common, and most have nasal vowels, including Godie, which has nine oral vowels plus four central vowels, as in (1). (1) Basic vowel system Additional central vowels i u i u e o e o a a These are tone languages; Godié has three tones, Low, Mid, and High, and we have used an acute accent to mark H, no accent on M, and grave accent on L, as in the following: sú „push‟, su „tree‟, s „be hot‟ (Marchese 1986:16). 12.2 Word order In Kru languages the word order depends on the type of sentence. The basic word order is S V O Other. When an auxiliary is present, the word order is necessarily as in (2), where VN represents a nominalized verb. -
Reconstructing Benue-Congo Person Marking II
Kirill Babaev Russian State University for the Humanities Reconstructing Benue-Congo person marking II This paper is the second and last part of a comparative analysis of person marking systems in Benue-Congo (BC) languages, started in (Babaev 2008, available online for reference). The first part of the paper containing sections 1–2 gave an overview of the linguistic studies on the issue to date and presented a tentative reconstruction of person marking in the Proto- Bantoid language. In the second part of the paper, this work is continued by collecting data from all the other branches of BC and making the first step towards a reconstruction of the Proto-BC system of person marking. Keywords: Niger-Congo, Benue-Congo, personal pronouns, comparative research, recon- struction, person marking. The comparative outlook of person marking systems in the language families lying to the west of the Bantoid-speaking area is a challenge. These language stocks (the East BC families of Cross River, Plateau, Kainji and Jukunoid, and the West BC including Edoid, Nupoid, Defoid, Idomoid, Igboid and a few genetically isolated languages of Nigeria) are still far from being sufficiently studied or even described, and the amount of linguistic data for many of them re- mains quite scarce. In comparison with the Bantu family which has enjoyed much attention from comparative linguists within the last decades, there are very few papers researching the other subfamilies of BC from a comparative standpoint. This is especially true for studies in morphology, including person marking. The aim here is therefore to make the very first step towards the comparative analysis and reconstruction of person markers in BC. -
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages Gerrit J. Dimmendaal University of Cologne John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. Historical linguistics and the comparative study of African languages / Gerrit J. Dimmendaal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. African languages--Grammar, Comparative. 2. Historical linguistics. I. Title. PL8008.D56 2011 496--dc22 2011002759 isbn 978 90 272 1178 1 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1179 8 (Pb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8722 9 (Eb) © 2011 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Table of contents Preface ix Figures xiii Maps xv Tables -
Survey of the World's Languages
Survey of the world’s languages The languages of the world can be divided into a number of families of related languages, possibly grouped into larger stocks, plus a residue of isolates, languages that appear not to be genetically related to any other known languages, languages that form one-member families on their own. The number of families, stocks, and isolates is hotly disputed. The disagreements centre around differences of opinion as to what constitutes a family or stock, as well as the acceptable criteria and methods for establishing them. Linguists are sometimes divided into lumpers and splitters according to whether they lump many languages together into large stocks, or divide them into numerous smaller family groups. Merritt Ruhlen is an extreme lumper: in his classification of the world’s languages (1991) he identifies just nineteen language families or stocks, and five isolates. More towards the splitting end is Ethnologue, the 18th edition of which identifies some 141 top-level genetic groupings. In addition, it distinguishes 1 constructed language, 88 creoles, 137 or 138 deaf sign languages (the figures differ in different places, and this category actually includes alternate sign languages — see also website for Chapter 12), 75 language isolates, 21 mixed languages, 13 pidgins, and 51 unclassified languages. Even so, in terms of what has actually been established by application of the comparative method, the Ethnologue system is wildly lumping! Some families, for instance Austronesian and Indo-European, are well established, and few serious doubts exist as to their genetic unity. Others are quite contentious. Both Ruhlen (1991) and Ethnologue identify an Australian family, although there is as yet no firm evidence that the languages of the continent are all genetically related.