Bɛrɛ: a Language of Côte D'ivoire of Unknown Affiliation

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Bɛrɛ: a language of Côte d’Ivoire of unknown affiliation

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Language Isolates in Africa

Lyon, December 3 and 4, 2010

Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BƐRƐ WORDLIST 1 3. THE CLASSIFICATION OF MBRE 9

1. Introduction The Bɛrɛ (Mbre, Bere, Bre, Pre, Pre Pisia) language is spoken in Cote d’Ivoire in the Marabadiassa area, northwest of Bouake and Diabo, Bondosso and Niantibo villages. The number of speakers in 2000 was about 200 with some 700 acknowledging a Bɛrɛ ethnic affiliation. The population is switching to Koro, a Maninka lect. The interest of Bɛrɛ is that it is not aligned with any of the major branches of Niger-Congo. This paper is thus an attempt to establish lexical parallels to try and see where it might ‘fit’. 2. Bɛrɛ wordlist The wordlist is a composite derived from Creisssels’ manuscript and a later unpublished manuscript of Jacques Rongier (Rongier ined.), resorted by semantic category.

Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any)

Body Parts back gbrεo ? cf. Mande e.g. Maninka bɔ̀rɔ́ beard gbi-komu ? + hair. ? cf. Dyan ŋ̃õkobu belly beɣa ? blood ɲamu Cf. Nyabwa (Kru) ɲemo. bone ko Similar forms are widespread, even in Nilo-Saharan, usually with a bilabial stop in C2 position (W. 238). Mande has close comparisons, e.g. Kpan xɔ́ breast jomu ? cheek bõ chin gbenaŋmruku cough trɔ ̃ ear nε Niger-Congo typically has #nu with back vowel for ‘ear’ elbow gbɔnɔɣɔ eye jisi Cf. Kru forms such as Bete of Daloa ji. The -si is an unproductive suffix. fontanelle peɣi forehead siw East Benue-Congo typically has #si for ‘face’ hair komu hand bɔ ̃ Not common Kru but cf. Seme bɔ. A widespread Proto-Atlantic- Congo root reconstructed by W. (212) as -búá(k)-. Usually without nasalisation it shows signs of an m- prefix in Atlantic. head ɲĩ The first element in many Gur languages is ɲu)- but the vowel change is somewhat unusual heart sozi heel gbɔkũ ŋru intestine lali # la is widespread Niger-Congo knee gbonuɣu leg, foot gbɔ ̃ Parallels for this are found in the Volta-Niger languages of Nigeria, notably Bini igbṍ. However, it may also be connected with common Kru ɓo (.e.g. Dida). Kru shows no trace of either nasalisation or labialisation. liver tε nose mɛ ̃ Perhaps cf. Kru forms such as Nyabwa mə́ná. However, M. (373) reconstructs similar forms to Proto-Atlantic-Congo so this is less than conclusive. nostril pukrε neck fye pus pɛ ̃ shoulder kaɲĩ 1 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) skin gbaw ? stomach gbõ or koni W. gives -ku- as a reconstruction, but his examples show that C2 was probably a nasal, making this form a likely cognate. sweat syɛ ̃ thigh gboŋmo See comment under ‘leg’ tongue jeŋe ? tooth ɲɔɣɔmu ? urine nεnε wound, sore nɔmu A single Senufic language, Nyarafolo, has a cognate nɔmu-gɔ/-yɔ. However, a question remains as to the source of this word.

People baby tεwε tεnε et. ? + ‘new’ chief jew-kɔ et. village + master child tetra pl. tanwa corpse srɔɲɔŋɔ father to Usually found with a long vowel in Senufic languages e.g. Nafããra tòò or Kafiire tóo. Also found in Kru languages, e.g. Dida to, Godié tú. fool, madman kube kɔ friend tɔgbe husband fuwo grandfather laɣa grandmother seɣa man/male sre maternal uncle ko mother ma cf. Dewoin mǎ, but this has a world-wide distribution for ‘mother’. old man gbrɔ older brother kuri person ɲɔŋɔ This has a direct parallel in some Senufic languages, e.g. Lorhon ɲʊ̀ , but initial ɲ- is fairly widespread in Mande-Congo. However, compare also Nyabwa (Kru) ɲuɲɔ̀. As ŋɔ- is a suffix in Pre this parallel may be misleading and this is simply case of a retention of the old Proto-Mande-Congo ‘person’ root. ruler bleŋ misre < Agni-Baule slave syã stranger nãpɔŋɔ woman su-wa younger brother ɲεnε

Plants baobab titiɣili bark wo bean gbɛ ̃ calabash kaɣa grass sɛ ̃ This resembles some Mande forms, for example, Busa sɛ,̃ although linguistic geography excludes this being a loan. Other Mande forms have a back vowel and no nasalisation (see Prost, 1953:88) liana kɔw leaf faniɣi widespread in Volta-Congo although the proximate source may be Lobiri faa. C2 was apparently /g/ since many other Senufoid languages have a weakened form waga. However, the retention of 2 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) the f-n-g sequence argues for the Pre form being closer to the original. millet kew okra sɛ ̃ palm-tree ŋmεtĩ pepper sεnεŋεnε raffia-palm dusu or klõ reed mεnεpɔmɔɣɔ et. water + ? rice mlã́ cf. Dyula màlo, but this is a widespread loanword in this region probably originally spread by the Fulɓe. rubber nɔnɔ silk-cotton tree sɔŋɔ tree gbeɣa yam sɔɣɔ

Animals animal, meat namu widespread in Niger-Congo, usually as #nama bat tiɣilaŋmrã bee, honey tuɣuɲɔŋɔ cf. Dyan tugbunu bird nɔ ̃ widespread in Volta-Congo, reconstructed by M. (405) as -nùn-, although curiously not attested in the Gur languages surrounding Pre. butterfly gbeneɣele canary pala cat kεni chameleon nεŋrε chicken tɔ chimpanzee kosã cock kokro k-k-r roots for ‘cock’ are widespread Wanderwörte in West Africa cow nũ Although -na- roots are widespread in West Africa (cf. W. 262) this precise form occurs in Senufic languages, e.g. Tagbana, Supyire nũ̀ whence it was presumably borrowed. crab kamu #-kal- is a widespread form for ‘crab’ (W. 230) but the -mu suffix is unusual and may relate to Kru forms such as Koyo k´$m´). cricket kõdo cutting-grass gbɛ ̃ This root appears to be widespread in this region, although the proximate cognates may be Kru forms such as Niaboua gwɛ̀ã̃ ́ dog kesi ? duck tɛbobõ elephant gbõdro fish sεmu ? fly gbεnεtiɣεnε goat bobo Probably a loan from Mande. cf. Yaure bobo guinea-fowl samu hare besi hippopotamus tumɔwɔw et. water + ? hyena jelɔɣɔ or krakumo or komwo leopard naŋma lion tɔk̃ ɔ

3 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) lizard mε louse simε mason wasp pɔp̃ ɔ ̃ Tepo (Kru) has popo káŋmo but this is unique within Kru. popo in Tepo means ‘butterfly’ so this may be an accidental resemblance. millipede gbɔɣɔlɔkɔŋɔ monkey lεw mouse gbeɣele partridge to porcupine sumuɣu python saŋme rat gboɣolo Perhaps cf. Kru forms such as Kyo kpólu sheep baba Probably a loan from Mande. cf. Gban baba snake sɔw This root for ‘snake’ is widespread in Benue-Congo languages but not in this area. Some Kru languages have a form with a front vowel, e.g. Dewoin sɛwɛ. spider nuna termite sεŋεnε ? toad tɔtɔli tortoise kruwε #-kuru is a virtually pan-African root for tortoise (Blench, 1997) and is attested in some neighbouring Gur languages, e.g. Nabaj xuru. warthog gbε

Natural World ashes tuɣunibo Probably a compound with the first element corresponding to the Proto-Atlantic-Congo root #toN- (cf. M. 560) white clay bɔwa Perhaps related to Kru forms such as Bete bʌla. cloud gbõ field tɔ ̃ fire na A Niger-Congo root given by Westermann (1927: 262) as -ná-. Occurs in Senufic as Nafããra, Tyebara naà fireplace kɔ ̃ forest taŋa ground sasi hill koŋoli hole tɔw rain mεnε root duɣu river jeɣa sand muŋakasi seed doɣosi smoke donuɣu stone ba also kuni thorn, spine sɛ ̃ water túmṹ Occurs in several Senufoid languages, notably Palaka tónmó, Tagbana tɔm̃ ɔ ̃ with intial /t/ weakening to /n/ and then /l/ in many lects well krɔt̃ ɔ wind fili lie jɛ ̃ dance yɔsi song pesi story puma 4 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) language pisi name I pyela name II yèré Widpespred but scattered Niger-Congo root. Cf. Kru Konobo ɲi, Atlantic Mankanya nyi-, Gur Mampruli yuu-ri, Dakoid Nnakenyare yiri truth gbeŋmre smell fili shadow wõ medicine gbotuɣu charm/fetish sε food gba work tũ̀dɔ̀ The tũ̀ element looks as if it is cognate with widespread Niger- Congo #tom-. war syela thing dε cf. Dyan de inheritance pɔ ̃ dream ɲεsrã hunger frɛ ̃ dirt pyela cold tεtεɣε cold in head fεŋro smallpox gbawisi world poni spirit, soul ɲa sky/God duɣu sun sεni Almost certainly related to the word for day (see below) with a similar association in Senufoid languages. moon mɔ ̃ road nã house ɲini cf. ɲɪɲɔ̃ ̀ in Jimini -but this is a unique form also. wall ku village yew market powa fat, oil dowa palm-wine kɔmi peel (fruit) kεsε tail se-w horn gbɛ ̃ Perhaps cf. Kru forms such as Niabwa gbòṍ or Aizi gbeli. wing di-w ? feather komu ? egg kuŋuni ?

Time morning tini evening bisɔ day sεnnε A rare Senufoid root found in Fodonon cɛ̀ñ ε̃, Nyarafolo cɛ̀ngɛ̀ and Nafããra cangà. night be yesterday sa today prã dry season naɲyami rainy season kruwami

5 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) Objects arrow fã axe toŋmo basket gbeŋmeɣe broom pesi chair gboŋmro cloth pɛ́ ̃ ? < French pagne head-pad tiɣini hoe ba-ɣa iron fεɣεnε knife sila mat gbaɣa mortar jɔɣɔni net kra porridge bomu rope jese sauce ti thatch do toothstick nɔɣɔsi trap byɛ ̃ winnowing tray sali

Adjectives black bi A widespread Niger-Congo root (W. 206). However Rongier (ined.) gives bììlí for ‘red’ and there seems to be some confusion here. new tεnε red syoli perhaps cf. Lobiri da syε although these are not common Gur forms. small trɛ̀ cf. Senufo cɛ̀rɛ́ large, big gbálà cf. Proto-Gbaya *gbà. Widespread but scattered Niger-Congo root good ŋmã̀ cf. Tagbana kmaã̀,

Numerals one pĩ́dɔ́ #-do is a common element in Mande for ‘one’ but this leaves the pĩ element unexplained. two yɔ̀g̃ ɔ́ cf. Avikam áɲɔ́ ̃ but other Ivory Coast Kwa languages have related forms. Also Dompo nyɔ̀ɔ̀ three tã̄ ã̄ gɔ́ # tã̄ ã̄ - is Niger-Congo and the -gɔ affix is apparently Pre (cf. 2,7) four na #na- is Niger-Congo (W. 263) five nū #-nu is Niger-Congo six ni sĩ́ĩ́ ? seven ni yɔ̀g̃ ɔ́ ? perhaps a compound of 5 + 2 eight bɔd̃ ɔɣɔna ? nine krɔd̃ ɔ < Bambara korondo ten gbrĩ ? Unless connected with Westermann’s (225) -guá- twenty mwà fifty bí lōōlū < Dyula bi looru hundred kɛ́mɛ̀ < Dyula kɛ̀mɛ 6 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any)

Verbs to ask for se, seni to be big byɛ ̃ to be long woli to be quick kalɔ to be ripe be to be somewhere wɔ̀ cf. Dyan wɔ to be sour kórè to be tired gbõ to be wet yεtrɔ to beat ɲa to bite nɔ cf. Kru Seme nuõ, Gur Basari ŋmɔ, to blow poli to braid mεnε to build sɔ ̃ to buy sɛ̀ɛ̃ ̀ ̃ cf. Dyula sàn to call jre cf. Tyembara jèrè to come ya to come from su to count sεni to cut sa cf. Nigerian Niger-Congo languages Yoruboid Yoruba ʃá, Nupoid Nupe sá, Kainji Lopa sari, Plateau Mada sǎr to dig wɔ to die fu cf. Niger-Congo Kru Kuwaa fãlã, Atlantic Temne fì, Ubangian P- Gbaya *fe to do pò cf. Tagbana po, to drag kɔ to dry fulɔ to eat dε to fall pre to finish ta to fire at tyeli to fly file to forget pɛdẽ to gather frɛ ̃ to get up file to give so to go down sĩde to go in mi to go to bed pĩde Lobi pi to go up pɛ ̃ to greet sĩ to grow je to hear ɲĩdɔ to help pɔɣɔlɔ to hunt mrã to insult myã to jump yεli to kill ji to know s.o. se to laugh mã to lay (eggs) jewu 7 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) to leave kiŋε to live mɔŋɔ to look at ɲrĩ to lose ŋmεnε to marry gbe to melt yaɣa to pass night jo to pierce du cf. Kwa Ga dũ̀, Nupoid Nupe tũ to pound we to push kana to put in wi to put on sɔ ̃ to put in ground sɔ ̃ to refuse (food) kale to rot pɔɣɔlɔ Apparently some connection with Senufoid. cf. Nafara fɔ̀ɔ̃ ̀g̃ ɔ̀ and Lɔmaka fʊ̃lɔ to run lato to say, speak te cf. common Niger-Congo root ta- for ‘narrate’ to search for kε to see ɲa to sell je to send back mrã to shell kεli to shake tiŋa to share la to shave wile to shout tεnε to show ŋɔnɔ to sleep lale cf. Lobi dar, but widespread Niger-Congo to snore fini to sow to to swallow mɛ ̃ to swell foɣoli to take kũ to throw away bu to throw stones at ta widespread Niger-Congo for ‘shoot, throw’ to turn over sɛ ̃ to vomit kɔɣɔli to wake up file to walk ɲã to wash boɣoli to wash body ji to weave mεnε to weep bye

Miscellanea

Inside kɔ̀ndɔ́ cf. Dyula kɔnɔ

Pronouns

I, me ke you sg. mì cf. Senufo mɔ ̃

8 Gloss Bɛrɛ External parallel (if any) Q words

Here wɔna How much? jyě cf. Dyula jòlí, Senufo jòòrí, Lobi yemõ There lɔɣɔna What? ya When? yila Where? bε Who? ŋma

3. The classification of Bɛrɛ Bɛrɛ has a limited number of Niger-Congo cognates which are widespread; enough to suggest that it is Niger-Congo. Numerals 3,4,and 5 are all Niger-Congo. It has a set of frozen suffixes on nouns (-rV, -ɣV, - ŋV, -mV) and what look like unproductive verbal extensions (-li). As a consequence, it was probably originally a noun-class language. It has recent loans from Kru languages and somewhat older ones from Mande. I therefore propose that it be treated as a single-language branch of Niger-Congo, either branching off before Gur-Adamawa or co-ordinate with it. Figure 1 shows how this would look on a restructured tree of Niger-Congo. Figure 1. Niger-Congo restructured