Jarl Kremeier, ‘George I and II as patrons of architecture in Hanover’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. xxII, 2014, pp. 1–20
text © the authors 2014 GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( – )
JARL KREMEIER
is the tercentenary of the Hanoverian Succession. eorg Ludwig, Elector and Duke of This specially commissioned article discusses the GBraunschweig-Lüneburg ( – ) was good architectural activities of the first two Georges and at succeeding to thrones and dominions. In he their Courts in their native Germany before and after followed his father Ernst August ( – ) as Duke . Projects in the Electoral capital of Hannover of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in the duchy’s (Hanover), the summer residence and garden at principalities of Calenberg, Göttingen and Herrenhausen, and the hunting lodge at Göhrde, are Grubenhagen, with his residence at Hannover, the examined, and their implications for British major city in the principality of Calenberg. He also architecture in the early Georgian era explored. followed him in rank and office of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, a position
Fig. : Plan of the city of Hannover (Accurata et novissima repraesentatio ichnographica Hannoverae ... / Hannover, die Churfürst. Braunschweig- Lüneburg. Haupt- und Residentz-Stadt an der Leine gelegen ), copperplate print by Matthias Seutter, Augsburg, c. (Hannover, Historisches Museum )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ ) gained by his father after lengthy negotiations in , succeeded his brother Johann Friedrich in . and Georg Ludwig eventually managed to organize They renovated and redecorated the Leineschloss the actual reception into the Electoral College in ( – ) and built, in addition to an already . In he succeeded his uncle Georg Wilhelm existing theatre, a vast new opera house to the south ( – ) in the Lüneburg portion of the duchy, of the palace, which opened in with a patriotic thereby bringing together the second-largest northern opera, Enrico Leone (Henry the Lion), by Agostino German state after Brandenburg-Cleves-Prussia. Steffani ( – ). John Toland commented in And, finally, via his mother Sophie ( – ), a that the apartments were very beautiful and granddaughter of James I of England/VI of Scotland, magnificently furnished and that there is in the he found himself inheriting Great Britain after Queen palace ‘a lovely theatre with beautiful boxes for Anne’s death in , and became King George I. people of quality. Whoever wants to go there does not pay, the Prince alone meets all the cost’. Graf Christoph Wenzel von Nostiz noted in :
SETTING THE SCENE : ‘Upstairs on the second floor are the Dowager GEORG LUDWIG ’ S PARENTS Electress’s rooms, well decorated with panelling, paintings, quantities of silver, porcelain and other rare AND UNCLES vessels’. By the time Georg Ludwig succeeded, Hannover had served as residence for just over sixty years after Turning their attention to the summer residence at Georg Ludwig’s grandfather Georg ( – ) had Herrenhausen, the couple first doubled the garden in installed his court there in . Since then his size in to a large square by enveloping the grandfather, his uncles and finally his parents had existing parterre with an U-shaped set of hedge slowly added to the city what was required by way of quarters, including a garden theatre as well as an court buildings. Matthias Seutter’s mid eighteenth- orange and a melon garden. Then in they century plan of Hannover (Fig. ) demonstrates how doubled the size again to the south, creating a very this was done. The Old and New Towns together had large rectangle surrounded by a canal (Fig. ). Various then about , inhabitants. The former Franciscan ideas about building a larger Schloss more in keeping monastery (secularized at the Refomation) became the with the extended garden came to nothing, but an site of the new Schloss (Leineschloss , erected orangery was erected – (Fig. : the long single – ), accommodating duke and administration, range bottom left), combining a large frescoed gallery with the monastery church somewhat shortened but in the centre with end pavilions containing additional kept as court chapel. Most of the other court buildings apartments. The walls of the central gallery, were either built north of the Schloss along the river particularly the windowless north wall, were painted Leine (the arsenal, mint, stables and riding school) or by Tommaso Giusti ( ?– ) with a rich moved into the New Town to the west of the river (the architectural and sculptural framework enclosing archive-cum-library, consistory, workshops of the scenes after Virgil’s Aeneid . This type of Italianate Office of Works and abattoir). This New Town interior decoration was carried out in England by (Calenberger Neustadt ) was fortified from artists such as Antonio Verrio (the Banqueting House onwards, and remained its own legal entity apart from at Hampton Court is a good example of his work), the Old Town until . and it was also commissioned by George I for the Georg Ludwig’s parents Ernst August and staircase in Kensington Palace, with its paintings by Sophie settled in Hannover after Ernst August had William Kent ( – ). Lady Mary Wortley
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
Fig. : Herrenhausen, Aerial view from the north ( Maison ... de S. A. Electorale de Brunswick Luneburg ; text French-Dutch), anonymous copperplate print before (Hannover, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek, Mappe XIX, C, Nr. )
Montagu summed up the situation in Hannover with ELECTOR GEORG LUDWIG a courtier’s eye in . The town, she observed OF BRAUNSCHWEIG - LÜNEBURG ( ‒ ) ‘is neither large nor handsome; but the palace is capable of holding a greater court than that of Georg Ludwig seems to have been happy with his St. James’s. [...] The opera-house, which was built by parents’ arrangements for domestic accommodation. the late Elector, is much finer than that of Vienna. I But in the first years of his reign a number of was very sorry that the ill weather did not permit me to religious buildings went up which were loosely see Hernhausen in all its beauty; but, in spite of the snow, I thought the gardens very fine.’ connected to the Court. As in the Old Town only Lutheran churches were allowed, other This assessment was echoed by Bishop Joseph denominations settled in the New Town, resulting in Wilcox (Wilcocks) during his stay in : ‘The an unusual array of different churches in close Palace at Hannover is better than St. James’s & the proximity. Like most other Protestant princes, the Gardens at Herrenhausen larger than those at Elector had invited certain numbers of persecuted Kensington.’ French Huguenots to settle in Hannover after the
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
of the New Town, and a Syngogue in / in its northern part. There was no Anglican church as such, but in the course of presenting the Act of Settlement in Lord Macclesfield’s chaplain, Dr Sandys, held an Anglican service for the Dowager Electress in her antechamber: ‘This Princess herself gave the responses and did all the ceremonies as practised in our churches, and with the same exactitude as if she had been used to it all her life.’ The final, and architecturally most ambitious, addition was for the Roman Catholics in the north- west of the New Town. A Catholic church in Lutheran Hannover had been one of the Emperor’s conditions when creating the ninth electorate in for Duke Ernst August. The first Elector agreed to allow a Catholic church to be built once formally confirmed by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. This finally had happened in , but, with the Protestant succession in place since , Georg Ludwig had to be careful not to be seen to further Catholic causes. However, donations – and in the beginning architects – were provided by the Catholic world and the Prince- Fig. : Hannover, Catholic church of St Clemens Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, Lothar Franz von ( ‒ , Tommaso Giusti), wooden model to a design Schönborn, took an interest. Planning started in , by Tommaso Giusti, (Hannover, Historisches and the project was given additional prominence by Museum ) the fact that Hannover was the seat of the Apostolic Vicar for Upper- and Lower Saxony, the vicar being revocation of the Edict of Nantes in , and in no other than the former composer Agostino Steffani, / the French-Reformed congregation was who had meanwhile made a career in the church, had given its own church and vicarage in the south-west spent time in the Vatican and had returned to end of the New Town. According to John Toland the Hannover as titular Bishop of Spiga ( i.p.i ). By cost was not only partly met by the Dowager the Hanoverian librarian, polymath and courtier Electress Sophie, but also enjoyed a contribution by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz knew already that the King William III – an interesting glimpse on church would be built ‘in the Italian way with a religious cooperation in the years leading up to the beautiful dome, it would not only serve the spiritual Act of Settlement: ‘Madame l’Electrice had a needs but will also be an ornament to the city.’ After pleasant church built in the New Town for the a complicated planning process, the foundation stone French refugees, and King William of Glorious for St Clemens was laid in by the Franconian Memory has contributed to the cost of that building. architect Johann Dientzenhofer (on loan from Lothar Even so, Her Electoral Highness is Calvinist.’ Franz von Schönborn), but the actual church was then A Reformed (Calvinist) Church with vicarage designed and built – by the Hannover-based and school was built in / in the southern end painter and theatre-engineer Tommaso Giusti.
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
The Venetian-inspired dome mentioned by Leibniz their own funds they contributed to the running cost was never executed for lack of funds but is of the Supreme Court (in Celle), and – after its documented in a large wooden model (Fig. ). The foundation in – the university in Göttingen. designs for this ‘ornament to the city’ had been shown So what they needed was a sort of office building to Georg Ludwig but the Bishop of Spiga felt in July and meeting chambers, which also contained in one that part of the problem had been the Elector’s wing the Hofgericht , a court of law under the Elector, preference for an unsuitable plan because he had liked but where traditionally the Estates were involved. the façade: This problem had been overcome by Like St Clemens, the Landständehaus was a project Johann Dientzenhofer’s design. However, Spiga’s where Elector Georg Ludwig took an interest, but he general opinion about the Hanoverian Office of Works neither commissioned nor funded it; unlike was fairly low as ‘we have nobody in Hannover who is St Clemens, this building was designed and built in a match for this task.’ This was subsequently proven a straightforward way by the court architect Louis wrong by Tommasi Giusti. Remy de la Fosse ( c. – ), who worked in The most ambitious secular Hanoverian project Hannover between – . was the new Landständehaus , built in – on As ‘office buildings’ were not an established the eastern side of the Old Town; on Seutter’s plan building type, they often took the shape of aristocratic the building appears as the Landschafftliche Hauß to town houses. In fact, Fosse was not a very inventive the right (Fig. , nr. ). The Landstände for the architect, taking over the design for a French-style principalities of Calenberg & Grubenhagen were a hôtel entre cour et jardin , as published by Augustin- corporation of delegates from some church Charles Daviler in his Cours d’architecture of . institutions, the landed aristocracy (if they owned a Among the mostly half-timber buildings of the Old Rittergut ) and the cities, and were involved with Town this was a very ambitious piece of architecture taxation and supervision in financial matters. Out of (Fig. ) which even displayed an engaged portico of
Fig. : Hannover, Landständehaus ( – , Louis Remy de la Fosse), copperplate print from Johann Friedrich Penther, Anleitung zur Bürgerlichen Baukunst , IV, Augusburg (Hannover, Historisches Museum , VM )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ ) giant pilasters, a motif of architectural enoblement The stables were the largest and most visible absent from the Electoral buildings. The Electoral contribution to Hannover’s architecture. Landständehaus was clearly considered a major Started in , the ensemble eventually consisted of ‘ornament of the city’ as Johann Friedrich Penther two large stables plus a small one for sick horses, a included it in the fourth volume of his Ausführliche riding school, a foundry and three coach houses. Anleitung zur Bürgerlichen Baukunst , published in Again, Seutter’s plan of c. gives the situation and dedicated to ‘Friedrich Ludwig Prinzen von (Fig. ): The long single range of the Old Stable Wallis auch Churprinzen und Herzogen von parallel to the river had been built by Hieronymo Braunschweig-Lüneburg.’ Sartorio in and was given a makeover in . All these buildings show Georg Ludwig’s interest Designs for the new buildings had been provided by in embellishing the city and furthering architecture de la Fosse before he left Hannover in . without the Office of Works being responsible, even Continuing the axis to the north, the New Stable was though in the case of the Landständehaus the design built ( ), to which was added – at an angle of ° was provided by the Court architect. His own to the east – the Reithaus (riding school, – ); commissions were for utilitarian buildings, making coach houses and foundry followed to the east. The everyday life at Court and administration easier. area behind the Reithaus provided a small garden Apart from a rather modest house for the Consistory enclosed by the bastion with a summer pavilion ( , in the New Town), his two main commissions ( ) on top. The new ensemble provided space were for stabling and for an archive. for about horses and mules, which reflects the
Fig. : Herrenhausen, Aerial view from the south ( A General Prospect of the Royall House and Garding at Herrenhausen ), copperplate print by Joos van Sasse after Johann Jakob Müller, published by Pieter Schenk, Amsterdam, c. (Hannover, Georg Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek , Mappe XIX, C, Nr. )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ ) greater need for transport to the new hunting Schloss commissioned a new stable wing ( / ) at St James’s at Göhrde (see below), and also came in handy after Palace, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor. This was for the Elector-King’s travels to and from Britain. only for horses, but after George II had a large In architectural style the buildings were simple, but stable complex built on Charing Cross (taken down in the Reithaus was ambitious in its construction: a single to make way for the National Gallery); this hall of by . metres with a ceiling . metres commission went to William Kent. So the high spanning the whole width uninterrupted. Hanoverian pattern of building not a palace but palatial Johann Friedrich Amand von Uffenbach observed in stables was replicated in London. that the Hanoverian Court works were in a Georg Ludwig’s second important commission better shape than what he had seen at the cousin’s was in for the housing of the Electoral archives, court in Braunschweig, and in particular thought the which had greatly grown with the arrival of the Celle riding school ‘quite magnificent and in good taste documents after . This resulted in the first free- [...] One does not see many small adornments but it standing building for an archive in Germany: a long is all according to the rules of building, and the parts single range of nineteen bays with two stone-vaulted, large, handsome and magnificent.’ The stables he fire-secure storeys and a mansard-roofed attic for the considered so well ordered, ‘that one would consider library, situated opposite the Schloss in the New this a salon rather than stables’, particularly as there Town. The library moved into its new premises in were neither smell nor dirt. With that expertise, and , coming from its former location in the private expectations, it is not suprising that George I house of Leibniz.
Fig. : Herrenhausen, View of the parterre from the Schloss, the fountain and the corner pavilions in the distance (Entry into the Grand Middle Walk of the Royal Garden ), etching by Nicholas Parr, London , nr. from a series of twelve views, all copied from an earlier set of sixteen views by Joos van Sasse after Johann Jakob Müller, published by Pieter Schenk, Amsterdam, c. (London, BM )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
HERRENHAUSEN AND GÖHRDE she wrote to her Berlin granddaughter, Queen The Schloss and garden at Herrenhausen (Figs. , ) Sophie Dorothea in Prussia, explaining both the cost had been left by Elector Ernst August to his wife and what she expected from a garden: Sophie in , but when the Dowager Electress discovered their running cost she was happy to make ‘Only the garden at Herrenhausen is something we can flaunt with, and it is indeed beautiful and well kept, them over to her son Georg Ludwig, and still which cannot be done without cost. It costs enjoyed living there during the summer. In July Taler per year but is so clean and well organized that one can walk there at all times’ .
Something was done in Herrenhausen throughout the years of Georg Ludwig’s reign. The existing Schloss was given a makeover by Tommaso Giusti in – , and, except for refacing the façades in , the house remained in this state until the early nineteenth century. From the ornamental point of view, Georg Ludwig added statues ( / , by Antonio Laghi) and vases ( / , by Christian Georg Vick) to the parterre, and two domed octagonal pavilions in the corners of the southern extension ( , de la Fosse). The pages were housed in a new building to the west of the Schloss ( / , de la Fosse), and winter accommodation for the orange trees provided in a New Orangery ( – , by Johann Christian Böhm) to the east: a range of bays, parallel to the older, frescoed orangery-cum- gallery. The Elector-King also directed great efforts and vast amounts of money to get a single-jet fountain going which would eventually reach a hight of metres in , higher than any other contemporary fountain (Fig. ). The water supply for the gardens had been a longstanding problem, eventually solved with a little help from England, as William Benson – later to become Sir Christopher Wren’s successor as Surveyor of the King’s Works – had passed on knowledge of a new type of chain pump first developed by Thomas Holland for Shaftesbury. Its installation in Herrenhausen did not provide the hoped-for result, but then the mining engineers from Fig. : Herrenhausen, Unexecuted design for a new the Harz mountains looked into the matter, with the Schloß, drawing by Tobias Henry Reetz c. (Hannover, result mentioned. George I’s final contribution was Georg Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächische the long avenue of trees leading out from the city to Landesbibliothek, WBB R, fol. & fol. ) Herrenhausen ( / ).
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
In / Tobias Henry Reetz ( – ) joined the Office of Works. He had previously spent time in Berlin working under Jean de Bodt and travelled in Italy and France, but his early biography still has large gaps. George I employed him alongside the then court architect Johann Christian Böhm (fl. – ) with whom he was dissatisfied; from the beginning Reetz received a higher salary than Böhm. Even so, the instruction for finding an additional architect indicates that the Elector/King had somebody in mind for Fig. : Wentworth Castle (Stainborough, Yorks.), maintenance and repairs rather than planning for new Design for the new façade by Jean de Bodt, projects. There is, however, an interesting design for a drawing before ⁄ (London, V & A ) new Schloss at Herrenhausen among Reetz’s drawings (Fig. ). This sheet combines an elevation of a façade with half a matching ground floor plan, plus a first floor plan for a building of three wings in an U-shape. A forecourt with a semi-circular ending is given in dotted lines, and this matches to the actual site in Herrenhausen – the new design would have had the same overall width as the old Schloss. But it would turn round the building with the courtyard now facing the street and the corps-de-logis facing the Fig. : Wentworth Castle (Stainborough), garden, the more usual arrangement. The -bay Façade, print after drawing by Colen Campbell for Vitruvius Britannicus façade is arranged in a :::: pattern, the projecting bays of three articulated with Corinthian pilasters in the upper ½ storeys, sitting on a full ground floor. wing to an older house (Wentworth Castle, Yorkshire) Certain features were taken over from the old Schloss in , and found his architect in Jean de Bodt in (the U-shape, the Venetian portego as main hall going Berlin. Reetz apparently remembered Bodt’s design through the depth of the building), but others are new (Fig. ), but he also cast a glance to the slightly different ones – a modern palatial façade with a flat roof and execution shown in Vitruvius Britannicus (Fig. ) balustrade. Bernd Adam suggests a date around , and came up with a mixture of both for Herrenhausen. and indeed was the year when George I had the Given the fact that Strafford’s time at court was over by façades done up and a design for a new Schloss after this was a curious choice of model, and confirms that date would have been somewhat futile. But Reetz the view that the design was an initiative of Reetz’s. came to Hannover only in , so the assumption The one and only major building Georg Ludwig must be that he either started working on his design ever built for himself was the entirely new Jagdschloß soon after his arrival, or that it was a sort of ‘visiting (hunting lodge) at Göhrde, in the north of the Celle card’ to demonstrate his skills. portion of the duchy near the river Elbe. The hunt Reetz based his elevation on a building project played a big rôle at all courts, but in the case of with English connections. Thomas Wentworth, Lord Georg Ludwig it seems to have been a particular Raby, ambassador to Berlin from – and passion; Toland noted, that ‘he had no other subsequently Earl of Strafford, added a grand new pleasure but the hunt’. Göhrde had been used for
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
Fig. : Göhrde, Jagdschloß ( ‒ , Louis Remy de la Fosse), Area plan (Plan von der Lage derer Ablager Gebäude zu der Göhrde ), drawing by Benjamin Hase, (British Library, King’s Top )
Fig. : Göhrde, Jagdschloß, ( - , Louis Remy de la Fosse), Floor plan and two façades, drawing by Benjamin Hase, (British Library, King’s Top )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
Fig. : Hunting party of Georg I of Great Britain and Friedrich Wilhelm I in Preußen, ; anonymous painter, with a view of the Jagdschloß Göhrde ( Royal Collection Trust, RCIN / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II )
hunting before and Georg Ludwig added to the Herrenhausen; his representational intentions were existing infrastructure the new Schloss, new stables, suggested by adding a theatre to the ensemble and a theatre, a bakery and an abattoir. furnishing the Schloß with a set of ancestral portraits Building started soon after Georg Ludwig had from Henry the Lion onwards. This political aspect inherited the Celle portion of the duchy ( ) and is recorded in an anonymous painting of a hunting taken on de la Fosse as architect ( ). The first party in when George I entertained his nephew court hunt happened by and by the King Friedrich Wilhelm I in Prussia, plus an array of ensemble was largely finished (Figs. , ). The British and German ministers and courtiers (Fig. ). Schloss was a compact building of three storeys plus This is also a reminder that the notion of ‘the more rooms in the mansard-roofed attic the slightly Georges’ going to Hannover to have a holiday lower wings contained at least apartments to ignores the fact that during these visits actually a state accomodate large numbers of guests. More than those was governed, and that with far more direct rule by apartments, the stables give an idea of the scale and of the elector as there was no parliament. The British the numbers of guests expected: they reckoned with ministers accompanying their king must have profited horses. Göhrde gave Georg Ludwig a place of his greatly from these occasions in terms of political own making in addition to Hannover and contacts and intelligence gathered.
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
ELECTOR GEORG AUGUST / KING GEORGE II ( ‒ ) George I visited Hannover five times after , but George II made twelve visits during his reign. Until George II’s eldest son, Friedrich Ludwig (the future Frederick, Prince of Wales), had been left behind in Hannover, so a miniature court was kept for him, otherwise everything had to be ready for the elector-kings when they arrived. Indeed, this order was upheld for quite some time after the last visit of Georg II ( ), because it was not expected that George III would never visit. Administrative buildings were kept in working order as a matter of course anyway. Georg I had employed a number of architects simultaneously, but after one senior civil servant and one architect emerged as the major responsible persons. The civil servant was Karl Friedrich von Hardenberg ( – ) who had been involved with the Office of Works as Kammerrat (councillor in the finance department) since , nominated Baudirektor with responsibility for architecture at court within the Kammer in . In George II, who liked Hardenberg, carved out a new department with Hardenberg as Oberhofbau- und Gartendirektor with the rank of Minister . Hardenberg had noticed that Tobias Reetz was ill for longer and longer periods, and therefore looked for a replacement. This he Fig. : Herrenhausen, Design for Hardenberg’s found in the court carpenter Johann Paul Heumann Gartenhaus, drawing by Johann Friedrich Heumann, (Hannover, Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, ( – ), whom he sent to travel (Holland, Kartenabteilung, c Herrenhausen pk ) France, northern Italy), and then installed as court architect after Reetz was pensioned-off in . This pedigree meant that in Hannover sometimes a more south-west corner pavilion in Herrenhausen which artisan approach to architecture prevailed. had burned down in . Hardenberg also managed As most building was done in timber, there was to look after himself: when he wanted – as usually a frenetic repairs campaign each time the Gartendirektor – an office-cum-summerhouse in elector-king’s visit was due. Hardenberg’s interest Herrenhausen he tried to persuade George II to grant a therefore was generally to replace timber-framed small maison de plaisance by masking it as a utilitarian architecture in stone to ease maintenance and give a Gartenhaus mit Fruchtkammer und Gewächskeller for higher degree of durability. This happened, for the storage of fruit (Fig. ). The King was at first not instance, in with the north wall of the New convinced, but in a personal meeting in he Orangery (originally built – ), as well as the allowed Taler, Hardenberg contributing a further
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ )
Fig. : Hannover, Leineschloß, Design for new façade of the Kammerflügel (Chancery Wing) by Jacques François Blondel, (Hannover, Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv, Hann , Nr. , fol. )
thousand Taler for the interior decoration out of his the Leineschloss which mainly housed part of the own funds. Heumanns’s design for an elegant small administration. Heumann produced designs for house was then executed, commanding a spectacular rebuilding, but even Hardenberg must have found view along the western axis parallel to the canal. them a bit too wooden, and used a chance meeting In the years after a wider British public with Jacques François Blondel in Paris later that year could examine the layout of Herrenhausen more to ask for an opinion. Blondel’s revision was then easily, as Nathaniel Parr re-published some earlier sent to George II for approval – this was given, views of the garden: the bird’s-eye view from north though George II still expected Heumann to look (first published around , Fig. ) on a reduced after the interior arrangements; the project was scale and not brought up to date, plus a series of finished in (Fig. ). Though primarily twelve views of Schloss, orangery, parterre (Fig. ) intended for administrative purposes, this wing also and various parts of the garden (first published contained an extension of the King’s apartment. around ). As noted by Horace Walpole in a Finally, some visits of the elector-kings prompted letter in , the garden was also the basis of a table temporary architecture: A good example is Georg decoration for the dessert course during a dinner II’s visit to Göttingen in to inspect the newly given by the Earl and Countess of Northumberland in founded University ( ), a visit recorded in honour of Georg II’s mistress Lady Yarmouth, who – French, English and German descriptions. Two as Amalie von Wallmoden – came from Hannover. architecturally and iconographically elaborate The only major addition to Hanoverian Triumphal Arches were erected, one by the city of architecture in these years happened by accident. In Göttingen (Ionic) and one by the University herself April the Kammerflügel burnt down, a wing of (Composite!).
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BUILDING ACTIVITY ON THE Sir Robert Walpole’s Houghton; however, Hans FRINGES : MINISTERS AND Caspar von Bothmer’s Klütz ( ‒ ), is the most MISTRESSES ambitious of these houses and comes closest. All these The key ministers at court and the electoral-royal ministers came from old noble families, and all ended mistresses were usually in a position where they one or two steps up on the ‘aristocratic ladder’, mostly could demand the services of the court architects, being created Grafen (counts) at various points. masons, carpenters and gardeners, and could even Georg Ludwig’s half-sister Sophie Charlotte von expect that some of the cost was met by the Office of Kielmannsegg (daughter of Elector Ernst August and Works. Their building activities, therefore, belong to Klara Elisabeth von Platen, and in English satirical the general pattern of architecture at court. gossip known as the Elephant ) was given a garden and Hannover’s most ambitious aristocratic town house house near Herrenhausen called Favorite ( – , was built in – opposite the Schloss by the de la Fosse). Likewise, Georg Ludwig’s eldest then Kammerpräsident (head of finances) Johann daughter Anna Luise with Ehrengard Melusine von Clamor von dem Bussche: a house of thirteen bays der Schulenburg (cr. Duchess of Kendal, in satirical (::) and ½ storeys with a balustrade hiding the gossip the Maypole ), was looked after by her father roof, structured by the rich relief of the window when her marriage was about to end in divorce. In surrounds. This was designed by Georg Friedrich a plot of land at the northwest corner of the Dinglinger, a military engineer and architect of gardens at Herrenhausen was bought, and the court fortifications, who published his designs in a set of carpenter Conrad Leiseberg erected one of those engravings in – the only building in Hannover so medium seized garden houses which were a sort of honoured. In a fine show of architectural cross between the Italian idea of a villa and the French competition, the Baudirector Friedrich Karl von of a maison de plaisance (Fig. : the individual house Hardenberg immediately answered in by sitting in its own garden top left). Anna Luisa was rebuilding his house on the Old Town market. subsequently created Gräfin von Delitz, and sold the Together with Heumann the -year-old bachelor house in . designed an elegant façade of seven bays ( ::, with a During his visit to Hannover in George II pediment in the centre but no order) in four storeys had met Amalie von Wallmoden ( née von Wendt, cr. (½ + ½), with his private rooms on the first Countess of Yarmouth in ), who went to England mezzanine and reception rooms on the main floor. and lived with the King after the death of Queen The Hanoverian ministers’ country houses have Caroline in . The King gave her a substantial so far not been studied in context, but the key figures house in Hannover, including furnishings, as a – who often had been to Britain, either visiting or as prospective ‘dowager’ seat in . Lady Yarmouth heads of the German Chancery at Downing Street – then bought the house next door and enlarged her all built in the country in some way or other. This has property to a three-storey house of twelve bays, the partly escaped attention because some of these houses building materials being again the King’s present; were built outside the boundaries of the Electorate design and execution of this project fell to the court because the ministers were not originally from architect Heumann. Compared to those of the Hanoverian families. As Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ministers, her façade was something of an had observed, royal courts and residences were the understatement, but there was an extremely spacious main centres of patronage, rather than the country house behind. When she moved to Hannover in seats of the aristocracy as often found in England. she was granted the use of an apartment in So one should not expect anything on the scale of, say, Schloss Herrenhausen and of the little garden pavilion
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ ) on top of the bastion behind the riding school. cost involved must have been quite a factor in the Lady Yarmouth enjoyed quite a position socially in budget. The revamping of Herrenhausen / Hannover, and her son, Graf Johann Ludwig von cost at least , Taler, the stables and riding Wallmoden-Gimborn ( ‒ ), made a school of – c. . Taler, the Jagsschloss distinguished career under the auspices of his in Göhrde , Taler, and we have it on the nephew, King George III. From the onwards authority of the Dowager Electress Sophie herself Johann Ludwig Wallmoden bought up some of the that running the Herrenhausen gardens cost about gardens to the east of Herrenhausen and had laid out a Taler annually. In comparison, the suburban landscaped garden, to which a small country house Fantasie near Herrenhausen changed hands among was added in . courtiers for Taler in , and getting Looking at George II’s erstwhile mistress Henrietta Herrenhausen’s single jet fountain working in Howard ( – ), some parallels become obvious. had cost over the years a staggering , Taler. As Prince of Wales, and in England, George could not Set against the annual income of a senior civil servant command the services of the Office of Works, but he of about Taler or the architect Reetz’s annual made a settlement of funds on Mrs Howard in salary of Taler this looks a lot. But it should be (£ , ), and she immediately started building set against other court expenditure on Marble Hill in Twickenham. Her architect was Henry representational tasks. The funeral of the first Herbert, earl of Pembroke ( – ), who had been Elector Ernst August had cost , Taler in Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales since , and the dowry for his niece Duchess ; her gardener was the royal gardener James Wilhelmine Amalie on marrying the future Emperor Bridgeman. So indeed, the Prince’s connections Joseph I in was a truly imperial , Taler. provided her with the necessary money and people Even so, there was no architect of more than local just as the King’s did for Lady Yarmouth. significance working in Hannover over these years, and the court did not produce anything on the scale or of the quality of the Elector of Brandenburg’s Berlin Schloss (rebuilt by Andreas Schlüter in ), FINAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSION or the spread-out country residence of the Dukes of Any survey on Hannover’s architecture in the first Württemberg in Ludwigsburg (which grew half of the eighteenth century suffers from the fact piecemeal from to a considerable size), let alone that hardly any of the monuments survive: some the splendour of the Prince-Bishop’s Residenz in buildings were replaced, others in poor state were Würzburg ( – , various architects supervised taken down (Göhrde in ), there was a lack of use by Balthasar Neumann). Architectural historians by the absent Court, and Hannover itself, including tend to like Courts with a large output of the Leineschloß and Schloß Herrenhausen, more or representational buildings, preferably of high quality less disappeared during the air raids of the s. and by famous architects. Theories on the Secondly, not much archive-based systematic development of style, the iconography of power, on research has appeared since Eduard Schuster’s conspicuous spending, or on flanking political groundbreaking study in ; only in recent years aspirations with art can be founded on this. The have Bernd Adam’s articles redressed the balance, courts of the other two electors of the Holy Roman and his studies appear throughout the footnotes Empire who became kings outside the Empire here. Adam has shown that the architectural output around are cases in point. Both August (the was not as negligible as some thought, and that the Strong), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and
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Friedrich III/I, Elector of Brandenburg and King in Vitruvius Britannicus in (dedicated to him) instil Prussia, transformed Dresden and Berlin a wish to keep up with his new aristocracy, nor did he respectively into royal capitals by urban planning take the hint when the second volume in started and architectural and sculptural projects. Nothing with five double-spread pages of Inigo Jones’s designs like this is detectable in Hannover, but likewise for a Whitehall Palace. He remained unimpressed nothing of the debts incurred to put the grand both by Sir John Vanbrugh’s designs for enlarging projects into reality. St James’s Palace in / and by Reetz’s design The elector-king’s occasional visits from London for Herrenhausen in (Fig. ). One somehow gave maintenance a higher priority than new projects, imagines Georg I to have looked slightly amused on but King George I did finish all the buildings started as Sir Robert Walpole’s ambitious house at Houghton, Elector Georg Ludwig. It was in the reign of George II as well as at the Duke of Marlborough’s attempt to that building activity dropped, as his father’s and create at Blenheim Palace a model residence of a grandparent’s infrastructure seems to have been prince of the Empire after he had been created Fürst sufficient. The reduced scale compared to other von Mindelheim in / . Both Georges courts, the lower interest in ‘modern’ or spectacular demonstrated that one can do without and still win: architecture and the aversion to spending money could neither the Electorate in nor the British crowns therefore be seen positively as conscious decisions: not precipitated grand architectural schemes, and Joseph feeling the need to compete, concentrating on Wilcox observed in that the Leineschloss and the buildings needed for running the state efficiently, garden at Herrenhausen were already larger than their valuing commodity over ostentation and prudence in English equivalents. Göhrde remained the only financial matters. Indeed all this is summed up in a architectural extravagance – and not too extravagant if letter by Georg Ludwig to his mother in : compared to the Saxonian Jagdschloss Hubertusburg, both in its smaller version of the s and in its ‘Your Highness tell me that if I had seen the house in enlarged version of . Lützenburg [sc. his sister’s modern suburban Schloss For a fuller picture of Hanoverian patronage other at Charlottenburg in Berlin] I would loose the intention for mending an old house [sc. modes of courtly representation would have to be Herrenhausen]. I answer that this gives me even less taken into account. A passion for theatre and music is intention to build a new one. If I think about the time visible throughout the decades around , with a one spends on that, even that it is still not finished and theatre and an opera house in the Leineschloss, a that one also is subject to criticism as with the old one, garden theatre in Herrenhausen, an additional this is what makes me loosing intention to build. I only want this house a bit touched up to give a view to summer theatre in the orangery plus a theatre in the garden and that without too much expense.’ Göhrde; the court made sure that they would hardly move to a place without one. For the music it might be George I’s attitude to architecture as a means of sufficient to point out the rôle played by Georg representation is comparable to that of his nephew Friedrich Händel, both in Hannover and in Friedrich Wilhelm I in Prussia, who, after , did not London. The extraordinary passion for the hunt follow his father’s extensive patronage but cut back, was shown by stabling for horses at Göhrde. dismissed artists and took his court out of the The Hanoverian Court was taken notice of at other European competition in those matters. This courts; Berlin borrowed Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz to attitude explains to some extent why George I was not found the Academy of Science there, and the letters seduced by appetising architecture put before his and diaries quoted here (Toland /, Nostiz , eyes. Neither did the publication of the first volume of Wortley Montagu , Wilcox , Uffenbach )
THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXII GEORGE I AND GEORGE II AS PATRONS OF ARCHITECTURE IN HANOVER ( ‒ ) do not give the impression of a parsimonious Court. The most expensive project was partly dealt within the Office of Works, but it was certainly not an architectural project. The single jet fountain already mentioned, which in proved that George I could not only embellish his garden but in doing so would overcome and control nature. Joseph Wilcox recorded in that ‘the King is mightily pleased with a new jette d’eau in Herrenhausen gardens, made by one Andrews an Englishman, and which throws up a great quantity of water about foot high.’ Whoever felt that something was missing in the architectural department would have to wait for the next generation. George II’s son, Prinz Friedrich Ludwig ( – ; Frederick, Prince of Wales in ), had been left behind in Hannover in as a seven-year-old boy to represent the family. He was called to England in and set up his own household in , going to the fashionable William Kent for his White House at Kew and the newly laid out garden at Carlton House, both promising signs of up-to-date patronage. It is therefore interesting to note that Prince Frederick was the dedicatee of four volumes on architectural theory, published in – by the Göttingen professor Johann Friedrich Penther ( – ). How Frederick and Penther became acquainted is an open question, as Fig. : Allegory of the Arts with a Portrait of Frederick the prince left in and Penther took up his post Louis, Prince of Wales, by Georg David Heumann, using in Göttingen in . The Vollständige Anleitung zur an oval portrait by J. Davison. Dedication page to Johann Friedrich Penther , Anleitung Bürgerlichen Baukunst (Complete Instruction in zur bürgerlichen Baukunst , III, Augsburg Civic Architecture ) was planned as a comprehensive (Hannover, Niedersächisches Landesmuseum ) introduction to all matters architectural in eight volumes, four of which appeared before Penther’s death. In addition to a dedication page in each volume, the third one ( ; dealing with the use of courtly compliment, or was there the hope that the classical orders) has a frontispiece which architecture would play a more major rôle in the next combines a portrait of Frederick, Prince of Wales reign? If this was the intention, it failed: Penther’s with an allegory of the arts, where the architectural Vollständige Anleitung remained a fragment, Prince elements figure prominently (Fig. ). From the Frederick died in before his father and never dedication in the fourth volume ( ) it is clear that succeeded to the throne, and Frederick’s son Prince Frederick had seen and accepted the earlier George III never visited Hannover, confining his volumes in a friendly way. Was this dedication just a architectural interests largely to England.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Wortley Montagu (Cambridge, – ); here I am grateful for information and material received quoted from M. Wortley Montagu, Letters (London, from Bernd Adam, Thomas Andraschke, Wolf ), pp. and . An Account of what was passing at the Court of Burchard, Marcus Köhler, Roger White, Samuel Hannover during Georg I’s visit there , British Library, Wittwer and Birgit Zimny. London, Landsdowne Manuscripts, MS , f. r (I am grateful to Marcus Köhler for pointing out this source and providing me with the quotation). F. Zankl, ‘Die Kirchen in der Alt– und Neustadt NOTES Hannovers’, in W. Röhrbein (ed.), Reformation und Kirchentag (Hannover, ). J. Kremeier, ‘Iburg, Osnabrück, Hannover. Sophie Toland op. cit. , p. : ‘Madame l’Electrice a fait Charlottes Eltern und ihre Residenzen’, in exh.-cat. bâtir une jolie Eglise dans la Ville Neuve, pour les Sophie Charlotte und ihr Schloß (Berlin, ), François Réfugiez, & le Roi Guillaume de Glorieuse p. . Mémoire a contribüé à la dépense de ce Bâtiments. J. Toland, Relation des cours de Prusse et de Hanovre Quoique Son Altesse Electorale soit Calviniste.’ (La Haye, ), p. : ‘Il y a dans ce Palais un joli Toland op. cit ., p. : ‘Le Docteur Sandys son [sc. Théatre, & de belles loges pour les personnes de Macclesfield] Chapelain, qui eut l’honneur de qualité. Tous ceux qui veulent y entrer ne paient prêcher, & de lire la Liturgie Anglicane devant rien, le Prince faisant seul toute la dépense.’ Madame l’Electrice, dans son Anti-Chambre [...] (Translation by the author; an English edition of Cette Princesse fit elle-même les réponses, & Toland was published in ). s’aquita de toutes les cérémonies qui se pratiquent J. Kubes (ed.), Krystof Václav z Nostic. Deník z cesty dans nos Eglises, avec autant d’éxactitude, que si do Nizozemí v roce [Christoph Wenzel von elles y eût été accoûtumée toute sa vie.’ Nostiz. Journal of a Journey to the Netherland in G. Schnath , Geschichte Hannovers im Zeitalter der ] (Prague, ), p. : ‘Oben in dem anderen neunten Kur und der englischen Sukzession , III Stock aber seindt der verwittibten churfürstin (Hildesheim, ), p. note : ‘à l’italienne avec zimmer und logiamenter, sowohl an espalieren, une belle copula, elle ne servira pas seulement pour schildereyen, menge des silbers, porcellain und le spirituel, mais sera encore une ornement de la anderen kostbahren gefässern außgeziehret.’ ville.’ An unexecuted design for a new Schloss is recorded H. Reuther, ‘Das Modell der St-Clemens- in the floor plan of a rather Palladian villa, which Propsteikirche zu Hannover, Niederdeutsche has prompted B. Arciszewka, The Hanoverian Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte , X ( ). Court and the Triumph of Palladio (Warsaw, ) A. Chroust & A. Scherf (eds.), Quellen zur to suggest that a new type of Palladianism Geschichte des Barock in Franken unter dem Einfluß originated in Hannover and travelled with Georg de Hauses Schönborn , I/ (Augsburg, ), p. , Ludwig to England as ‘the style’ of the new dynasty. nr. : Georg Ludwig had ‘einen grundriß This argument is not followed here, but the book – ausgesucht gehabt (weilen ihm die facciata ins auge if read with caution – makes an interesting read and gekommen), welcher nicht der allerbeste gewesen is one of the few contributions to the subject in ist’; and ‘wir zu Hannover niemand haben, der dem English. werk genugsam gewachsen seie.’ R. Tardito-Amerio, Italienische Architekten, Exh.-cat. Darmstadt in der Zeit des Barock und Stukkatoren und Bauhandwerker der Barockzeit in Rokoko , vol. II; Louis Remy de la Fosse (Darmstadt, den Welfischen Ländern und im Bistum Hildesheim ). (Göttingen, ), p. . Exh.-cat. de la Fosse, op. cit. , pp. – . B. Adam, S. Brindle, ‘Kent the painter’, in S. Weber (ed.), ‘Vergessene Pracht. Die kurhannoverschen William Kent. Designing Georgian Britain (New Residenzbauten’, in H. Barmeyer (ed,), Hannover York, ). und die englische Thronfolge (Bielefeld, ), Letters, November and December : R. p. . The Ständehaus was taken down in for Halsband, The Complete Letters of Lady Mary the newly laid-out Karmarschstrasse.
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J. F. Penther, Vierter Teil der ausführlichen Anleitung Herrenhausen ( ), op. cit. , p. ; and B. Adam, zur Bürgerlichen Baukunst, worin von publiquen ‘Das Herrenhäuser Schloß und die historischen weltlichen Gebäuden ... gehandelt ... wird (Augsburg, Gartenpavillons’, in König (ed.), op. cit. p. . ). H.-J. Kuke, Jean de Bodt – . Architekt und Exh.-cat. de la Fosse , op. cit. , pp. – ; B. Adam, Ingenieur im Zeitalter des Barock (Worms, ), ‘Vergessene Pracht’, op. cit. , pp. – . The portal pp. – . to the Reithaus is the only surviving part of this Vol. I, , pl. – . Possibly de Bodt had ensemble. produced more designs – and closer to the B. Adam, ‘Vom Gesandtenhaus zur Wohnung der execution – for Wentworth Castle. Gräfin Yarmouth’, in Ehrgeiz, Luxus & Fortune. Toland, op. cit., p. : ‘Il ne prend guére d’autre Hannovers Weg zu Englands Krone (Hannover, ), plaisir que celui de la Chasse.’ p. . Adam, ‘Vergessene Pracht’ , op. cit. , – . The M. Arnim (ed.), Johann Friedrich Amand von timberframed Schloss was in bad repair by the early Uffenbachs Tagebuch einer Spazierfahrth durch die th century and was taken down in . Some Hessische in die Braunschweig-Lüneburgische Lande outbuildings survive. [ ] (Göttingen, ), p. : ‘recht prächtig und Dowager Electress Sophie wrote in October to a von gutem Goust, [...] Viele kleine Zierrathen niece about portraits of ‘meines Sohnes Vorfahren von ersiehet man eben nicht daran, aber alles nach Heinrich dem Löwen her, so Ihre Liebden nach behöriger Bauordnung und die Theile überaus groß, denen im Rathaus von Lüneburg hat lassen kopieren’: ansehnlich und prächtig, and daß man es eher vor R. Geerds, Die Mutter der Könige von Preußen und einen Saal als einen Stall halten solte.’ England. Memoiren und Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie H. Colvin, History of the King’s Works , V (London, von Hannover (Leipzig, ), p. . ), p. . A recent example: L. Worsley, Courtiers. The Secret Colvin, op. cit. , p. ; S. Brindle, ‘Royal History of the Georgian Court (London, ), p. : Commissions’, in S. Weber (ed.), op. cit. , pp. – . George I ‘decamped to his birthplace in Hannover Exh.-cat. de la Fosse, op. cit. , pp. – . Adam, every other year for a few carefree weeks of ‘Vergessene Pracht’, op. cit. , pp. – . The vacation’. building was enlarged in and still serves its B. Adam, ‘Hardenbergs Wirken als purpose as Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv . Oberhofbaudirektor’, in W. von Bothmer & M. G. Schnath, op. cit. (I, ), p. : ‘Nur mit dem Köhler, Im Auftrag der Krone. Friedrich Karl von Herrenhäuser Garten können wir prunken, der in der Hardenberg und das Leben in Hannover um Tat schön und wohlgehalten ist, aber das läßt sich (Rostock, ). nicht ohne Unkosten machen. Er kostet Taler Adam, ‘Hardenberg’, op. cit. , p. . jährlich, aber es ist so sauber und gut im Stand, daß Twelfe Principal Views of his Brittanick Majesties man alle Zeit darin spazieren kann.’ Palace Gardens &c. at Herrenhausen , text For all aspects of Herrenhausen see now Schloß English/French, Nathaniel Parr after Johann Jakob Herrenhausen. Architecture, Gardens, Intellectual Müller, London . A complete set is in the History (München, , Bilingual German/English), British Museum. and M. von König (ed.), Herrenhausen. Die M. Doderer-Winkler, Magnificent Entertainments. Königlichen Gärten in Hannover (Göttingen, ) Temporary Architecture for Georgian Festivities B. Adam, ‘Die Herrenhäuser Wasserkünste’, in König (New Haven & London, ), p. . (ed.), op. cit . W. Burchard, ‘St James’s Palace: Georg II’s and A. Eavis, ‘The avarice and ambition of William Queen Caroline’s Principal London Residence’, Benson’, The Georgian Group Journal , ( ), The Court Historian , () ( ), pp. – ; pp. – . Adam, Hardenberg, op. cit ., p. . Before and after B. Adam, ‘Der hannoversche Hofbaumeister Reetz, having to deal with the Kammerflügel George II was ein Architekt ohne Vornamen?’, in S. Amt (ed.): recipient of palace designs by William Kent ( ) Festschrift für Günther Kokkelink (Hannover 1998). and Stephan Riou ( ): see D. Watkin, The B. Adam, ‘Schloss Herrenhausen – The Historical Architect King: George III and the Culture of the Summer Residence of the Welfs’, in Schloß Enlightenment (London, ), pp. –.
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U. Richter-Uhlig, ‘London, Hannover, Göttingen. For a recent survey see F. Büttner et. al. (eds.), Die Reisen Georg II. nach Hannover und sein Barock und Rokoko (Geschichte der bildenden Verhältnis zu Göttingen’, in E. Mittler (ed.), ‘Eine Kunst in Deutschland, V, München ): no Welt ist nicht genug’. Großbritannien, Hannover Hanoverian buildings are given an entry. und Göttingen – (Göttingen, ). G. Schnath (ed.), ‘Briefe des Prinzen und B. Adam, ‘Hannoversche Adelspalais des Barock Kurfürsten Georg Ludwig (George I) an seine und Rokoko’, in S. Lesemann & A. von Stieglitz Mutter Sophie – ’, Niedersächsisches (eds.), Stand und Repräsentation (Bielefeld, ), Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte ( ), p. : pp. – . ‘Votre Altesse me dit, que sy j’avais veu la maison de Wortley Montagu, op. cit. , p. . Lutzenbourg [Schloss Charlottenburg in Berlin] je Exh.-cat. de la Fosse, op. cit. pp. – ; B. Adam, perderois l’envie de racommoder une viellie maison ‘Verschwundene Residenzbauten und Adelspalais’ [Herrenhausen]. Je reponds la-desseu [dessus], que an der Herrenhäuser Allee’, in König (ed.), op. cit. , cela me donneroit encore moins d’envie d’en batir pp. – . The house had twelve smaller rooms une nouvelle. Quend je songe le temps que l’on a plus one hall. It changed hands several times after pris pour selle-là, quy mesme n’est pas encore finie and was taken down in the th century; the et quy est ossy [aussi] sujette au controleurs que la garden was subsumed into the landscaped gardens viellie, seula me fait perdre l’envie de batir. Je laid out for Graf Wallmoden-Gimborn. voudrai seulement voir sette maison un peu B. Adam, ‘Die Orangerie und die höfischen Bauten racommodée pour donner den la veue du gardin, et an der Alten Herrenhäuser Strasse’, in König (ed.), seula [cela] sen [sans] faire baucoup de depense’ op. cit. , p. . This house, after some rebuilding, M. Völkel, ‘The Hohenzollern Court’, in still exists under the name Fürstenhaus . J. Adamson (ed.), The Princely Courts of Europe Adam, ‘Adelspalais’, op. cit. , pp. – ; Adam, (London, ), pp. –. Gesandtenhaus, op. cit . See W. Burchard’s forthcoming article ‘Houses, Adam, ‘Gesandtenhaus’, op. cit. , p. . Palaces and Gardens: The first Georgians and M. Rohde, ‘Der Georgengarten’, in König (ed.), op. Architecture’, in D. Shawe-Taylor & W. Burchard, cit. The First Georgians: Art and Monarchy, – J. Bryant, Marble Hill Twickenham (London, ), (London, ), to accompany an exhibition at the pp. – . An informative sideline to Marble Hill is Queen’s Gallery. the building of White Lodge in Richmond Park for S. Delang, ‘Schloss Hubertusburg’, in D. Syndram George I in : see: R. Hewlings, ‘White Lodge, & C. Brink (eds.), Die königliche Jagdresidenz Richmond New Park’, Georgian Group Journal Hubertusburg und der Frieden von (Dresden, ( ), pp. – ). E. Schuster, Kunst und Künstler in den D. Burrows, ‘Handel as a Court Musician’, The Fürstenthümern Calenberg und Lüneburg in der Court Historian III ( ). Zeit von bis (Hannover, ; previously Joseph Wilcox (as note ). in Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter , ). Brindle, ‘Royal Commissions’, op. cit. , pp. – . Estimated at . Taler between and : Penther, op. cit. , III ( ). A single sheet of that Adam, ‘Vergessene Pracht’ , op. cit. , p. . print (with an older, mistaken identification as Adam, ‘Vergessene Pracht’ , op. cit ., p. n. . George II on the mount) is in the Niedersächsische Ibid. ., p. . Landesgalerie Hannover: T. Andraschke, ‘Portraits Adam, ‘Verschwundene Bauten’, in König (ed.), op. im Bild, Portraits im Portrait’, in J. Brakke (ed.), cit. , p. . That’s me! Das Portrait von der Antike bis zur Adam, ‘Herrenhäuser Wasserkünste’, in König, op. cit . Gegenwart (exh.-cat. Hannover, ), p. . G. Schnath, Das Leineschloss (Hannover 1962), p. 75. Watkin, op. cit. ; J. Roberts (ed.), George III and H. Leitgeb, ‘Kaiserin Amalie Wilhelmine, geb. Queen Charlotte. Patronage, Collecting and Court Prinzessin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Hannover Taste (London, ). ( – ), Gemahlin Kaiser Joseph I. Eine biographische Studie’ (PhD Dissertation, Universität Wien [typescript]), p. .
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