Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY http://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jict

How to cite this article: AbuSafiya, M. (2021). Automation of Quranic readings gathering process.Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 20(2), 135-169. https://doi.org/10.32890/ jict2021.20.2.2

Automation of Quranic Readings Gathering Process

Majed AbuSafiya Department of Software Engineering Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan

[email protected]

Received: 14/5/2020 Revised: 30/8/2020 Accepted: 7/9/2020 Published: 23/2/2021

ABSTRACT

Quran has been the focus of many computer science and computational linguistics researchers. However, insufficient contribution is directed towards Quranic readings. This field focuses on the different ways in which Quranic words can be recited. Quranic readings gathering is a recitation process that is well-known by the specialists in this field. In this process, all the possible ways of reading a verse are covered in a compact and well-structured manner. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no computational automation has been cited for this process in literature. In this paper, this process was algorithmically formulated and a developed software system was presented to automate this process. This system took Quranic verse texts as input and generated a text file containing the detailed gathering of the readings of this verse as done by a specialised reciter. The system was applied to the verses of Surah Al-Baqarah and the output text was carefully validated against authentic books in this field. This

135 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 system can be the basis of software systems for teaching and vocal construction of Quranic readings gathering. It would be useful for students who are interested in Quranic readings.

Keywords: Algorithm, computational linguistics, Quran, Quranic readings gathering, tree.

INTRODUCTION

Quran is the holy book of Muslims. No book in history has ever taken the attention and care that were given to this miraculous book. The scientific work - to serve this book - touched various fields of computer science and information technology. This includes searching (Larbi, 2013; Mohamed & Shokry, 2020), information extraction (Yauri et al., 2013) and mining (Majdalawieh et al., 2017), software systems to facilitate its learning, teaching (AlKhatib et al., 2020; Abdou & Rashwan, 2014; Menacer et al., 2013) and memorisation (Bin Musa et al., 2018; Rafi et al., 2019), recognising its textual (Alotaibi et al., 2018) and vocal forms (Qayyum et al., 2108), studying its syntactical structures (AbuZeina & Alsaheb, 2013; Khadangi et al., 2018), building databases and websites to make it available in the web (Boussenan, 2013; Priatna et al., 2020) and in mobile applications (Abdullah et al., 2019; Elmarhomy, 2020), securing the integrity of its electronic versions against alteration (Hakak et al., 2017), studying the spiritual and mental effects of its recitation (Khan et al., 2010), validating the correctness of its vocal recitation (Rashid et al., 2013) and many other fields.

In the context of Quranic readings, there has been some work towards teaching Quranic readings (Ishak et al., 2016). Mahmoud and Hassan (2013) developed a software system where the different readings of a Quranic verse were retrieved from a database with explanations but without gathering. The authors of the present study could not find any work in the automation of Quranic gathering process. One reason for that could be the nature of the Quranic readings field. It is one of the Quranic scientific fields that are not widely known. Among specialists in Quranic studies, only a very small fraction chooses to specialise in this field. This field is vast and not easy to master. The gathering of Quranic recitation is deemed even harder.

136

(Qayyum et al., 2108), studying its syntactical structures (AbuZeina & Alsaheb, 2013; Khadangi et al., 2018), building databases and websites to make it available in the web (Boussenan, 2013; Priatna et al., 2020) and in mobile applications (Abdullah et al., 2019; Elmarhomy, 2020), securing the integrity of its electronic versions against alteration (Hakak et al., 2017), studying the spiritual and mental effects of its recitation (Khan et al., 2010), validating the correctness of its vocal recitation (Rashid et al., 2013) and many other fields.

In the context of Quranic readings, there has been some work towards teaching Quranic readings (Ishak et al., 2016). Mahmoud and Hassan (2013) developed a software system where the different readings of a Quranic verse were retrieved from a database with explanations but without gathering. The authors of the present study could not find any work in the automation of Quranic gathering process. One reason for that Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 could be the nature of the Quranic readings field. It is one of the Quranic scientific fields that are not widely known. Among specialists in Quranic studies, only a very small fraction chooses to specialise in this field. This field is vastMany and books not easy that todocument master. Thethe readingsgathering gathering of Quranic for recitationindividual is deemed even harder. Quranic verses - based on the narration ways of Tayyebat-Annashr1 - can be found in the literature (Abdeen, 2016; Salem, 2003). These Many books thatbooks document briefly thedescribe readings the gathering gathering for of individual readings forQuranic every verses Quranic - based on the narration ways of Tayyebatverse- Annashrwithout 1the - cangeneration be found of detailedin the literature readings. (Abdeen,However, 2016;it is Salem, 2003). These books found that one book (Tulba & Awadh, 2016) documented the readings briefly describegathering the gathering of Quranic of verse readings in detail. for However,every Quranic this book verse - contained without the generation of detailed readings. However,in five itvolumes is found - coveredthat one only book less (Tulba than one-fifth & Awadh, of the2016) Quran. documented This the readings gathering of Quranic versebook in was detail. the present However, study’s this main book reference - contained to validate in five the volumesgathering - covered only less than one- fifth of the Quran.that is generatedThis book by wasthe proposed the present system. study’s main reference to validate the gathering that is generated by theQuranic proposed Readings system. Gathering Process

Quranic ReadingsMany wordsGathering of the ProcessHoly Quran can be read in more than one way. These different ways of reading Quranic words are vocally transferred from one generation to the next. Among very early generations, there Many words ofare the twenty Holy narratorsQuran can that be wereread inwell-known more than for one their way. integrity These differentand ways of reading Quranic words are vocallycompetency transferred in Quranic from readings. one generation Each of theseto the narrators next. Among had learned very early generations, there are twenty narratorssome that of thewere readings well-known of Quranic for theirwords in andtegrity taught and them competency to others. in Quranic readings. Each of Every one of them became well-known for his narration. It is believed these narratorsthat had all learned authentic some readings of the of readings the Quranic of Quranic verses are words found and in onetaught of them to others. Every one of them became thesewell -twentyknown narrations. for his narration. It is believed that all authentic readings of the Quranic verses are found in one of these twenty narrations. Students who are interested in learning Quranic readings put effort to master these twenty narrations. A student is assumed to master a Students whonarration are interested and is inthen learning authorised Quranic to teach readings it if he put recites effort the to whole master these twenty narrations. A student is assumedQuran to with master that anarration narration before and isan then authorised authorised scholar. to teach He repeats it if he recites the whole Quran with that narration thisbefore process an authorised for each of scholar. the twenty He repeatsnarrations. this These process narrations for each are of the twenty narrations. These narrations arelearned learned in in a acertain certain order order that that is knownis known in thisin this field field (Figure (Figure 1). 1).This This order does not reflect the order does not reflect the authenticity of the narration. Once a student authenticity ofmasters the narration. these twenty Once narrations a student separately, masters he thesebecomes twenty qualified narrations to separately, he becomes whichwhich is is literally translated to English , ( جمع القراءات ) qualified to whatwhat is is known known in in Arabic Arabic as as Jam Jam’e’e Al Al-qiraat-qiraat as gathering ofliterally readings translated. In this to stage, English the as student gathering covers of readings all the .twenty In this stage,narrations through one recitation of the student covers all the twenty narrations through one recitation the Holy Quran.of the The Holy gathering Quran. Theof readings gathering can of readingsbe defined can asbe thedefined recitation as the of Quranic verse (or ayah in Arabic) whererecitation all the possible of Quranic readings verse (or of ayahits words in Arabic) are covered where all. From the possible now on, the word ayah will be used readings of its words are covered. From now on, the word ayah will 1 Tayyebatbe used-Annashr in this (Ibnu paper Al to-Jazari, refer to 2003) the Quranic - written verse. seven centuries ago - is a one-thousand-line poem that summarises1 Tayyebat-Annashr the ways, rules, (Ibnu and Al-Jazari, differences 2003) - among written seven the trustworthy centuries ago recurrent- is a one- narrations of Quran. It is widely accepted tothousand-line be the most poem comprehensive that summarises andthe ways, authentic rules, andreference differences in thisamong context. the trustworthy recurrent narrations of Quran. It is widely accepted to be the most comprehensive and authentic reference in this context. 2 137 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Figure 1

The Order of the Twenty Narrators

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Narrator Qaloon Warsh Bazzi Qonbul Dori- Soosi Hisham Ibn- Shuba Hafs AbuAmr Thakwan Rank 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Narrator Khalaf Khallad Abu- Dori- Eisa Ibn- Roways Rawh Ishaq Idrees Alharith Alkisaee Jammaz

The Quranic readings gathering approach that this study is interested in is known as gathering by waqf. The reciter reads until he stops at some suitable point. He then returns to read what he already read through several passes so that he covers all narrations compactly and without mixing up. In this paper, the process of the Quranic readings gathering process is formally described and automated by a software system. The motivations for this research include:

1. Gathering of readings is a complex process, and even the most competent reciters are subject to slip into mistakes. However, this process is well-defined and thus may be automated. If correctly implemented, a software system may generate an accurate and correct gathering. This gathering can be used as a reference for the interested students. 2. Although many books were written to gather the readings of Quranic ayahs, they present the gathering as a summarised description without a detailed generation of gathering. The reasons could be due to the huge size of the text and the amount of effort that are required to document the gathering in detail. A software system will be a better alternative to generate a detailed gathering of Quranic ayah readings instead of a manual generation that will be error-prone and expensive in terms of time and effort. 3. This process is performed for the twenty narrations as previously mentioned. With a software system, this study can generalise the process of readings gathering for a smaller number of narrations. The process can also be applied for more than twenty narrations to consider other less authentic narrations of the Quran. 4. Having a software system for Quranic readings opens the door for utilising information technology solutions to serve this honoured science. This software system can be the basis for learning, searching, and vocal construction of Quranic readings.

138 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

The methodology that was followed in this research can be summarised as follows: (1) studying the different readings for different narrations - ayah by ayah - of Surah Al-Baqarah. These readings follow well-defined rules. These rules are formulated and programmed as conditions to be tested against every letter of the text of the input ayah. If a condition is satisfied, the corresponding Quranic reading is associated with that letter. The input to the system will be a text file containing the Uthmani text of the ayah to gather its readings. (2) Once the different readings of the letters are identified, the ayah is scanned to build the ayah readings tree, which will be traversed to generate the readings gathering. The output will be written to a text file with a detailed description. (3) The gathering that is generated by the system is tested against trustworthy readings gathering books to validate the generated gathering. The system is continuously adjusted until the generated ayah gathering matches the gathering found in the books before advancing to the next ayah.

This paper is organised as follows: the second section formalises the readings gathering process. The next section presents an automation solution for the process in the algorithmic level, while the following section discusses several implementation issues. The paper ends with a conclusion and a set of references.

FORMALISING THE QURANIC READINGS GATHERING PROCESS

Before presenting how the gathering is done by specialists, an assumption is made for simplification purposes. This study will consider gathering for the whole ayah and not parts of it. This study will assume that the reciter stops at the end of the ayah. This assumption is based on two reasons. The first reason is to unify the stopping points to be at the end of the Quranic ayahs. This may be justified by the fact that the end of theayah is known to be a stopping point when reciting the Quran. The second reason is that with this assumption, the number of passes of the gathering will be equal to the number of ways the ayah (as a whole) can be read for the twenty narrators.

The authors studied the gathering process from specialists in this field and formalised it in a form of an algorithm (Figure 2).The

139 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 algorithm will be described as followed by a human reciter. The reciter starts reading the ayah word by word. CurrentWord is the word to be read. Initially, the currentWord is the first word of the ayah. StoppingNarrators set is the set of narrators that still have some readings for the currentWord that are not yet covered in the gathering. Every word has its own stoppingNarrators, which will change through the course of gathering.

The set of stoppingNarrators is represented in the form of a set of ordered pairs. The first coordinate is a narrator and the second is a reading for currentWord for that narrator. For example, assume that n1 is a narrator that is stopping at currentWord and has the readings r1 and r2 for currentWord. Let n2 be another narrator that is stopping at currentWord and has the readings r1 and r3 for currentWord. In this case, stoppingNarrators set for currentWord will be {(n1,r1), (n1,r2),

(n2,r1), (n2,r3)}.

Initially, the stoppingNarrators for the first word of the ayah is {(n,r) | r is a reading for currentWord for narrator n}, where all narrators are stopping there with no one stopping anywhere else yet. CurrentNarrator is the narrator who is reading for in the current pass. In this paper, pass is defined as a reading of the ayah starting from some word within the ayah and ending by its last word for a given narrator(s). A pass corresponds to one of the narrations of the ayah as a whole. CurrentNarrator is always the narrator with the highest rank among the stopping narrators at the currentWord (Figure 1). The algorithm iterates until all stoppingNarrators for all the words of the ayah become empty.

Once currentWord and currentNarrator are set, one pair from currentWord.stoppingNarrators is picked with the first coordinate of currentNarrator. If there is more than one pair for currentNarrator, then the currentNarrator has multiple readings for currentWord. The reciter will then pick the pair with the reading of the highest priority. There is a certain ordering of the different readings that is known by the reciters. This selected reading will be referred to as currentReading. The reciter will read the currentWord for currentNarrator with currentReading. This currentReading will be stored in the currentWord’s place in wordReadingVector.

140

Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 of theFigure highest priority. 2 There is a certain ordering of the different readings that is known by the reciters. This selected reading will be referred to as currentReading. The reciter will read the currentWord for currentNarrator with currentReading. This currentReading will be stored in the currentWord’s place in wordReadingVectorGathering .of Readings Process

FigureWordReadingVector 2. Gathering of readings is processa vector. that stores the last reading that was

WordReadingVectorconducted by is a thevector reciter that stores for the the last words reading ofthat thewas ayahconducted. It byis thelength reciter equalsfor the words of theto ayah the. It number is length equals of the to thewords number of of the the wordsayah of. Wheneverthe ayah. Whenever the reciter the reciter reads reads aa word of theword ayah with of thesome ayah reading, with then thesome corresponding reading, eleme thennt ofthe that corresponding word is updated to elementbe that reading . It willof stay that as isword until that is wordupdated is recited to againbe that during reading the gathering. It will process, stay in whichas is the until new readingthat of the word replaces the older. As will be shown later, this vector is needed to check for contradicting readingsword. is recited again during the gathering process, in which the new reading of the word replaces the older. As will be shown later, this WalkingNarratorsvector is needed are the stoppingto check narrators for contradicting at currentWord readings(including .currentNarrator) that have currentReading as one of their readings for currentWord. The stoppingNarrators set for currentWord is updated by removing every pair (n,r) where n is a walking narrator and r is currentReading. The narrators in currentWord.stoppingNarratorsWalkingNarrators are andthe walkingNarrators stopping narrators are not necessarilyat currentWord disjoint. (including currentNarrator) that have currentReading as one of their readings for Next,currentWord. a decision needs to The be made: stoppingNarrators if currentWord is not the set last for word currentWord in the ayah, currentWord is updated will be set to be the next word in the ayah. StoppingNarrators for the new currentWord will be the set of pairs (n,r) whereby n isremoving a narrator from every walkingNarrators pair (n,r )set where and r is na readingis a walking for the new narrator currentWord and for narratorr is n. currentReading. The narrators in currentWord.stoppingNarrators and walkingNarrators are not necessarily disjoint. 5 Next, a decision needs to be made: if currentWord is not the last word in the ayah, currentWord will be set to be the next word in the ayah. StoppingNarrators for the new currentWord will be the set of pairs

141 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

(n,r) where n is a narrator from walkingNarrators set and r is a reading for the new currentWord for narrator n. In addition to r being one of the readings for n, r should satisfy another condition: the reading r should not contradict (for narrator n) with any of the readings (of the Quranic Readings Gathering ProcessQuranic Readings Gathering Process current pass) of the words existing before currentWord in the ayah. QuranicQuranicQuranic ReadingsReadings Readings GatheringGathering Gathering ProcessProcess Process QuranicThis condition ReadingsQuranic is Gathering checked Readings by Process examining Gathering the Process readings of the words ,(جمع القراءات) Jam’e Al-qiraat ,(جمع القراءات) Jam’e Al-qiraat Quranicthat Readings existQuranic before Gathering Readingsthe currentWord Process Gathering location Process in wordReadingVector. ,( ,(,(جمع جمعجمع القراءات)القراءاتالقراءات))Jam’eJam’eJam’e AlAl --Alqiraatqiraat-qiraat will not be added to the ,(جمع(then (n,rالقراءات ) ,(,foundجمعAlis- qiraat القراءات)Jam’eIf a Al contradiction-qiraatJam’e These contradictions are . ,(جمع new currentWordالقراءات ) qiraat of), theجمع- Al القراءات)Jam’e AlstoppingNarrators-qiraatJam’e Rank 1 2assumed3 to beRa nknownk 4 by1 the5 reciter.2 The6 following3 7 section4 8 of 5example9 6 10 7 8 9 10 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RaRanknk 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1010 Narrator Qaloon WarswillRahnk showBazz Nahowi 1rra RaQothistornnkb constraintu2Qal loonDo1 ri3 Wars-is checked.h2Soo4siBazzi 3HishQoa5mnbul4 Ibn6Do- ri- 5Shub7aSoosiHa6 fs Hish8 am7 9 Ibn- 8 10 Shuba9 Hafs10 Narrator Qaloon Warsh Bazzi Qonbul Dori- Soosi Hisham Ibn- Shuba Hafs NaNarrartorartor QaQaloolonon WarsWarsh h AbBauBazzAmizzri QoQonbunlbul DoDori- ri- ThSoaoSkAbsiowaosiunAmHishr Hishamam IbnIb- n- ShuSbhThaubakwaHaHanfs fs Rank 1 Rank2 1 3 2 4 3 Ab5uAmr4 6 5 7 6 Th8akwan7 9 810 9 10 NaIfr rcurrentWordator QalooNan risra Warstother hlastQalo Bawordonzzi Warsof Qotheh n bayahulBaAbzAbuz, iAmDothenuAmrir -Qo rthenb ucurrentSl oosi Do ripassHish- amSThooThasikwaaIbknwa-Hishn aSmhuba IbHan- fs Shuba Hafs Rank 11 12 13 Rank 14 11 15 12 16 13 Ab17uAm14r 18 15AbuAm19r 16 20Thakwa17n 18Thakwan 19 20 NarRaratonkr Qalo11oNan rraWarstor12h QaloBaonz13zi WarsQoh n14bulBazziDori15-QonbuSloo16si DoriHish- 17amSoosi Ibn18- HishaSmhu19ba IbHan-20fs Shuba Hafs RaRanisk nended.k 11 In11 this 12case,12 the13 currentWord13 1414 is set15 to15 be the16 word16 that17 17is 1818 1919 2020 Narrator Khalaf KhallRaadnk AbuNa-11rraRatoDornkri12- Khalaf11Eisa13Khalla12d Ibn14-AbAbu-13uRoAmwar15Doys ri-14RaAbwh16uEiAmsa r15Isha17qIbThn-Ida16rekwaesnRo18way17s Th19Raakwawhn1820 Ishaq19 Idrees20 Narraclosesttor Kh toa lafthe endKha llofad the Abayahu- and Dohasri -non-emptyEisa stoppingIbn- narratorsRoways Rawh Ishaq Idrees NaNarrartorartorAlhKhaKharitlafhalaf KhAlkKhaisallaaedllead AbAbu- u- DoJamDorimAlh- riaz-arithEisaEiAlksaisaeeIbnIb- n- RoRowaJawaysmyms azRaRawhwh IshIshaq aq IdreIderes es Rank 11 Rank12 11Alh13arith12 Alk14isaee13 15 14 Ja16mmaz15 17 16 18 17 19 1820 19 20 Naset.rra toIfr suchKh aa lafwordNarrKha toexists,arlladAlhKh theAlhaalafAbrit aalgorithmhritu-hKhAlkaAlkllisaaDodisae eriiteratese-eAbu- Eiandsa aDo JanewrimJa-mmIb apassmzn-azEi starts;saRowa ysIbn- RawhRowayIshs aq RaIdwhrees Ishaq Idrees otherwise, the algorithm terminates.Alharith Alk isaeAlhe arith AlkisaJaeemmaz Jammaz Figure 1. TheNa orderrator ofr theKh tawlafNaentryrFigureKha ntoaarrrlladaKht1.oras.TheAblafu- oKhrdeallraDo dofrit-heAb twu-entEisay nDoarrria- tIborn-s. EisaRoways Ibn-RawhRowayIshs aq RaIdwhrees Ishaq Idrees Alharith AlkisaeAlhe arith AlkisaJaeemmaz Jammaz FigureFigureFigure1.1.The1.TheThe oorderde orderr ofofr tofthehet he ttww enttentwentyy nnyarrarr narraattororats.s.ors. ExampleFigure 1. ofThe Gathering oFigurerder of 1.oftheThe Readings tw entordey rn arrof tahetor tws.enty narrators. Figure 1. The oFigurerder of1.theThe tw entordey nr arrof tahetor ts.wenty narrators. The gathering algorithm will be applied to the ayah (2:2). To gather the readings for an ayah, there is a need to know the different readings Table 1 of its wordsTable (Table 1 1). TableTableTable 11 1 Table 1 Table 1 Readings of the Words ofTable the Ayah 1 Readings(2:2) of the Words of the Ayah (2:2) Table 1 Table 1 ReadingsReadingsReadings ofof theofthe the WordsWords Words ofof tofthehe t he AyahAyah Ayah(2:2)(2:2)(2:2) Readings of theReadings Words of of the the Ayah Words(2:2) of the Ayah (2:2) Rank Word ReadingsReadings ofRank the Words ofWordNarrators the Ayah (2:2)Readings ReadingNarrators Code Reading Code Readings of theReadings Words of of the the Ayah Words(2:2) of the Ayah (2:2) RankRankRank WordWordWord ReadingsReadingsReadings NarratorsNarratorsNarrators ReadingReadingReading CodeCode Code DEFAULTAll narratorsNarrators Reading CodeDEFAULTReading Code (ذلك)ThalikaReadings Narrators (ذلك)Rank) ThalikaAll narratorsWordReadingsذلك) RankThalikaword1Word(ذلك) word1 Thalika AllAllNarratorsAll narratorsnarrators narratorsReading Code DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT ( ((ذلك) ذلكذلك)) ThalikaThalikaThalikaReadings ( ((ذلك)ذلكذلك))word1word1word1RankThalikaThalikaThalikaWord NarratorsAll narratorsReadingDEFAULT Code ReadingDEFAULT Code (ذلك) ReadingsThalikaNarratorsAll narrators( (ذلك) ذلك)WordReadingsThalikaThalika (ذلك)Rankword1 WordThalikaRankword1 DEFAULTAllDEFAULT narrators DEFAULT (الكتاب)AllAlkitab Thalikanarrators AlkitabAll narrators (الكتاب)word2 Alkitab word1Alkitabword2Thalika All narrators DEFAULT DEFAULT (ذلك) ThalikaAll narrators ( (ذلك) ذلك)ThalikaThalika (ذلك)word1 Thalikaword1 AllAllAll narratorsnarrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT ( ((الكتاب)الكتابالكتاب))(Alkitabالكتاب)word2)word2word2 AlkitabAlkitabAlkitab AlkitabAlkitabالكتاب) DEFAULTAll narrators DEFAULT DEFAULT (الكتاب)AlkitabAll narratorsAll narrators (الكتاب)word2word2 Alkitabword2 AlkitabAlkitabAlkitab ( ((الكتاب)الكتابالكتاب)) All narrators DEFAULT DEFAULT (الكتاب)AlkitabAll narrators ( (الكتاب)الكتاب)AlkitabAlkitab (الكتاب)word2 Alkitabword2 QASR_LAAll narrators QASR_LA (2ال) La (ال)AllLa narrators (2ال)La word3 (ال) word3 La 2 (الكتاب) (الكتاب) AllAllAll Allnarrators narratorsnarrators narrators QASR_LA QASR_LAQASR_LAQASR_LA (2ال(()2الال))LaLa LaLa (ال)(( الال)word3word3word3word3 LaLa La (La narrators2) All narrators QASR_LA QASR_LAال )LaAll (2ال()ال) LaLa (ال) word3 Laword3 MAD_LAKhalaf, MAD_LA (4ال) Khalaf, Laa (4ال) Laa Khallad AllMAD_LA narrators QASR_LA QASR_LA( 2الKhalaf,AllLa (narrators 4 (2ال()ال)La La Laa (ال) word3 Laword3 Khalaf,Khalaf,Khalaf, Khallad MAD_LAMAD_LAMAD_LA (4ال(()4الال))LaaKhalladLaaLaa Khalaf, MAD_LA MAD_LA (4ال),LaaKhalaf (4ال) Laa KhalladKhalladKhallad 4Khallad) DEFAULTKhalaf,Khallad MAD_LA MAD_LAالLaaAllKhalaf, (narrators (4ال)word4 Rayba LaaRayba DEFAULTAll narrators DEFAULT (ريب) Rayba (ريب)RaybaAll narrators (ريب)Raybaword4 (ريب) word4 Rayba Khallad Khallad AllAllAll narratorsnarrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT ( ((ريب)ريبريب))RaybaRaybaRayba ( ((ريب)ريبريب))word4word4word4 RaybaRaybaRayba continued)All narrators DEFAULT DEFAULT) (ريب)RaybaAll narrators ( (ريب)ريب)RaybaRayba (ريب)word4 Raybaword4 All narrators QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (في هFeehe (QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (فيه)FeehiAll narrators (في ه)Feeheword5 (فيه) word5 Feehi All narrators DEFAULT DEFAULT (ريب)RaybaAll narrators ( (ريب)ريب)RaybaRayba (ريب)word4 Raybaword4 withAll AllkasrAll narratorsnarrators alhanarrators except BazziQASR_HA_ALKINAYAQASR_HA_ALKINAYAQASR_HA_ALKINAYA(ف ي ه((ف)فيي ه ه))exceptFeeheFeeheFeehe Bazzi (فيه(()فيهفيهword5word5word5142with Feehi Feehi kasrFeehi( (alha All narratorsQASR_HA_ALKINAYA QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (في ه)FeeheAll narrators (في ه()فيه)FeehiFeehe (فيه)word5 Feehiword5 withwithandwith kasrkasrQonbul kasr alhaalha alha exceptexceptexcept BazziBazzi Bazzi and Qonbul alha Bazzi All narratorsexceptQASR_HA_ALKINAYA Bazzi QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (في هalhaFeeheAllwith narratorsexcept (kasr (في هkasr( )فيه)FeehiFeehewith (فيه)word5 Feehiword5 andandand QonbulQonbul Qonbul with kasr alha withexcept kasrand alha Bazzi Qonbul exceptand Bazzi Qonbul Bazzi, Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في ه~Bazzi, Qonbul Feehee (SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA2 (في ه~Feehee (2 2~ and Qonbul and Qonbul Bazzi,Bazzi, shortBazzi, QonbulmadQonbul Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (فيwith ه((ففي~2ي ه) ه~with short mad FeeheeFeeheeFeehee((2 Bazzi, QonbulSILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في هFeeheeBazzi,(2~ Qonbul (في ه~Feehee (2 with two withwithwith shortshort short madmad madwith two madBazzi, QonbulSILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في هmadFeeheeBazzi,with (short 2~Qonbul (في ه~Feeheewith( short2 harakah for ha withwithwith twotwo two harakah for ha with shortwith mad twowith shortwith mad two ( ـ ه) harakahharakahharakah forfor for haha ha ( ـ ه) withharakah two for hawithharakah two for ha ( ـ ه()(ـ ـ ه ه)) ha( ـ ه)ha) harakah for ـ ه)harakah for DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER (فEDGHAM_KABEERيه ) DoriAbuAmr, Feehh (فيه ) Feehh ( ـ ه) ( ـ ه) withDoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, edghamDoriAbuAmr, Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER(فيه( (ف)فيي ه ه ))with edgham FeehhFeehhSoosi,Feehh DoriAbuAmr,EDGHAM_KABEER EDGHAM_KABEER (فيه ),FeehhDoriAbuAmr (فيه ) Feehh ,Soosi,) in Rowaysهـ) ,intoSoosi,Soosi ( ـ ه) in withwithRoways,with edghamedgham edgham (هـ) into ( ـ ه) Soosi,) DoriAbuAmr,Soosi,EDGHAM_KABEER EDGHAM_KABEERفيedghamه )FeehhDoriAbuAmr,with (فيedghamه )Feehhwith inin) inthe nextRoways,Roways, Roways,word Rawh هـ ()( هـهـ)) into ( ـ intoRawhinto ه ()(ـ ـ ه ه)) the next word ,in Soosi,Roways (هـ ) ,Soosi, intoRoways( ـ edgham ه) with in(هـ) into ( ـ edgham ه)with thethethe nextnext next wordword word RawhRawhRawh Rawh in word Roways,Rawh(هـ)intotheRoways, next ( ـ ه) in word (هـintothe (next ( ـ ه) the next word the nextRawh word Rawh QuranicQuranic Readings Readings Gathering Gathering Process Process QuranicQuranic Readings Readings Gathering Gathering Process Process Quranic Readings Gathering Process ,(,(جمع جمع القراءات)القراءات)Jam’eJam’e Al Al-qiraat-qiraat Process Process ,( ,(جمع جمع Gathering Gathering القراءات)القراءات)Jam’eQuranicJam’eQuranic Al Al- qiraatReadings- qiraatReadings ,(جمع القراءات) Jam’e Al-qiraat 1010 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 ,( ,(جمع جمع 22القراءات)القراءات)Jam’eJam’eRaRan nkAlk Al-qiraat-qiraat11 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NaNarraratotorr QaQalolooonn WarsWarshh BaBazzizi QoQonnbbuul l DoDoriri- - SSooosisi HishHishamam IbIbnn- - SShhuubbaa HaHafsfs NaRarrantok r Qalo1on Wars2 h Ba3zzi Qon4bul Do5ri- So6osi Hish7am Ib8n- Shu9ba Ha10fs Narrator Qaloon Warsh Bazzi Qonbul AbAbDouuAmAmri-r r Soosi Hisham ThThaIbkakwanwa-nn Shuba Hafs RaRanknk 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 AbuAm5 5r 6 6 7 7 Thak8wa8n 9 9 1010 Narrator Qaloon Warsh Bazzi Qonbul DoAbriuAm- r Soosi Hisham ThIbank-wan Shuba Hafs RaRannkk 1111 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 1717 1818 1919 2020 Rank 11 12 13 14 Ab15uAmr 16 17 Tha18kwan 19 20 NaNarRararrtonakrtor QaQalo11olonon WarsWars12h h BaBaz13zizzi QoQon14bnubl ul DoDo15ri-ri- SoSo16osiosi HishHish17amam IbnIb18-n- ShSu19hbuaba HaHa20fs fs NaNarraratotorr KhKhalafalaf KhKhallalladad AbAbuu- - DoDoriri- - AbAbEiuEiAmsausaAmr r IbIbnn- - RoRowawayyss ThRaThaRakwhawawhkwan n IshIshaqaq IdIdrereeses NaRarrantok r Kh11alaf Kha12llad Ab13u- Do14ri- Ei15sa Ib16n- Rowa17ys Ra18wh Ish19aq Idre20es Narrator Khalaf Khallad AlhAlhAbaritaurith-h AlkAlkDoisaisarie-ee Eisa JaJammIbmmna-zaz Roways Rawh Ishaq Idrees RaRanknk 1111 1212 Alh13arit13h Alkisa1414ee 1515 Jam16ma16z 1717 1818 1919 2020 Narrator Khalaf Khallad AbAlhua-rith DoAlkriisa- ee Eisa JaIbmn-maz Roways Rawh Ishaq Idrees NaNarrarrtoartor KhKhalafalaf KhKhallalldad AlhAbaAbritu-hu- AlkDoisaDorie-rie- EisaEisa JamIbmnIb-anz- RoRowawaysys RaRawhwh IshIshaqaq IdreIdereses FigureFigure1.1.TheThe o orderderr of ofthetAlhhe Alht watwritentaenthrityhy nAlk narrAlkarrisaaisaaetoretorees.s. JamJammamzaz FigureFigure1.1.TheThe orde order ofr ofthethe tw tentwenty nyarr narrataortors.s. Figure 1. The order of the twenty narrators. FigureFigure1.1.TheThe orde order ofr ofthethe tw tentwenty nyarr narrataortors. s.

TableTable 1 1 TableTable 1 1 Table 1 ReadingsReadings of of the the Words Words of of t hethe Ayah Ayah(2:2)(2:2) ReadingsTableReadingsTable 1 1of of the the Words Words of of the the Ayah Ayah(2:2)(2:2) Readings of the Words of the Ayah (2:2) RankRank WordWord ReadingsReadings NarratorsNarrators ReadingReading Code Code ReadingsRankReadings of of theWord the Words Words of of the the ReadingsAyah Ayah(2:2)(2:2) Narrators Reading Code AllAllNarrators narrators narrators ReadingDEFAULTDEFAULT Code ((ذلك)ذلك ) ThalikaThalikaReadings ((ذلك)ذلك)word1word1Rank ThalikaThalikaWord AllAllNarrators narrators narrators ReadingDEFAULTDEFAULT Code ( (ذلك) ذلك) ThalikaThalikaReadings ( (ذلك)ذلك)word1Rankword1 ThalikaThalikaWord AllNarrators Narratorsnarrators ReadingDEFAULTReading Code Code (ذلك) ThalikaReadingsReadings (ذلك)word1RankRank ThalikaWordWord AllAll narrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULT ((الكتاب)الكتاب)word2word2 AlkitabAlkitab AlkitabAlkitab AllAllAll narrators narrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT ( ((ذلك) ذلك) الكتاب)AlkitabThalikaThalika ( (ذلك)ذلك)word2word1word1 ThalikaThalikaAlkitab All narrators DEFAULT (الكتاب) Alkitab ((الكتاب)الكتابword2 (Alkitab All narrators DEFAULT (الكتاب) Alkitab ( (الكتاب)الكتابword2 (Alkitab AllAll narrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULT ( (الكتاب)الكتاب)word2word2 AlkitabAlkitab AlkitabAlkitab 22 (الكتاب) AllAll narrators narrators QASR_LAQASR_LA ((ال2)ال)LaLa ((ال)ال ) word3word3 LaLa AllAll narrators narrators QASR_LAQASR_LA (2 (ال)ال)LaLa (((ال() ال)الكتاب )Laالكتاب)word3word3 La 2 All narrators QASR_LA 44( ال) La (ال) word3 La Khalaf,Khalaf, MAD_LAMAD_LA (2(ال42)ال)LaaLaa AllAllKhalaf, narrators narrators MAD_LAQASR_LAQASR_LA (4 (ال)ال)LaaLaLa (ال() ال) word3word3 LaLa KhalladKhalladKhalaf, MAD_LA ( ال) Laa KhalladKhalaf,Khallad MAD_LA (4ال) Laa 4 4 KhalladKhalaf,Khalaf, MAD_LAMAD_LA ( (ال)ال)LaaLaa AllAll narrators narrators DEFAULTDEFAULT ((ريب)ريب)RaybaRayba ((ريب)ريب)word4word4 RaybaRayba April)) 2021,AllAllKhallad narrators Khalladpp: narrators 135–169 DEFAULTDEFAULT)( 2ريب )ريب).of ICT,RaybaRayba 20, No ( (ريب)Journalريب)word4word4 RaybaRayba All narrators DEFAULT (ريب) Rayba (ريب) word4 Rayba AllAll narrators narrators QASR_HA_ALKINAYAQASR_HA_ALKINAYA (ف(يف هي) ه)FeeheFeehe ((فيه)فيه)word5word5 FeehiFeehi AllAllAll narrators narrators narrators QASR_HA_ALKINAYADEFAULTDEFAULT ( ( (ريبف)ي ريبه)RaybaFeeheRayba ( ( (ريب)ريبفيه))word5word4word4 RaybaFeehiRayba NarratorsexceptexceptAll narrators Bazzi Bazzi Reading CodeQASR_HA_ALKINAYA (فيalha هwithwithReadingsFeehe kasr kasr (alha (فيه)word5Rank FeehiWord alha) exceptAllexcept narrators Bazzi Bazzi QASR_HA_ALKINAYAف يalha ه )withwithFeehe kasr kasr (فيه) word5 Feehi word5 Feehi Feehe Alland andnarrators Qonbul Qonbul QASR_HA_ exceptandAllandAll narratorsQonbul narratorsQonbul Bazzi QASR_HA_ALKINAYAQASR_HA_ALKINAYA (في( هف)يalha ه )withFeeheFeehe kasr ( (فيه)فيه)word5word5 FeehiFeehi withwithwith kasr kasr alhaalha alha exceptexceptexcept Bazzi Bazzi Bazzi ALKINAYA 2~2~ and Qonbul andBazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (ف(يف هي ه ))~FeeheeFeehee2 Bazzi,andand Qonbul Qonbul Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في~2 ه ) Feehee Bazzi, Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في هwithwithFeehee short short( mad mad Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul SILAT_HA_SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (فيه with Feehee Feehee short ( 2~ mad withwith short two mad withwith short two2~ 2~ ALKINAYA Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul SILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (في( هفي ه)withFeeheewithFeehee withshort two( two mad harakahmadharakah with for twofor ha ha All Narrators EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNAharakahwithharakahwithwith short short twofor formad ha mad ha ( ُهدا ل ـ) Hudal (هد ى) word6 Hudan All Narrators EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA ( ُهداfor ل ( ـ ـ ()هـ ) ه)Hudalharakah (هد ى) word6 Hudan twofor two ha ( ـ ه)edgham without harakahwithwith AllAll Narrators Narrators EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA ( ُه (دا لُه ـد)ا( ل ـ) هedgham Hudal Hudal ha( without (ه (ده ىد) ى) word6word6 HudanHudan for for ha ha ( ـ ه)ghonna harakahharakah DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER (ف(يفه ي)ه edghamedghamFeehhFeehh without (without _DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM ( ـ ه()ـ ه)Feehhghonna DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER ( في(ه ف)يه )FeehhFeehhghonnaghonna withwith edghamedgham edgham Soosi, Roways,Soosi,Soosi, KABEER DoriAbuAmr,Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER (فيه )Qaloon, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNAwithFeehh edgham (2 ُهدا لـ) Hudall ,in )2in in RawhRoways,Roways,Soosi ُ( هـ ) هـ ) into intointo edgham ( ـ ( هـ with ) ه ) DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr,Qaloon, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNAEDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER ((في(ه هف)يداه لـ)) HudallFeehhFeehh in 2) Roways,Qaloon,Soosi,Roways,Qaloon, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA ُه((2دinا لُهـهـ(د)ا لهــinto )next intoedgham ( wordـ هHudall()ـ withthe هedgham with Warsh, Bazzi, (Hudall theedghamthe next next wordwith word Warsh,RawhRawh Bazzi, ,in Roways,RawhSoosi,Soosi ( هـwith nextinto edgham edgham(word( ـ withه)ghonna Qonbul, the Warsh,AllWarsh,Qonbul, NarratorsRawh Bazzi, Bazzi, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA ( ُهword withدا لwith ـ ) edghamHudaltheedghamghonna next (هد ى) word6 Hudan in AllAll NarratorsRoways,Roways, Narrators EDGHAM_EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA( (ُهin داهـ( ل) ـ )هـ ) into) intoـ هHudal()ـ Hudal ه ) (هد ى) word6word6 HudanHudan AllQonbul, RawhNarratorsQonbul, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA ( ُه دا ل ـedghamtheHudal ghonnanextghonna without ( word (هد ى) DoriAbuAmr,word6 Hudan edghamedgham without without DoriAbuAmr, WITHOUT_ Soosi, edghamthetheghonna next next without word word DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr,RawhRawh ghonnaghonna Soosi, GHONNA Hisham, ghonna Soosi,Soosi, Hisham, Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, EDGHAM_EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA (2 ُهدا لـ) IbnThakwan, Hudall Hudall 2 IbnThakwan, Bazzi,Qaloon, Qaloon,Qonbul, WITH_EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA ( ( ُه2د ُها لدـا ل)withـ ) Hafs, Eisa, HudalledghamHudall edgham with Warsh,IbnThakwan,Hafs,IbnThakwan, Bazzi,Eisa, IbnJammaz, edghamedghamghonna with with DoriAbuAmr,Warsh,Warsh, Bazzi, Bazzi, GHONNA ghonna Soosi,IbnJammaz,Hafs,Qonbul,Hafs, Hisham, Eisa, Eisa, Roways, ghonnaghonna Qonbul,Qonbul, IbnThakwan,DoriAbuAmr,IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz,Roways, Rawh DoriAbuAmr,Hafs,DoriAbuAmr, Eisa, Roways,Soosi,RawhRoways, IbnJammaz,Soosi,Soosi, Hisham,RawhRawh word7 Lilmuttaqeen Lilmuttaqeen All Narrators NO_HA_SAKTRoways, Hisham,Hisham, Rawh word7 Lilmuttaqeen Lilmuttaqeen IbnThakwan,All Narrators NO_HA_SAKT ,IbnThakwan,IbnThakwan (للمتقين) (للمتقين) AllAllHafs, AllNarrators Narrators Narrators Eisa, NO_HA_ NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT (للمتقين)LilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeen (للمتقين)word7word7word7 LilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeen without ha sakt Hafs,Hafs, Eisa, Eisa, SAKT ,ha) sakt) IbnJammaz للمتقين)للمتقين)without ( (للمتقين)للمتقين) without ha sakt IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz, withoutwithout ha ha sakt sakt Roways, Lilmuttaqeenah Roways, HA_SAKT Roways,Roways, LilmuttaqeenahLilmuttaqeenah Roways,Roways,Rawh Rawh HA_SAKT HA_SAKT Rawh RawhRawh (للمتقينه) Roways,RawhRoways, HA_SAKTHA_SAKT (للمتقينه)LilmuttaqeenahLilmuttaqeenah with ha sakt saktsakt) ) All RawhNarratorsRawh NO_HA_SAKT للمتقينهha )للمتقينه)word7 Lilmuttaqeen Lilmuttaqeenwithwith word7word7 LilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeen LilmuttaqeenLilmuttaqeen AllAll Narrators Narrators NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ha ha sakt) sakt للمتقين)withwith (للمتقين) ( (للمتقين)للمتقين) ( (للمتقين)للمتقين) without ha sakt The ayah is (Thalikalwithoutwithout kitabu ha ha lasakt sakt rayba feehi hudal lilmuttaqeen َٰ .This ayah is composed of seven words .( ٢ ذَ ِ ل َ ك ا ْل ِك ت َا ُ ب َ َل َ ر ْي َب ۛ فِ ي ِ ه ۛ ُه دً ى ِ ل ْل ُم تَّ ِق ي َن ﴿ ﴾ Thalikal kitabu la rayba feehi hudal lilmuttaqeen) .(٢ َٰذَ ِل َك ا ْل ِكتHA_SAKTَا ُب ََل ر ْيب ۛ فِي ِه ۛ ُهدًى ِل ْل ُ متَّ ِقي َن ﴿﴾ ,Thalikal kitabu la rayba Lilmuttaqeenahfeehi hudal lilmuttaqeen Roways ) َٰ َٰ َ The second column shows the words in Arabic along with the Englishَ .( ٢.(ذَ ِل٢ َكذَ ِ لا َْلك ِ كاتHA_SAKTَْلا ِكHA_SAKTُتَبا َ َُلب ََرَل ْي َرَبْي ۛ َبفِ ۛي ِهفِ ۛي ِه ُه ۛ دً ُهىدً ِل ْلى ُم ِلتَّْل ِقُميتَّ َِقني ﴿﴾َن ﴿﴾ ,Thalikal ( Thalikal kitabu kitabu la la rayba rayba feehiLilmuttaqeenah Lilmuttaqeenahfeehi hudal hudal lilmuttaqeen lilmuttaqeen Roways,Roways ) column) shows theRawh different readings ofللمتقينه )transliteration. The third RawhRawh ( (للمتقينه)للمتقينه) the words. The fourth withand fifthha sakt columns show the narrators and the with ha sakt reading codes. The readingwith code ha sakt is used to refer to a letter reading. The

Table 3 Table 3 143

َٰ Table Table 3 3 .(٢ذَ ِل َك ا ْل ِكتَا ُب ََل َر ْي َب ۛ فِي ِه ۛ ُهدًى ِل ْل ُمتَّ ِقي َن ﴿﴾ Thalikal kitabu la rayba feehi hudal lilmuttaqeen) ََٰ َٰ ْ ْ (Gathering of Readings of Ayah (2:2 .(.(٢ذ٢ِلذََِلك َاكل ِاك ْلتَ ِاكتَ ُاب َُبَل ََلَر ْي َر َْيب ۛ َ ب ۛفِ يفِِهي ۛ ِ ه ۛ ُه دً ُهدًى ِلىل ِلُمْلتَّ ُمِقتَّي ِق َين ﴿َن﴾﴿ ﴾ Gathering( Thalikal(Thalikal kitabuof kitabu Readings la la rayba rayba of Ayahfeehi feehi hudal(2:2) hudal lilmuttaqeen lilmuttaqeen GatheringGathering of ofReadings Readings of o Ayahf Ayah (2:2) (2:2)

Pass Readings Gathering Narrators Reading Code

Pass Readings Gathering Narrators Reading Code َٰ َٰ All Narrators PassPass ReadingsReadings Gathering Gathering(1) QASR_LA Narrators Narrators ReadingReading Code Code ذ ل ك ا ْل كت ُب ال)1( ر ْي ب ف ي ه 1 All Narrators (1) QASR_LA َٰذ ل ك ا ْل ك َٰت ُب ال)1( ر ْي ب ف ي ه 1 َٰ َٰ ْ َٰ ْ َٰ_except Bazzi and (2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO )2( ۛ ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)4 ( exceptAllAll Narrators BazziNarrators and (2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(1)(1) QASR_LA QASR_LA ذ ل ذ) ك ل ا2 لك ( ك ۛات ل ُهكُب تد ُىب ال )) 3ال1()( ل1ْل ر( ْمي تَّ قر ب ْي ف ن يب ) هف 4ي ( ه Table1 1 3 ُ TableTable 3 3 _exceptexcept Bazzi Bazzi and and (2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO )2)( 2ۛ ( ُه ۛد ُهىد )ىEDGHAM_KABEER)(3 3ل ْل( ُ م لتَّْل ق ُيمتَّ نقي) نQonbul ) 4) (4 Qonbul EDGHAM_KABEER Gathering of Readings(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA of Ayah (2:2) QonbulQonbul EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER Gathering of Readings of Ayah (2:2) (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Gathering of Readings (4)of Ayah NO_HA_SAKT (2:2) (3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (4) NO_HA_SAKT Pass Readings Gathering Narrators (4)(4)Reading NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT Code Pass Readings Gathering Narrators Reading Code ْ HA_SAKTAllNarrators Narrators (1)Reading QASR_LA Code َٰذ ل ك (1)ا ْل ك َٰت ُب Gatheringال )1( ر ْيب ف يReadings ه Roways, Rawh1 Pass لل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 2 Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT َٰ ْ َٰ ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 2 AllAll Narrators Narrators (1)(1) QASR_LA QASR_LA ذ ل َٰذ لك اك ل اكْلت ْ ك َٰت ُب ْ ُ ب ال )ال1)(1 ْ( ر ْي ر ْي ب ف بي ف هي ه 1 1 exceptRoways,Roways, Bazzi Rawh Rawh and (2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ (1)(1) HA_SAKT HA_SAKT )2( ۛ لل ُهُم لد تَّل ق ُيمىتَّ ) نقي)3 (ن1 ) (لل1 ُم(تَّ ق ي ن)4 ( 2 2 _exceptexcept Bazzi Bazzi and and (2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO )2)(2 ۛ ( ۛ ُه د ُهد ى)ى3)(3 ل(ْل EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA لُم ْلتَّ قميتَّ ق ني(1)) نQaloon, Warsh, ) 4) (4 ُهد ى)1( ل ْلمتَّقي ن)2( 3 Qonbul EDGHAM_KABEER ْ َّ ُ ُ Qaloon,Qonbul Warsh, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER ُهد ى)1( لل ُمت قي ن)2( 3 Qaloon,Qaloon,Qonbul Warsh, Warsh, (3)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER ُهد ُهىد NO_HA_SAKT) ى1)( (2)1ل ْل( ُ م لتَّْل ق ُيمتَّ نقي) نDori-AbuAmr,3 3 ) 2)(2 Dori-AbuAmr, (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2) NO_HA_SAKT Soosi, Hisham, DoriDori-AbuAmr,-AbuAmr, (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(4)(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT Soosi, Hisham, (4) NO_HA_SAKT Soosi,Soosi, Hisham, Hisham, (4) NO_HA_SAKT

Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 2 Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT ل ْلمْتَّقي ن)1( 2 Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT لُل ُ متَّ قي ن)1( 2

Qaloon, Warsh, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 3 Qaloon, Warsh, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْلمْتَّقي ن)2( 3 Qaloon,Dori-AbuAmr, Warsh, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(2) NO_HA_SAKT ُهد ى)1 ( لُل ُ متَّ قي ن)2( 3 Dori-AbuAmr, (2) NO_HA_SAKT Soosi,Dori-AbuAmr, Hisham, (2) NO_HA_SAKT Soosi,Soosi, Hisham, Hisham, Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 reading of the word is identified by the reading code(s) for its letters. Letters of a word have a DEFAULT reading code except those with multiple readings. Not all words have multiple readings (e.g. word-1). The same narrator may have multiple readings for the same word (e.g. Khalaf and Khallad have two readings for the word-3). Narrators of different readings for the same word may overlap. A word may have more than two readings (e.g. word-5 has three readings).

In addition to knowing the readings of the words of the ayah, contradicting readings for narrators should be known. If the ayah contains more than one word with multiple readings for the same narrator, some combinations of these words’ readings may not be acceptable for that narrator and they should be avoided in reading the ayah. Table 2 shows the contradicting readings for the narrators for ayah (2:2).

Table 2

Contradicting Readings for Ayah (2:2)

Contradicting Reading Contradicting Reading Narrators EDGHAM_KABEER EDGHAM_WITHOUT_ Roways, Rawh GHONNA EDGHAM_KABEER HA_SAKT Roways, Rawh

For example, the second contradiction means that if a reciter reads this ayah for Roways and reads word-5 with EDGHAM_KABEER reading, then he can only read word-7 with NO_HA_SAKT reading. However, if he reads word-5 without EDGHAM_KABEER for Roways, then word-7 can be read with HA_SAKT or with NO_HA_ SAKT. No general rules identify these contradictions. They should be learned and memorised by the reciter. The gathering of readings for this ayah is shown in Table 3. The reciter will go through nine passes in gathering the readings of this ayah. Each row in the table corresponds to one recitation pass through the ayah. The reciter reads the ayah as shown in the pass with the corresponding readings. The ayah does not need to be read completely for every narration.

144 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 Table 3 TableTable 33 TableTable 3 3 Table 3 Gathering ofof RReadingseadings ooff AAyahyah (2:2) (2:2) GatheringGathering ofof RReadingseadings oofff AAyahyah (2:2)(2:2) GatheringGathering of ofR eadingsReadings o fo fA Ayahyah (2:2) (2:2) Gathering of Readings of Ayah (2:2)

Pass ReadingsReadings GatheringGathering NarratorsNarrators ReadingReading Code Code PassPass ReadingsReadingsReadings Gathering GatheringGathering NarratorsNarratorsNarrators Reading Code Reading Code AllNarratorsNarratorsNarrators Narrators ReadingReadingReading(1) QASR_LA Code CodeCode َٰذ َِٰل كََا ْل ِْك َٰت َٰ بGathering َGatheringGatheringََل )1(َر ْيبReadingsَََفِيReadings ِهَ PassPassPass 1 All Narrators (1) QASR_LA َٰ ََٰٰ َٰ ذ ِل ْ ْ كَ َََََٰٰٰٰال ِكت بََ َل)1(َ ر ْي بَ ََفِي ِهَ 1 All NarratorsAllAllAll Narrators NarratorsNarrators (1) QASR_LA(1)(1) (1)(1)QASR_LA QASR_LA QASR_LA ذ ذ ِلِِلذ ِلَٰ كَ كَ َكََااَالْالل ِْلكِِكِت كْت ت ت َٰ َ بَ َبََََ َلَل )))11(1()(َََ ْر رْيْْيْ ي َبَ بَ ََ ََ ِِفِفِ يي ِِِه ِهَ َ(2) 111 exceptexceptAll Narrators Bazzi Bazzi and and (2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(1) QASR_LA ذ )ِل)2 ك2ََ(َۛالَ(َۛ َِك هت هدًدً بَىَى ))َل3)3(1َ ِ(َل(ِل َْل م مترَّتَِّْقي ِقيي بَن نََ)فِ)ي44ِه(ََ(َ ََ 1 _exceptexceptexceptexcept Bazzi Bazzi BazziBazzi and and andand (2)(2)(2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO )))222(َۛ(َۛ(ََۛ(َََۛ ه ه هدًًدًدًىى)))3(33)(َ(َ (َِلِلِِلْ لْلْْل م متَّتَّ تَّتَِّقِِق ِقيي ي ن ن ))44(َ(َ(4)َ َ exceptQonbulQonbul Bazzi and (2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER )2(ََۛ هدًى)3(َ ِل ْل متَّ ِقي ن)4 (َ َ and QonbulQonbulQonbulQonbul ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER Qonbul EDGHAM_KABEER(3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER (3)(3)(3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(4)(4) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT (4)(4)(4) (4)NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT GHUNNA(4) NO_HA_SAKT

IbnIbnIbn---Thakwan,Thakwan, (4) NO_HA_SAKT ْ ْ َّ َّ Roways,Roways,Roways,Roways, Rawh RawhRawh Rawh (1)(1)(1)(1) HA_SAKTHA_SAKT HA_SAKTHA_SAKT لِْْلْْلم ِلمَّتَِّلتَّقلِق يمي متت نِقنِقي))ي ن1 ن)()1َ1((ََ 22 2 Hafs,Roways,Roways, Eisa, RawhRawh Ibn - (1) HA_SAKT ِلِِللل م متْتَِّقِِقييَّ ن ن))11((ََ 22 Roways,Roways,Hafs,Hafs,Ibn- Thakwan,Rawh Eisa,Eisa, Rawh IbnIbn --- (1) HA_SAKT (1) HA_SAKT ِلل مت ِقي ن)1(1() َ 2 2 IbnIbn--Thakwan,Thakwan,Ibn-Thakwan, Qaloon,Jammaz,Qaloon,Jammaz,Qaloon,Qaloon,Ibn -Warsh,Thakwan, Warsh, Warsh, Warsh, Roways,Roways, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_(1)(1)(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA هدً ه هدًىدً)ى ى1)()1َِ(1ل1ْل()(َم ِلَتَّ ِْل ِقْ ليم متَّ تَّنِق ِقي) ي 2ن ن ())22َ(((2) ََ 3 3 IbnIbn-Hafs,-Thakwan,Qaloon,Thakwan,Qaloon, Eisa, Warsh,Warsh,Warsh, Ibn- (1)(1)(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ه هدًًدًىى))11(((َََِلِلِْلْلْل م متَّتَّتَِّقِقِقيي ي ن ن))22((ََ 33 Hafs,Hafs,Dori-AbuAmr,Qaloon, Eisa,Eisa,Rawh IbnIbn Warsh,--- Thakwan, GHUNNA (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA هدًى)1(َ ِل ْل متَّ ِقي ن)2( َ 3 Hafs,Hafs,DoriHafs,DoriDori Dori IbnEisa,Eisa,-AbuAmr,--RawhAbuAmr, -RawhThakwan,Eisa,AbuAmr, IbnIbn- - IbnThakwan, - (2)(2)(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT Jammaz,Soosi,Jammaz,DoriDori Hisham,Roways,--Hafs,AbuAmr,AbuAmr, Roways, Eisa, (2) Ibn NO_HA_SAKT- (2)(2) NO_HA_SAKT Jammaz,Jammaz,Soosi,Soosi,DoriSoosi,Hafs, Roways,- AbuAmr,Hisham, Hisham,Eisa, Roways, Ibn - (2) NO_HA_SAKT Jammaz,Jammaz,Ibn-Thakwan,Soosi,Soosi, Roways,Roways,Rawh Hafs, Hisham,Hisham, Eisa, Ibn- RawhIbnSoosi,RawhRoways,Ibn-Thakwan,-Thakwan,Jammaz, Hisham, Rawh Roways, (1) HA_SAKT ل ْْلْْ ُم َّتََّّ قي ن)1( 4 Jammaz,Roways,IbnRawhRoways,RawhIbnIbn-Thakwan,-Rawh-Thakwan,Jammaz,Thakwan, Roways, RawhRawh Roways, (1)(1)(1) HA_SAKTHA_SAKTHA_SAKT ل ل للل ُمُُمتتتَّ ق ق قييي ن ن)))11((( 44 Hafs,Hafs,Ibn - Eisa,Thakwan, Eisa, IbnRawh- Hafs,Hafs,Hafs, Eisa, Eisa,Rawh Eisa, Ibn Ibn Ibn - -- Ibn-Jammaz,Roways,Hafs,Hafs, Eisa,Eisa, Rawh IbnRawhIbn-- (1) HA_SAKT ل ْْل ُُم َّتَّ قي ن)1( 4 Roways,Roways,Jammaz,Jammaz,Hafs, Rawh RawhEisa, Roways, Roways, Ibn - (1)(1) HA_SAKTHA_SAKT ُ ْ ل ْ ل ْلُم ُْمتَّت َّق قي َّي ن ن))11(( 44 Roways,Jammaz,Jammaz,Jammaz,Roways,Bazzi,Bazzi, Rawh Roways,Qonbul Qonbul Roways,Roways, Roways, Rawh (1)(1)(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) HA_SAKT ف ف ف ييي ه ه ه )))11(((ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ُ هل لُُهلْل د د د ُُمتَّتَّى ىق)ي)ي) 2 ْن2ْ(()( َّ ل لَّْ 1لْلْل ُ(ُمُُمَّتتَّ تَّ ق ق قييي ن ن)))33((( 455 Roways,Roways,Jammaz,Rawh RawhRawhRoways, Roways, Rawh (1)(1) HA_SAKTHA_SAKT(1) HA_SAKT ل ْلمتَّقي ن)1( ل للل ُمُمتت ق قيي ن ن))11(( 4 44 RawhRawhRawh (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ُ ْ Roways,Bazzi,Roways, RawhRawhRawh Roways,Qonbul Rawh Rawh(1) HA_SAKT(2)(2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) HA_SAKT(1) HA_SAKT لفْلي ُمهتَّ ق)ي 1ن() ۛ لل1ُُهُم(د تَّ قيى) ن)2(1(1 ل()ْْل م َّتَّ ق ي ن ) 3 ( 4 4 54 Bazzi,Bazzi, QonbulRawh Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ف ي ه )1ف (ي ۛ هه د )1ى() 2ُۛه(ُد ل لى ُُم)ت ق 2ي( ن ل ْل) ْم3تَّ َّق(ي ن)3( 5 5 Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(3)(3)(3) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ف يي ه )1(ف ْۛ ۛي ُ ُهَّ د )ى1)( 2ۛه( د ل لْلْل ُىُمتَّت)َّ قيي2( نْ ل)لُ 3ُمت( قي ن)3( 5 5 Bazzi,Bazzi,Roways, QonbulQonbul Rawh (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(2)(1)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA SILAT_HA_ALKINAYASILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) HA_SAKT ف ف ي ِيل له ه م ت)ْ)ِقْي(111 )(ن( ۛ) ۛ ُه1ُه د( د َ ى ى))22((2)( ل لْل ل ُ مُم تَّتَّ ق قيي ن ن))33( (45 55 Roways,Bazzi, Rawh Rawh Rawh Qonbul (2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (1)(1)(1)(1) HA_SAKT HA_SAKTHA_SAKT SILAT_HA_ALKINAYAف ي,Roways, Rowaysه )1( ۛ ُهد ى) ِلْْل2ْ م(ِلَّتَّ ِْلِ قلل ليم متَُّم تنَِّقتَِّقي) قي ين1 ن )(ن))11َ(3((ََ 5 4 4 Bazzi,Roways,Bazzi, Qonbul RawhRawh(2) Qonbul EDGHAM_WITHOUT_ (2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1)(1)(1) HA_SAKT SILAT_HA_ALKINAYAف ,Rowaysي ه )1( ۛف يُه هد )ى)1(ِل2ِلل ۛل( م ُهمت لْتَِّدقْ لِقيُيمَّ ىتَّن ن ق)ي)12 1ن(() لَ َْل3 ُ(3)م( تَّ ق ي ن ) 3 ( 5 44 5 Roways, Rawh (3)(2) NO_HA_SAKT (1)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3) HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ِلل مت ِقي ْ ن)1( َ 4 Bazzi,Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul QonbulQonbul GHUNNA(1)(1)(1)(2)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3)SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA NO_HA_SAKT(3) NO_HA_SAKT فِي ِهَ)1ُُهُُه( د د َۛد هىدىً)))ى11)((( 2 ل ل( ْلْلَْل ُِلُمُْلمَّتَّتَّ تَّم ق ق تقَّييِقيي ن ن ن))))322((( َ 5 66 Bazzi, Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(3)(3)(2) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA فيهَ)1 (َۛ هدًى) 2ُْ(ََّل ْلمتَّقي ن)3( َ 5 Bazzi,Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul QonbulQonbul (3) (2)NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1)(1)(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(2) NO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT فِ ِفِيي ِهِِفِهَيَِ) ِ)ه 11َِ)((1َََۛۛۛ ه( هدًَۛدًدً هىىدً)))ى2()((َََِلِل2ِْللْل( مَمتَِّتلتَِِّْلِقِقي مي ت َّن ِقن ِ)ي) 3ن3()(3ََ( َ 55 5 Bazzi, Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(2)(2)(2)(3) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT فِي ِهَ)1(َۛ هدًى) 2ْْ(َ ِل ْلمتَّ ِقي ن)3( َ 5 Bazzi, Qonbul (2)(2)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ُُه د ى)1( لل ُُم َّتَّ قي ن ْ)2َّْ( 6 Bazzi,Bazzi,Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul QonbulQonbul Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_(1)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)(2)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3) NO_HA_SAKT ُُه د ى )(11ُه)ُه(د د ل ل ْلْل ى ىم) تَّت)َّ ق1 يي1 ( ( ن ل ل)لُم 2ُمت(2)ت َّق( قي ي ن ن) )22(( 6 6 66 Bazzi,Bazzi, QonbulQonbul (1)(1)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3)(3) (2)NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT ْ ُه ُهد د ىى))11ُُ(( ل لْلْل ُمُمتَّتَّ ق قيي ن ن))22(( 66 Dori-AbuAmr,Bazzi, Qonbul GHUNNA (2)(2)(1)(1) (3)NO_HA_SAKT(3)NO_HA_SAKT(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ُهد ف ىي) ه 1)( 1 لل( ُۛمتَُّه قد ي نى))2(( ل ْْلْمتَّ قي ن)3( 6 7 DoriDoriBazzi,---AbuAmr,AbuAmr,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)(1)(1)(3)(1) NO_HA_SAKT (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEERNO_HA_SAKTEDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKT ُهد ىف ف ف )ييي ه ه1 ه ()) ُه) لد1 ْل1(م(( ۛىتَّ ۛ ۛ ق)ُهُيُهد 1د د ن(ى) ى ل)ْ)ل2) 2ُم(2تَّ(( ق( ي ل ل للْ لنُُمُُم)تَّتَّتَّ ق ق ق2ييي( ن ن )))33((( 6 776 Bazzi, Qonbul (2) (1)NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2) NO_HA_SAKT (2) NO_HA_SAKT هدًىُ)1(َ ِل ْل متَّ ِقي ن)2( َ 6 SoosiSoosi (2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ْ Bazzi,DoriBazzi,-Soosi AbuAmr,Qonbul Qonbul (1)(1)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)(1) NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_KABEER(2) NO_HA_SAKT (2) NO_HA_SAKT ف ي ه ه دً) هى1دً)( ۛ 1ۛى ُُه()َ د ِلْل1 (مى ََّتَّ)ِْلِقْلي2 م نت(َّ ِق ) لي ْْل2 ن(م)َّتََّ ق2ي( نَ)3( 6 6 7 DoriDoriDori-AbuAmr,--Bazzi,AbuAmr,AbuAmr,Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul QonbulQonbul (1) EDGHAM_KABEER(1)(1)(1) (1)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER ه هدًدً هىدىً)ف )فيى1ي 1ه)(ه (َ َِل)1ِل)ْل( 1مَ(1 م1ِتل(ْت)َِّلق( ِۛق ي ۛمي ُهت َّنُه ِقند )يد ) 2ىن 2ُىُ()()َ 2َ2(2)(( لَ ْل ْل م متَّ ت َّققيي ن ن))3 3( 7(6 6 6 77 Bazzi,Dori-AbuAmr, Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1)(2) (3)(3)(3)EDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ف يي ه ) هد1ً( ۛى ۛ)ُ ُه 1د (َىِلل) م2تَّ ِق(ي ل ل ْلْنل ُ)ُمتَّت2َّ ق(يي َْنْ ) ُ 3ُ( 6 7 DoriDori--SoosiAbuAmr,AbuAmr,Soosi (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_(2)(1)(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER(2)(2)(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ف ف يي ه ه ))11ْ(َّ( ۛ ۛ ُه ُهد د ىى))(3) 22 ( ( ل لل ل ُ مُم تَّتَّ ق قيي ن ن))33(( 77 Dori-AbuAmr,(2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (2) NO_HA_SAKT(1) EDGHAM_KABEER ف SoosiيSoosi ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( لل ُمت قي ن) 3ْ( 7 SoosiAbuAmr,- AbuAmr, Dori -AbuAmr, (2)(2)GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (2) (1)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_KABEER(1) EDGHAM_KABEER(1) EDGHAM_KABEER- ف SoosiSoosiDoriيDori ه )1( ۛ فِيُه ِه د َ ))ى1)1(َۛ(2 ۛ ه( دًُه لدْ لى ُم)ىتَّ ق2)ي(2َ ِلنْل() م لتَّل3ِق ُيم(تَّ ن ق)ي3 ن()3َ( 7 7 7 Soosi (3)(2) NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3) NO_HA_SAKT ْ DoriDoriDoriDori-AbuAmr,Soosi---SoosiAbuAmr,AbuAmr, (3) (2)NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)(1)(1)(1) (1)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3)(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKTEDGHAM_KABEER(3) NO_HA_SAKT فِي ِهَفِي) ِه1َُُه(ُُه)َۛ د د د 1 ه(ىدًىَۛ)))ى ه1)د1ً(((2 ى ل( لْل)َْلْلِلُُْمْل2مَّتَّ تَّ(متَّ ق قتََّقيِلِيقيْلي ن من ن)تَّ))ِق)ي322( (ن() َ 3( َ 7 887 DoriDoriDori-AbuAmr,--AbuAmr,AbuAmr,Soosi (1)(3)(1)(3)(1)(2) EDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKTEDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEERNO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA فِفِيي ِهِفِهَيَ) ِ)ه11َ)((1ََۛۛ ه( هدًَۛدً هىىدً))2ى2()( ََِل2ِلُُْل( مَ متَِّ لتَِّقْل ِقي مي تَّن ِقن)ي)3 ن3()(3ََ( َ 77 7 DoriSoosi,-AbuAmr,Soosi Roways, (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1)(3) EDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKT(2) NO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT فِي ِهَ)1(َۛ هدًى)2(َ ِل ْل متَّ ِقي ن)3( َ 7 Dori-AbuAmr,Soosi,Soosi,SoosiSoosi Roways,Roways, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_(2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2)(2)(2)(3) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT (1) ْْ (2) 8 DoriSoosi-SoosiAbuAmr, (2)(2)(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (1)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُُه د ى)1( لل ُُم َّتَّ قي ن ْ)2َّْ( 8 DoriDoriSoosi,--DoriAbuAmr,AbuAmr, Roways,-RawhRawhAbuAmr, (1)(1)GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(3)(3) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT ُُه د ى)1ُه ُه(د د ل ل ْلْلىىم)تَّت)َّ ق1يي1(( ن ل ل)لُم 2ُمتت َّق( قيي ن ن))22(( 8 88 DoriDoriSoosi,--AbuAmr,AbuAmr,Rawh Roways, (1)(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(3)(3)(3)(2) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT ْ ُه ُهد د ىى))11ُُ(( ل لْلْل ُمُمتَّتَّ ق قيي ن ن))22(( 88 DoriRawh Roways,Roways,-AbuAmr,Dori -AbuAmr, (2) NO_HA_SAKT (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(2)(2)(3) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT(1) NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد ,Soosi,Soosiى)1 ه(دً للى ُ)مت1َّ ق(يَ ِل ْنل )متَّ ِق2ي( ن )2( َ 8 8 Soosi,Dori Roways,- AbuAmr,Roways,Dori -AbuAmr, (1)(2) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA NO_HA_SAKT(1)(2) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNANO_HA_SAKT ُهد ,Soosiى)1( ُه لد ْلمىتَّ ق)ي1 ن() ل ْل2 ُم(تَّ قي ن)2( 8 8 Soosi,Soosi,Dori Roways,Rawh- Roways,AbuAmr,Soosi, Roways, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT(2) NO_HA_SAKT هدًى ُ)1(َ ِل ْل متَّ ِقْي ن)2( َ 8 Khalaf,DoriRawhKhalaf,RawhKhalaf,Dori -KhalladAbuAmr,Rawh - AbuAmr, KhalladKhallad (1) (1)MAD_LA(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(1)(1) MAD_LAMAD_LA ه د ً الالى) ه))د11ً(11((ى)( )َ ِ لرْلر 1ْْْيْي م( تََّ َِِّلقب ب لي ۛ ۛ ۛ م نتَّ ف فِق)ي يي ه2ه ن)())2َ2(22(()(( ۛ ۛ ۛ َ 89 998 Khalaf,DoriRawhSoosi,RawhDoriRawh-AbuAmr,-AbuAmr, Soosi, Roways, Khallad Roways, (1)(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(2)(1) NO_HA_SAKT MAD_LA(2) NO_HA_SAKT هدً هالدىً))1ى1()( 1َ ِ لرل( ْيَ مِلْ تْل ِقب مي َّۛتَّ ِقن ف ي)ي ن ه2)(2َ(( َۛ 8 8 9 Soosi,DoriSoosi, - AbuAmr,Roways, Roways,Rawh (2) QASR_HA_(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT هدًى)(13)( َ ِل ل ْ م ت َّ ِق ي ن )2((4) َ 8 Soosi,Soosi,Soosi,Rawh Roways, Roways,Roways, Rawh (2)(2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(2)(2)(2) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT ُُهُُه د د د ىى)))33((( ل ل ْلْلْل ُُمُُمَّتتَّتَّ ق ق قييي ن ن)))44((( Soosi,Khalaf, Rawh Roways, Khallad ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ (2) NO_HA_SAKT(1) MAD_LA ال)1( ر ْْي ب ۛ ۛ ف ي ه)2(( ۛ ۛ 9 Khalaf,Khalaf,Khalaf, KhalladKhalladRawhRawhRawh Khallad (1)(1)EDGHAM_KABEER MAD_LAMAD_LA(1) MAD_LA ال)1( رال ْيْالي))1ب 1 ۛ( ۛ( ف ريي ْريهْي) ب ب 2ۛ ۛ((ف ۛ ۛف ي ي ه ه))22(( ۛ ۛ 9 99 Khalaf,Khalaf,Khalaf, KhalladKhalladRawh Khallad EDGHAM_KABEER(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(1)(1)EDGHAM_KABEER(1) MAD_LA MAD_LAMAD_LA َل) ُُه1 د (َى ر) ْي ال ال 3 )بَ)(َۛ 1َ ل1 فِ ْْل((ي م ِه َّتَّر ) رقْيْي2 نب (َۛب ََ ۛ) ۛ ف 4ف ي(ي ه ه ))22(( ۛ ۛ 9 99 Khalaf, Khallad(2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ (1) MAD_LA ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي هُه ُه)د د 2ى(ىُُ) ۛ) 33(( ل ْ ل ْلُممتَّت َّق قيي ن ن))44( ( 9 Khalaf, Khallad (2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(3)(3)(3) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(1) MAD_LA هالدًُُه) د ى1)(ى3 )(رَ 3ِلْيْل( م لت َّلب ْلِْقل ۛيُ ُم ف تَّتنَّي ق)ي يه4 ) ْن(ْ)2َ(4َُّ ۛ( 9 Khalaf,Khalaf, KhalladKhalaf, Khallad(3) Khallad EDGHAM_WITHOUT_(2)(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ EDGHAM_KABEER(1)(1) MAD_LA MAD_LA(1) MAD_LAال)1( رَلْي) 1ب َلْ ۛ()َ ف 1َّريْي( َُه ُه )د بَرد َْۛي2َىفِ(ىيبَ) ۛ)َِۛ ه3َ)3فِ(ي(2 ِ هل لل)(َۛل ََُمُم2تَّت ق ق(َۛييََ ن ن))44(( 9 9 9 Khalaf,Khalaf, KhalladKhallad EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER(2)EDGHAM_KABEER QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(4)(1) NO_HA_SAKT MAD_LA ُهد ى) َل3َل)() 1 ل1ل((ََُم تر ر ْقي ْيي بَ نبَََۛۛ)ََْفِفِ 4يي ِ(ه ِه)) 22(َۛ(َََۛ ََ 99 Khalaf, KhalladKhallad (2)GHUNNA(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER(2) EDGHAM_KABEERQASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(4)(1)(4)(4)(1) MAD_LA NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTMAD_LA ُهد ى)3 ه(د ً ُه لَلد ْلى) ُم)ىت1َّ ق3)((يَ(3ََ ِرلنر(ْلْيْي) م ل تَّل4 بَِقبََُْۛم(يََۛتََّ فِ قنفِيي) ِهِه ن4))()4َ22(َۛ((َََۛ ََ 99 QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(3) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER (2)(2) هدًى ه)د3ًى()َ ِل ْل3ْ م(تََّ َِِّلقلي م نتَّ ِق)ي4 ن()4َ( َ NO_HA_SAKT (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3)QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3)(2) (3)(3)(4) هدً هدىً)ى3)(3َِلل(َ مِلْتْل ِقميَّتَّ ِقني) ن4)(4َ( َ EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAQASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER(4) NO_HA_SAKTEDGHAM_KABEER (2)(3)(3) هدًى)3(َ ِلل م ت ِقي ن)4( َ (4)(4)(4)(3)EDGHAM_KABEER NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKTEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(4) NO_HA_SAKT (3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_KABEER(3)EDGHAM_KABEER (4)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA NO_HA_SAKT (3)(3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(4)(4) NO_HA_SAKTNO_HA_SAKT(4) NO_HA_SAKT (3)(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(4) (4)NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT 145 (4)(4)(4) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT(4) NO_HA_SAKT TableTable 55 (4)(4) NO_HA_SAKT NO_HA_SAKT Table 5

Table 5 TableTableTableStatus 55 5b y the end of Pass-6 TableTable Status 55 b y the end off PassPass--6 Table 5 Status Table bTable 5y the end5 of Pass-6 StatusStatusStatus bbyy thethe b endyend the o oendff PassPass of- -Pass66 -6 Status WordWord b y the end11 of Pass22 -6 33 44 55 66 77 StatusStatus bbyy thetheStatus endend b ooyff PassthePass end--66 of Pass-6 (فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) Stopping 7 6 (((فففيييه ه ))) FeehhFeehh5 4 (4 (4ال3ال ال )StatusStoppingStoppingWordStatus by the bendy1 the o fend Pass2 o-f 6Pass -((6 WordWordWord 11 12 2 2 33 3 44 4 55 5 66 67 7 7 narratorsnarratorsWord 1 2 MAD_LAMAD_LA3 4 EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER5 6 7 7 6 77 66 5 (في ه ) Feehh55 4 44 3 (4ال ) WordWordStopping Word 11 22 1 2 33 (Roways,Rawhفي ي ه ) ((ففييه ,Soosiه ) ) DoriAbuAmr,FeehhFeehhFeehh (4ال ) ,Khalaf(4(4الال )) StoppingStoppingStopping Roways,Rawh5 6 67 7 ((5ففييه ه )) ,Khalaf,4) 3 3 4 4DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEERFeehhFeehh Soosi(4 الMAD_LAال StoppingStoppingnarratorsWord Word 1 12 ((2 (فيه ) EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEERFeehh (4ال ) narratorsnarrators Stopping MAD_LAMAD_LA Khallad ( فيه ) (فيRoways,Rawhه ) DoriAbuAmr,EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEERFeehh Soosi,Feehh (4ال ) (4 ال )narratorsnarratorsnarratorsStopping Stopping MAD_LAMAD_LA MAD_LAKhalladKhalaf,Khallad narrators Khalaf,Khalaf,Khalaf, MAD_LA DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, Soosi,Soosi,EDGHAM_KABEER Soosi, Roways,RawhRoways,Rawh Roways,Rawh narratorsnarrators MAD_LAKhalaf,MAD_LA DoriAbuAmr,EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER Soosi, Roways,Rawh Khalaf,Khalaf,Khallad Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, Soosi,Soosi, Roways,RawhRoways,Rawh Soosi, Roways,Rawh KhalladKhalladKhallad KhalladKhalladKhalaf, Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Soosi, Roways,Rawh Roways,Rawh Khallad KhalladKhallad

BuildingBuilding WordWord ReadingsReadings TreeTree Building Word Readings Tree

Building Word Readings Tree Readings) Readings Readings TreeTree Treeف ((ي ف ف Wordي هي ه ه))) BuildingBuildingBuildingwordword WordWord---5 5 BuildingBuilding WordWord ReadingsReadings TreeTree Building Word Readings Tree Word) Word Readings Readings Tree Tree ف ي ه) word Building-5Building ((( ـه ـهـه ) ()) (ف في ي ه ه)) wordword-letterletter-letter55 ( ف ي ه) word -5 ( ف ي ه) 5- ( (ف word ف ي ي ه ه)) wordword --55 ( ف ي ه )( 5ـه-) letter word ( ف ي ه) word) -5ـه ) ((ـهـه)) letterletter letter (ـه) letter (ـه) letter ((ـهـه)) letterletter (ـه) (ـهletter (letter Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Table 4 shows the status by the end of the first pass. In this pass, the ayah is recited as shown in Recited row. Words that are read with one way only for all narrators have the DEFAULT reading code. StoppingNarrators are not presented in the form of pairs to save space. However, it is easy to generate these pairs from the table. For example, for word-3, stoppingNarrators set is {(Khallaf, MAD_LA), (Khallad, MAD_LA)}. The first pass always covers the whole ayah. Other passes are usually shorter since they start from some word within the ayah; nevertheless, they always end at the end of the ayah.

Table 4

Status by the end of the Pass-1

Word Recited Stopping Narrators 1 DEFAULT

2 DEFAULT

3 QASR_LA MAD_LA: Khalaf, Khallad

4 DEFAULT

5 QASR_HA_ SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA: ALKINAYA Bazzi, Qonbul EDGHAM_KABEER: DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Roways, Rawh

6 EDGHAM_ EDGHAM_WITH_ WITHOUT_GHONNA GHONNA: Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh

7 NO_HA_SAKT HA_SAKT: Roways, Rawh

Finished Partially: Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Khalaf, Khallad, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Finished Completely: Shuba, AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Idrees

Figure 2 traces the algorithm to show how the first pass is generated. Initially, the currentWord is word-1 and stoppingNarrators set

146 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

contains twenty pairs, one pair for each narrator with the DEFAULT reading. The currentNarrator will be Qaloon because he is the highest in rank among the narrators in stoppingNarrators. CurrentNarrator Khallad, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh,will Finishednot change Completely: until the end Shuba, of theAbuAlharith, pass. All DoriAlkisaee,narrators will join Khallad, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways,walkingNarrators Rawh,Ishaq, Finished Idrees because Completely: all of Shuba,them readAbuAlharith, currentWord DoriAlkisaee, like the currentNarratorIshaq, (Qaloon Idrees ). All the pairs, and hence narrators, will be removed from stoppingNarrators for word-1 because none of them Figure 2 traces the algorithm to show howread the it firstin any pass other is generated. way. Since Initially, word-1 isthe not currentWord the last word is in word the -ayah1 , and stoppingNarratorsFigure 2 traces the set algorithm contains totwenty showcurrentWord pairs,how theone first becomespair pass for iseachword-2. generated. narrator The Initially,stoppingNarratorswith the theDEFAULT currentWord at reading.word-2 is word will -1 The currentNarratorand stoppingNarrators will be set Qalooncontains containbecause twenty the pairs,he twenty is one the pairs: pair highest onefor eachpair in fornarratorrank each among narrator with thethe with DEFAULT narrators the DEFAULT reading.in stoppingNarrators.The currentNarrator CurrentNarrator will be willQaloonreading. not changebecause A new until iterationhe isthe the endstarts highest of and the thepass.in samerank All will amongnarrators happen the will fornarrators joinword-2 in walkingNarratorsstoppingNarrators. because CurrentNarrator all of them readbecause currentWordwill itnot is changeread like in oneuntilthe currentNarratorway the onlyend forof theall narrators.(pass.Qaloon All). TheAllnarrators thecurrentWord pairs, will join and hencewalkingNarrators narrators, will because be remo allved of from thembecomes stoppingNarrators read currentWordword-3 with for likestoppingNarrators word the currentNarrator-1 because nonecomposed of(Qaloon them of ).read twenty-two All it the in pairs, pairs: twenty pairs for the twenty narrators with the QASR_LA any otherand henceway. narrators,Since word will-1 beis remonot theved lastfrom word stoppingNarrators in the ayah, forcurrentWord word-1 because becomes none word of them-2. The read it in reading (which is the default reading for MAD_LA reading code). stoppingNarratorsany other way at .word Since-2 willword contain-1 is not the thetwenty last pairs: word one in pairthe forayah each, currentWord narrator with becomes the DEFAULT word-2. The Another two pairs will be added: (Khalaf, MAD_LA) and (Khallad, reading.stoppingNarrators A new iteration startsat word and-2 thewill same containMAD_LA). will the happen twenty for pairs: word one-2 because pair for it each is read narrator in one with way the only DEFAULT for all narrators.reading. The A new currentWord iteration starts becomes and theword same-3 with will stoppingNarratorshappen for word-2 compbecauseosed it isof read twenty in one-two way pairs: only for twentyall pairs narrators. for the The twenty currentWord narrators becomes withThe thecurrentWord word QASR_LA-3 with stoppingNarrators( word-3reading) (whichis read is comp thewith oseddefault QASR_LA of twentyreading - tworeadingfor pairs: MAD_LAtwenty reading pairs code).for the Another twenty two narrators pairs(currentReading will with be added:the QASR_LA will (Khalaf be QASR_LA)., MAD_LA)reading (which This and is ( Khalladtheis the only default, wayMAD_LA). with reading which for MAD_LA reading code). Another Qaloontwo pairs reads will word-3.be added: All ( Khalafnarrators, MAD_LA) read word-3 and with (Khallad currentReading, MAD_LA)., The currentWord (word-3) is read with thusQASR_LA they will reading all join (currentReading walkingNarrators will. Thebe QASR_LA). stoppingNarrators This is for the onlyThe way currentWord with which ( wordQaloon-3) readsis read wordword-3 with-3. QASR_LA Allwill narratorsreduce reading down read to(wordcurrentReading {(Khalaf-3 with, MAD_LA),currentReading will be QASR_LA).(Khallad, thus , theyMAD_ This is will allthe joinonly walkingNarratorsway with which Qaloon. The stoppingNarratorsreadsLA)}. word This- 3.is Allbecause narrators for theyword readhave-3 willword another -reduce3 with reading currentReadingdown for toword-3 {(Khalaf (MAD_, thus, they MAD_LA),will all (Khallad join walkingNarrators, MAD_LA)}. This. LA).The is because stoppingNarratorsNext, currentWord they have another becomesfor word reading word-4-3 will for andreduce word its - stoppingNarrators3down (MAD_LA). to {(Khalaf , will be the twenty pairs for all narrators with DEFAULT reading code. Next, currentWordMAD_LA), ( becomesKhallad, wordMAD_LA)}.-4 and its ThisstoppingNarrators is because they will have be the another twenty reading pairs for for all word narrators-3 (MAD_LA). with DEFAULTNext, readingcurrentWord code. becomes word-4 and its stoppingNarrators will be the twenty pairs for all narrators with The currentWord (word-4) is read the same way for all narrators. All DEFAULT reading code. stopping narrators for word-4 will join walkingNarrators set. The The currentWord (word-4) is read the samestoppingNarrators way for all narrators. set for word-4All stopping will reduce narrators down for toword an empty-4 will set. join walkingNarratorsThe currentWord set.(word The-4 ) stoppingNarratorsis readCurrentWord the same way set becomes forfor all word narrators.word-5-4 will. StoppingNarrators Allreduce stopping down narrators to foran word-5empty for word set.will- 4 be will CurrentWordjoin walkingNarrators becomes word- 5set.. StoppingNarrators The stoppingNarrators{(n,r)| n is forany word narrator set-5 willfor except beword { Bazzi(n,r)-4 will| nand is reduceaQonbulny narrator down and rexcept isto QASR_HA_ an Bazziempty set. and QonbulCurrentWord and rbecomes is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA} word-5. StoppingNarratorsALKINAYA}  {( for{(BazziBazzi word, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),,- 5SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA), will be {(n,r)| n is any narrator (Qonbul (Qonbul except, SILAT_, Bazzi SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA)}and Qonbul and r is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA}{(DoriAbuAmrHA_ALKINAYA)}, EDGHAM_KABEER),  {({(DoriAbuAmrBazzi, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),(Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER),, EDGHAM_KABEER), ((SoosiQonbul , , (RowaysSILAT_HA_ALKINAYA)}, EDGHAM_KABEER), ( Rawh {(EDGHAM_KABEER),(,DoriAbuAmr EDGHAM_KABEER)}, EDGHAM_KABEER),. Roways,EDGHAM_KABEER),( (Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER),Rawh, (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER), (EDGHAM_KABEER)}.Rawh, EDGHAM_KABEER)} . The currentWord (word-5) is read for currentNarrator (Qaloon) with currentReading of QASR-HA- The currentWord (word-5) is read for currentNarrator (Qaloon) with ALKINAYA.The currentWord Narrators that(word read-5) with is read this forreading currentNarrator will join the walkingNarrators(Qaloon) with currentReading. WalkingNarrators of QASR will -HA- currentReading of QASR-HA-ALKINAYA. Narrators that read with ALKINAYA. Narrators that read with this reading will join the walkingNarrators. WalkingNarrators will include all narrators except Bazzi and Qonbulthis reading. These willtwo narratorsjoin the walkingNarratorsare excluded because. WalkingNarrators they do not read will word-5include as the allcurrentReading narrators except. All Bazzi pairs and(n,r) Qonbul with r .is These QASR_HA_ALKINAYA two narrators are exclude will bed because removed they from do the not read word-5.stoppingNarratorsword-5 as the currentReading of word. All-5 pairs. StoppingNarrators (n,r) with r is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA for word-5 reduces will beto removed {(Bazzi from , 147 the SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),word-5.stoppingNarrators (Qonbul of, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYAword-5. StoppingNarrators), (DoriAbuAmr for word, EDGHAM_KABEER),-5 reduces to {( Bazzi, (SoosiSILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Roways (Qonbul, EDGHAM_KABEER),, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (Rawh), (,DoriAbuAmr EDGHAM_KABEER)}., EDGHAM_KABEER), Note that narrators(Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER),with EDGHAM_KABEER (Roways will, stayEDGHAM_KABEER), with the stopping narrators(Rawh, EDGHAM_KABEER)}. of word-5. These four Note narratorsthat also narrators read with with QASR_HA_ALKINAYA EDGHAM_KABEER will reading, stay withso their the corresponding stopping narrators pairs willof word join -with5. These the four walkingnarrators narrators. also CurrentWord read with QASR_HA_ALKINAYA becomes word-6 with reading,stoppingNarrators so their corresponding of {(n,r)| n pairsis not will Bazzi join nor with the Qonbulwalking and r is narrators. EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA)} CurrentWord becomes word -6 with(x,EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA stoppingNarrators of {(n,r)|)  nx is Qaloonnot Bazzi, nor WarshQonbul, DoriAbuAmr and r is, SoosiEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA)}, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa , IbnJammaz(x,EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA, Roways or Rawh}. ) x is Qaloon, Warsh , DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways or Rawh}.

10 10

Khallad, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Finished Completely: Shuba, AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Idrees

Figure 2 traces the algorithm to show how the first pass is generated. Initially, the currentWord is word-1 and stoppingNarrators set contains twenty pairs, one pair for each narrator with the DEFAULT reading. The currentNarrator will be Qaloon because he is the highest in rank among the narrators in stoppingNarrators. CurrentNarrator will not change until the end of the pass. All narrators will join walkingNarrators because all of them read currentWord like the currentNarrator (Qaloon). All the pairs, and hence narrators, will be removed from stoppingNarrators for word-1 because none of them read it in any other way. Since word-1 is not the last word in the ayah, currentWord becomes word-2. The stoppingNarrators at word-2 will contain the twenty pairs: one pair for each narrator with the DEFAULT reading. A new iteration starts and the same will happen for word-2 because it is read in one way only for all narrators. The currentWord becomes word-3 with stoppingNarratorsJournal ofcomp ICT, 20,osed No. of 2 (April)twenty 2021,-two pp: pairs: 135– 169 twenty pairs for the twenty narrators with the QASR_LA reading (which is the default reading for MAD_LA reading code). Another two pairs will be added:include (Khalaf all narrators, MAD_LA) except and Bazzi (Khallad and ,Qonbul MAD_LA).. These two narrators are excluded because they do not read word-5 as the currentReading. Khallad, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Finished Completely: Shuba, AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, The currentWord (word-3) is read with QASR_LA readingAll pairs (currentReading (n,r) with r is will QASR_HA_ALKINAYA be QASR_LA). This is will be removed Ishaq, Idrees the only way with which Qaloon reads word-3. All narratorsfrom the read word-5.stoppingNarrators word-3 with currentReading of word-5, thus they. StoppingNarrators will all join walkingNarrators. The stoppingNarratorsfor word-5 for word reduces-3 will to {(reduceBazzi, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),down to {(Khalaf, (Qonbul,

MAD_LA), (Khallad, MAD_LA)}. This is because theySILAT_HA_ALKINAYA), have another reading for(DoriAbuAmr word-3 (MAD_LA)., EDGHAM_KABEER), Figure 2 traces the algorithm to show how the first pass is generated. Initially, the currentWord is word-1 Next, currentWord becomes word-4 and its stoppingNarrators(Soosi, willEDGHAM_KABEER), be the twenty pairs for ( Rowaysall narrators, EDGHAM_KABEER), with and stoppingNarrators set contains(Rawh twenty, EDGHAM_KABEER)}. pairs, one pair for each Notenarrator that withnarrators the DEFAULT with EDGHAM_ reading. DEFAULT reading code. The currentNarrator will be QaloonKABEER because will stayhe is with the thehighest stopping in ranknarrators among of word-5.the narrators These in stoppingNarrators. CurrentNarratorfour will narrators not change also untilread thewith end QASR_HA_ALKINAYA of the pass. All narrators reading, will join The currentWord (word-4) is read the same way for all narrators. All stopping narrators for word-4 will walkingNarrators because all of themso theirread currentWordcorresponding like pairs the willcurrentNarrator join with the (Qaloon walking). All narrators. the pairs, join walkingNarrators set. The stoppingNarrators set for word-4 will reduce down to an empty set. and hence narrators, will be removedCurrentWord from stoppingNarrators becomes word-6 for withword stoppingNarrators-1 because none of of them {(n,r) read| n itis in CurrentWord becomes word-5. StoppingNarrators fornot word Bazzi-5 will nor be Qonbul {(n,r) | andn is ra ny is EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA)}narrator except Bazzi any other way. Since word-1 is not the last word in the ayah, currentWord becomes word-2. The and Qonbul and r is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA}  {(x,{(EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNABazzi, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),)| x is Qaloon (Qonbul, Warsh, , DoriAbuAmr, stoppingNarrators at word-2 will contain the twenty pairs: one pair for each narrator with the DEFAULT SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA)}  {(DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER),Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan (Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER),, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz , Roways or reading. A new iteration starts and the same will happen for word-2 because it is read in one way only for (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Rawh, EDGHAM_KABEER)}Rawh}. . all narrators. The currentWord becomes word-3 with stoppingNarrators composed of twenty-two pairs: twenty pairs for the twenty narrators with the QASR_LA reading (which is the default reading for The currentWord (word-5) is read for currentNarratorThe (currentWordQaloon) with ( word-6currentReading) is read offor QASR currentNarrator-HA- (Qaloon) MAD_LA reading code). Another twowith pairs currentReading will be added: is ( KhalafEDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA., MAD_LA) and (Khallad, MAD_LA). Note ALKINAYA. Narrators that read with this reading will join the walkingNarrators. WalkingNarrators will that both pairs {(Qaloon, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA) and include all narrators except Bazzi and Qonbul. These two narrators are excluded because they do not read The currentWord (word-3) is read (witQaloonh QASR_LA, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA)} reading (currentReading willare inbe stoppingNarratorsQASR_LA). This is word-5 as the currentReading. All pairs (n,r) with r is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA will be removed from the the only way with which Qaloon readsset for word word-6-3. All. The narrators reciter read will word pick- 3 the with first currentReading pair because, thus the they first word-5.stoppingNarrators of word-5. StoppingNarrators for word-5 reduces to {(Bazzi, will all join walkingNarrators. Thereading stoppingNarrators code is the defaultfor word of -3the will second. reduce StoppingNarratorsdown to {(Khalaf , SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA), (Qonbul, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA), (DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER), MAD_LA), (Khallad, MAD_LA)}.at Thisword-6 is becauseare all theynarrators have anotherexcept Bazzireading and for Qonbul word-3 and(MAD_LA). all of (Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER),them read with (Rawh currentReading, EDGHAM_KABEER)}.. Therefore, allNote of them will join Next, currentWord becomes word-4 and its stoppingNarrators will be the twenty pairs for all narrators with that narrators with EDGHAM_KABEER will stay withwalkingNarrators the stopping. narratorsTheir corresponding of word-5. pairsThese will four be removed from DEFAULT reading code. narrators also read with QASR_HA_ALKINAYA reading,the stoppingNarrators so their corresponding of word-6pairs will. StoppingNarrators join with the for word- walking narrators. CurrentWord becomes word-6 with6 will stoppingNarrators reduce to {(x,EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA)| of {(n,r)| n is not Bazzi nor x is Qaloon, The currentWord (word-4) is read the same way for all narrators. All stopping narrators for word-4 will Qonbul and r is EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA)}Warsh,  (x, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNADoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham,) x isIbnThakwan, Qaloon, Hafs, Eisa, join walkingNarrators set. The stoppingNarrators set for word-4 will reduce down to an empty set. Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, HafsIbnJammaz,, Eisa, IbnJammaz Roways, orRoways Rawh or}. CurrentWordRawh}. becomes word-7. The CurrentWord becomes word-5. StoppingNarratorsstoppingNarrators for for word word-7-5 will becomes be {(n,r) {(| nn,NO_HA_SAKT)| is any narrator except n is notBazzi and Qonbul and r is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA}Bazzi nor Qonbul }  {({(RowaysBazzi, , SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA),HA_SAKT), (Rawh, HA_SAKT)}. (Qonbul , SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA)}  {(DoriAbuAmrNote that there, EDGHAM_KABEER),are no contradictions between (Soosi currentReading, EDGHAM_KABEER), and any of the readings for the previous words. There are no readings yet with (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER),10 (Rawh , EDGHAM_KABEER)}. EDGHAM_KABEER (Table 2). The currentWord (word-5) is read for currentNarrator (Qaloon) with currentReading of QASR-HA- The currentWord (word-7) is read by currentNarrator (Qaloon) ALKINAYA. Narrators that read with this reading will join the walkingNarrators. WalkingNarrators will with currentReading (NO_HA_SAKT). All stoppingNarrators read include all narrators except Bazzi andwith Qonbul this reading,. These twothus narratorsall of them are excludewill joind becausethe walkingNarrators they do not read. word-5 as the currentReading. All Allpairs pairs (n,r) with with the r is NO_HA_SAKT QASR_HA_ALKINAYA reading will will be beremoved removed from from the the word-5.stoppingNarrators of word-5. StoppingNarrators for word-5 reduces to {(Bazzi, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA), (Qonbul148, SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ), (DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Rawh, EDGHAM_KABEER)}. Note that narrators with EDGHAM_KABEER will stay with the stopping narrators of word-5. These four narrators also read with QASR_HA_ALKINAYA reading, so their corresponding pairs will join with the walking narrators. CurrentWord becomes word-6 with stoppingNarrators of {(n,r)| n is not Bazzi nor Qonbul and r is EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA)}  (x,EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA) x is Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways or Rawh}.

10 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 stoppingNarrators of word-7. Therefore, stoppingNarrators for word- 7 will reduce to the set {(Roways, HA_SAKT), (Rawh, HA_SAKT)}. Since word-7 is the last word of the ayah, currentWord is set to be the word - with stopping narrators - that is closest to the end of the ayah, which is word-7 itself. As a result, currentWord becomes word-7. By this, the first pass is finished and the situation will be as shown in Table 4. Partially finished narrators are those who are still stopping at some word of the ayah. They still have some other readings to come in later passes. The completely finished narrators are not stopping anywhere and all their readings are covered.

The second pass will start with the right backward arrow in Figure 2. The currentWord is word-7 with stoppingNarrators of {(Roways, HA_SAKT), (Rawh, HA_SAKT)}. The currentNarrator is set to be the narrator with the highest rank among the stoppingNarrators of word-7 (that is, Roways). The reciter will read word-7 with (HA_ SAKT) for currentNarrator (Roways). Both Roways and Rawh join WalkingNarrators. Both narrators will also be removed from stoppingNarrators for word-7. Therefore, stoppingNarrators for word-7 becomes empty. Since word-7 is the last word in the ayah, currentWord will be set to the word with stopping narrators that are closest to the end of the ayah. Thus, it will be set to word-6 and a new pass starts.

In pass-2, the reciter does not start reading from the beginning of the ayah because this earlier part of the ayah has been covered implicitly in the nearest previous pass(es). Although one word only is read in this pass, this pass corresponds to the narration for the whole ayah. The narrations of the whole ayah can be rebuilt by concatenating the part that is read in this pass, with the latest readings of the preceding words in the nearest previous pass(es). These last readings are stored in wordReadingVector. For pass-2, the corresponding whole ayah narration is the same as the first pass, except thatword-7 is to be read with HA_SAKT reading. By the end of this pass, Roways and Rawh have finished partially because they are still stopping at word-5 and word-6.

The following section will explore pass-7 to illustrate the case where contradicting readings for a narrator co-exist. The stopping narrators at the end of pass-6 are shown in Table 5. CurrentWord is set to be the

149 Ibn-Thakwan, Ibn-Thakwan, Hafs, Eisa, IbnHafs,- Eisa, Ibn- Jammaz, Roways,Jammaz, Roways, Rawh Rawh

RawhRoways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT(1) HA_SAKT ل ْل ُم,Rowaysتَّ قي ن)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 4 4

Bazzi, Qonbul(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA(1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ف يQonbul ه )1( ۛ ُهد ,Bazziى)2( ل ْلف ُميتَّ ه ق ي) ن1)( 3ۛ(ُهد ى)2( ل ْل ُم تَّ ق5ي ن)3( 5 (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) NO_HA_SAKT(3) NO_HA_SAKT Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 QonbulBazzi, Qonbul(1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ُهد ى),1Bazzi( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2(ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن )26( 6 (2) NO_HA_SAKT(2) NO_HA_SAKT closest word to the end of the ayah with stopping narrators (word-5).

The stoppingNarrators set for word-5 is {(DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_ Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_KABEER ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( ل ْلمتَّ قي ن)3(ُ ْ 7َّ _SoosiDori-,AbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER), (1) EDGHAM_KABEER(Roways, EDGHAM) ف ُي ه )1( ۛهد ,(KABEERى)2( لل ُمت قي ن)3( 7 KABEER), (RawhSoosi, EDGHAM_KABEER)}. Soosi(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNACurrentNarrator(2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA will be DoriAbuAmr (highest in rank among stoppingNarrators).(3) NO_HA_SAKT(3) NO_HA_SAKT The reciter will read word-5 for currentNarrator with EDGHAM_ AbuAmr, narratorsDori - AbuAmr,read like(1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA currentNarrator (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA, thus four ُه-د ى)Dori1 stopping( ل ْلAll ُ متَّ قي ن)2(ُهد ى).1KABEER( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن )28( 8 of them will joinSoosi, the Roways, walkingNarratorSoosi, Roways, and leave(2) NO_HA_SAKT stoppingNarrators(2) NO_HA_SAKT for word-5. CurrentWordRawh becomesRawh word-6 with stopping narrators is {(DoriAbuAmr , EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA), KhalladKhalaf, Khallad (1)(Soosi MAD_LA, EDGHAM_ (1) MAD_LA ال)EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA),1( ,ر,Khalafْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)2 ( ۛال )DoriAbuAmr)1 ) ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه )29( ۛ 9 WITHOUT_GHONNA), (Soosi, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA), _QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_(2) QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO (2) ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)4(ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)4( (Roways, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA), (Rawh,EDGHAM_WITH_ EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER GHONNA)}. Note that (Roways, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA) (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA(3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA and (Rawh, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA) are not added to (4) NO_HA_SAKT the stoppingNarrators for word-6 because there(4) NO_HA_SAKT is a contradiction between EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA and EDGHAM_ KABEER for these two narrators (Table 2).

Table 5 Table 5 Table 5

Status by the endStatus of Pass by Statusthe-6 end by o fthe Pass end-6 of Pass-6

Word 1 Word2 Word1 3 21 2 4 3 4 4 5 56 7 6 7 6 7 (فيه ) Feehh (فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) (4ال ) Stopping Stopping Stopping narrators narrators narratorsMAD_LA MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEEREDGHAM_KABEER Khalaf, Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr,DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr,Soosi, Roways,Rawh Soosi, Soosi, Roways,Rawh Khallad Khallad Roways,Rawh

AUTOMATION OF THE GATHERING PROCESS

A software system was developed to automate the process of gathering Building WordBuilding Readings Word Tree Readings Tree of Quranic readings. The main algorithm (Figure 3) takes the text of the ayah as input to gather readings. The programme goes through the ( ف ي ه) word-5 ayah word by word by summoning BUILD-WORD-READINGS to ( ف ي ه) word-5

identify the different readings for the words. Then, the ayah readings (ـه) letter (ـه) letter tree is built and traversed to generate the gathering text file.

150

5 is {(DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Soosi, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Roways, EDGHAM_KABEER), (Rawh, EDGHAM_KABEER)}. CurrentNarrator will be DoriAbuAmr (highest in rank among stoppingNarrators). The reciter will read word-5 for currentNarrator with EDGHAM_KABEER. All stopping narrators read like currentNarrator, thus four of them will join the walkingNarrator and leave stoppingNarrators for word-5. CurrentWord becomes word-6 with stopping narrators is {(DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA), (DoriAbuAmr, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA), (Soosi, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA), (Soosi, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA), (Roways, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA), (Rawh, EDGHAM_WITH_GHONNA)}. Note that (Roways, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA) and (Rawh, EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA) are not added to the stoppingNarrators for word-6 because there is a contradiction between EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHONNA and EDGHAM_KABEER for these two narrators (Table 2).

Table 5

Status by the end of Pass-6

Word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) Stopping narrators MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Roways,Rawh Khallad

AUTOMATION OF THE GATHERING PROCESS

Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 A software system was developed to automate the process of gathering of Quranic readings. The main algorithm (Figure 3) takes the text of the ayah as input to gather readings. The programme goes through the ayah word by wordFigure by 3summoning BUILD-WORD-READINGS to identify the different readings for the words. Then, the ayah readings tree is built and traversed to generate the gathering text file. GATHER-READINGS Algorithm

Building Word Readings Tree

The BUILD-WORD-READINGS algorithm (Figure 4) takes a word as input. The letter Reading Generators12 are applied one after another on the letters of word via the APPLY algorithm. A letter reading generator is the software unit that detects and defines a reading for a letter. It is identified by a condition and a letter reading code. If one letter of word has more than one reading, then word has multiple readings. Once the readings of all the letters are determined, the readings of word as a whole are constructed by summoning BUILD- WORD-TREE and TRAVERSE-WORD-TREE algorithms.

The APPLY algorithm (Figure 5) takes letterReadingGenerator and letter as input. If letter satisfies the letterReadingGenerator’s condition, a letterReading object is created by identifying the corresponding letter reading code and is then added to letter’s readings list. Before applying letter reading generators, every letter has only one letter reading object in its readings list (called firstReading with DEFAULT reading code). When a new letterReading is added to the letter’s reading list, the firstReading code should be updated. If it is the DEFAULT reading, the firstReading code is set to be the default reading code of letterReading. Otherwise, it is set to be the

151 Ibn-Thakwan, Ibn-Thakwan, Hafs, Eisa, Ibn- Hafs, Eisa, Ibn-

Jammaz, Roways, Jammaz, Roways, Ibn-Thakwan,Rawh Rawh Hafs, Eisa, Ibn- Jammaz, Roways, HA_SAKTRoways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT (1) ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)Roways,4 Rawh )1 ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 4 Rawh Figure 3. GATHER-READINGS algorithm. Bazzi, Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ف ي ه )1SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ( ۛ ُه(1)د ى)2( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن) Bazzi,5 Qonbul )3 ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)3( 5 ْ Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA لل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 4 (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) NO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT ,Building Word Readings Tree ْ Ibn-Thakwan Bazzi, Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( لل ُمتَّ قي ن)3( 5 Hafs, Eisa, Ibn- Bazzi, Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA2( (2) 6 ُ ْ َّ Roways,a wordBazzi, as Qonbul input. The (1)letter EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Reading هtakesد ى,Jammaz)(14 ( لل ُمت قي ن)The BUILD-WORD-READINGS6 algorithm ) 2(Figure (3) NO_HA_SAKT (2) NO_HA_SAKT Generators are applied one after another on the letters of wordRawh via the APPLY algorithm. A letter reading(2) NO_HA_SAKT

generator is the software unit that detects andْ defines a reading for a letter. It is identified by a condition ُ ْ Bazzi, Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAَّ ُهد ْى)1( لل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 6 Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_KABEER ف ي هEDGHAM_KABEER )1((1) ۛهHA_SAKTد ى)(1)2( لل ُمت قي ن) RawhDori7 - AbuAmr, )3 ف ي ه )Roways,)1 ۛ ُهد ى)2( لل ُمتَّ قي لنْل)ُمت3َّ ق(ي ن)1( 7 4 and a letter reading code. If one letter of word has more than one reading, then word has multiple(2) NO_HA_SAKT readings. Soosi (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Soosi (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Once the readings of all the letters are determined, the readings of word as a whole are constructed by NO_HA_SAKT (3) NO_HA_SAKT (3) ْ َّ WORDBazzi,-TREE Qonbul algorithms. (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA- ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)TRAVERSEْ2( لل ُمتand ق ي ن)summoning BUILD-WORD5 -TREE )3 Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_KABEER ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( لل ُمتَّ قي ن)3( 7 (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Soosi (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNAْ Dori -AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNAى )NO_HA_SAKT (1))1 ل ل ُمتَّ ق(3)ي ن)Dori8- AbuAmr, )2 ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 8 The APPLY algorithm (Figure 5) takes letterReadingGenerator and letter as input. If letter(3) satisfies NO_HA_SAKT the Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–Soosi,169 Roways, (2) NO_HA_SAKTSoosi, Roways, (2) NO_HA_SAKT letterReadingGenerator’s condition, a letterReading object is created by identifying the corresponding Bazzi, Qonbul Rawh (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNARawh ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 6 ,list.Dori Before-AbuAmr, applying letter(1) reading EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA generators ُهreadingsد ىs)’1( ل ْل ُمتletterَّ ق ي نletter reading code and8 is then added )2 (to (2) NO_HA_SAKT every letter has compositiononly one letter of thereading firstReading object incode its andreadings theSoosi, default list Roways, (called reading firstReading code of with(2) DEFAULT NO_HA_SAKT MAD_LAKhalaf, Khallad (1) MAD_LA (1) ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)Khalaf,9 Khallad ۛ )2 ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)2( ۛ 9 reading code). WhenletterReading a new letterReading. is added to the letter’s reading list, the firstReading code should _QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO (2) ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)Rawh )4 ُ ْ َّ code-AbuAmr, is set to be the default(1)(2) readingEDGHAM_KABEER QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO_ code of هد Doriى)3( للف ُميت ه ق ي) ن1firstReading) (4 ۛ(ُهtheد ى)2( ل ْل ُمتَّ ق,readingي ن)be updated. If it is the7 DEFAULT )3 EDGHAM_KABEER letterReading. Otherwise, it is set to be the composition of theSoosi firstReading code(2) and EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA the default readingEDGHAM_KABEER Khalaf, Khallad (1) MAD_LA ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)Figure 94 ۛ )2 (3)(3) NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA _QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO (2) ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)code of letterReading. )4 BUILD-WORD-READINGS Algorithm (4) NO_HA_SAKT (4) NO_HA_SAKT EDGHAM_KABEER Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 8 (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA Soosi, Roways, (2) NO_HA_SAKT (4) NO_HA_SAKT Rawh Table 5 Table 5

Khalaf, Khallad (1) MAD_LA ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)2( ۛ 9 Status by the end of Pass-6 Status by the end of Pass-6 _QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO (2) ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)4( Table 5 EDGHAM_KABEER Word 1 2 3 Word4 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 5 6 7 Status by the end of Pass-6 (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (فيه ) Feehh (في(4ه ال) )Stopping (4) NO_HA_SAKT Feehh (4ال ) Stopping narrators MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER narrators MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER Word 1 2 3 Khalaf,4 DoriAbuAmr,5 Soosi,Khalaf, Roways,Rawh 6 7DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Roways,Rawh (فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) Stopping Khallad Khallad narrators MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER Table 5 Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Roways,Rawh

Khallad Status by the end of Pass-6

Building Word Readings Tree Word Building1 Word2 Readings3 Tree 4 5 6 7

(فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) Stopping in ( ف ي ه ) algorithm . take for example wordword-5-5(ف ,algorithmي ه ) Figure 4. BUILDTo illustrate-WORD -theREADINGSword APPLY-5 narratorsBuilding Word Readings TreeMAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER the ayah example. Two letter readings generator conditions are Soosi, Roways,Rawh (ـه) _silat_ha_alkinaya_generatorKhalaf, , letterandDoriAbuAmr, edgham : ( ـه ) satisfied at theletter letter in the ayah example. Two letter readings (فيه) To illustrate the APPLY algorithm, take for example word-5 _First, a letter ReadingKhallad object - with SILAT_HA . (ف ي ه ) kabeer_generatorword-5 silat_ha_alkinaya_generator, and :( ـ ه) generator conditions are satisfied at the letter ALKINAYA reading code - is created and added to the readings list - The a letterletter Readingreading codesobject attributes - with SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA are maintained in a reading code .( ـه ,edgham_kabeer_generatorof the letterletter. (First The letter, contradicting reading codes reading attributes are maintained .( ـ ه) is created and addeddatabase. to the These readings attributes list of theinclude letter description codes , default reading code, and narrators. Every reading code has a defaultBuilding reading Word code Readings that is Tree associated with it. The default of a 13 reading code can be viewed as its opposite. The default reading code is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA. Adding (ف ي ه ) for wordSILAT_HA_ALKINAYA-5 SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA letter reading to the letters reading list of will change the firstReading code from DEFAULT to , ( ـه ) the letter QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (Figure 6).

152 Ibn-Thakwan, Hafs, Eisa, Ibn- Jammaz, Roways, Rawh

Roways, Rawh (1) HA_SAKT ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)1( 4

Bazzi, Qonbul (1) SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)3( 5 (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) NO_HA_SAKT

Bazzi, Qonbul (1) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 6 (2) NO_HA_SAKT

Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_KABEER ف ي ه )1( ۛ ُهد ى)2( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)3( 7 Soosi (2) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (3) NO_HA_SAKT

Dori-AbuAmr, (1) EDGHAM_WITH_GHUNNA ُهد ى)1( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)2( 8 Soosi, Roways, (2) NO_HA_SAKT Rawh

Khalaf, Khallad (1) MAD_LA ال)1( ر ْي ب ۛ ف ي ه)2( ۛ 9 _QASR_HA_ALKINAYA_PLUS_NO (2) ُهد ى)3( ل ْل ُمتَّ قي ن)4( EDGHAM_KABEER (3) EDGHAM_WITHOUT_GHUNNA (4) NO_HA_SAKT

in a database. These attributes include description, contradicting reading codes, default reading code, and narrators. Every reading code has a default reading code that is associated with it. The default of a reading in a database. These attributesJournal include of descriptionICT, 20, No., 2contradicting (April) 2021, readingpp: 135– codes169 , default reading code, and narrators. Everycode reading can becode viewed has a asdefault its opposite. reading Thecode default that is readingassociated code w ithfor it.SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA The default of a reading is QASR_HA_ALKINAYA. Adding SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA letter readingTable to 5 the letters reading list of the code can be viewed as its opposite. The default reading code for SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA is .(will change the firstReading code from DEFAULT to QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (Figure 6 ,(ـه) letter QASR_HA_ALKINAYA.Figure 5 Adding SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA letter reading to the letters reading list of the Status by the end of Pass-6 .(will change the firstReading code from DEFAULT to QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (Figure 6 ,(ـه) letter APPLY Algorithm Word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (فيه ) Feehh (4ال ) in a database. These attributes include description, contradicting reading codes,Stopping default reading code , and narrators. Every reading code has a default reading code that is associated with it. The default of a reading codeinin acan a database. database. be viewed TheseThese attributesas its opposite. includeinclude description descriptionThe default, contradicting, contradicting reading code reading reading for codes SILAT_HA_ALKINAYAcodesnarrators, default, default reading reading code code, and is, and MAD_LA EDGHAM_KABEER QASR_HA_ALKINAYA.narratorsnarrators. .Every Every readingreading Adding codecode hashas SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA a a default default reading reading code code that that letter is isassociated associated reading w toith wthe ithit. letters Theit. The default reading default of alist ofreading aof reading the Khalaf, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi, Roways,Rawh canwillcan changebebe viewedviewed the firstReadingas itsits opposite.opposite. code fromTheThe DEFAULT defaultdefault reading reading to QASR_HA_ALKINAYA code code for for SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA (Figure 6). is is Khallad ,(ـه) lettercodecode QASR_HA_ALKINAYA.QASR_HA_ALKINAYA. Adding SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA SILAT_HA_ALKINAYA letter letter reading reading to theto theletters letters reading reading list oflist the of the .(will will changechange the firstReadingfirstReading co codede from from DEFAULT DEFAULT to toQASR_HA_ALKINAYA QASR_HA_ALKINAYA (Figure (Figure 6). 6 ,(,(ـه)ـه ) letterletter

Figure 5. APPLY algorithm. Building Word Readings Tree

When edgham_kabeer_generator is applied, another letterReading will be created and added to the ( ف ي ه) word-5 Since the firstReading code is not DEFAULT, its code will be changed to be .( ـ ـ ه) readings list of the letter Whenthe default edgham_kabeer_generator composite of the two letter readings is thatapplied, were added another to the letter letterReading (Figure 7). Figure 5. APPLY algorithm. Since . ( ـه ) will be created and added to the readings list of the letterletter the firstReading code is not DEFAULT, its code will be changed to be When edgham_kabeer_generatorthe default composite is applied,of the two another letter letterReading readings that will were be addedcreated to and the added to the Since the firstReading code is not DEFAULT, its code will be changed to be.(7 .( ـ ـ ه) readings list ofletter the letter (Figure the defaultFigure composite 5. APPLY of the algorithm. two letter readings that were added to the letter (Figure 7).

Figure 5. APPLY algorithm. Figure 6 When edgham_kabeer_generatorFigure 5. APPLY algorithm. is applied, another letterReading will be created and added to the Since the is firstReading applied, another code letterReadingis not DEFAULT, will beits codecreated will and be changedadded to tothe be .( ـ ـ ه) readings When list edgham_kabeer_generator of the letter

.after to DEFAULT,After the applying letter Applying will (Figure its silat_ha_alkinaya_generator becode created 7). willSilat_ha_ be and changed added to beto the ( ـ not ه ) Sinceletter readings List thereadingsis forapplied,firstReading list the for that theanotherLetter were lettercode added is letterReading .( ـ ـ هthe WhendefaultreadingsThe edgham_kabeer_generator composite listFigureLetter of the 6. ofletterReadings The the letter(two two Since letter the readings firstReading that were code added is not to DEFAULT,the letter (Figure its code 7). will be changed to be.( ـ ـ ه)readingsthe defaultalkinaya_generator list composite of the letter of the the default composite of the two letter readings that were added to the letter (Figure 7).

. after applying silat_ha_alkinaya_generator ( ـ ه) Figure 6. The letter readings list for the letter

.after applying silat_ha_alkinaya_generator ( ـ ه) FigureFigure 6. The 7letter readings list for the letter .after applying silat_ha_alkinaya_generator ( ـ ه) Figure 6. The letter readings list for the letter

. _after After applying Applying silat_ha_alkinaya_generator Edgham ( ـ ه ) FigureThe Letter 6. The letterReadings readings for list thefor the Letter letter

kabeer_generator

14

153 141414

14 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm (Figure 8) takes a word with one or more letters with multiple readings as input. The word letters are taken one by one. If currentLetter is the first letter in word with multiple readings, the root word tree node is created. A tree node block will be created for every reading of currentWord and is then inserted into the root. The narrators of the root tree node blocks will be set as the narrators of the corresponding letter reading. Every currentLetter in .after result applying in adding edgham_kabeer_generator a new level to the ( ـ ه)Figure 7.word The letterwith readingsmultiple for readings the letter will word tree. A new level is created by creating new word tree nodes to BUILD-WORDbe the-TREE children algorithm of (Figureevery word8) takes tree a word node with block one orin morethe previous letters with level. multiple readings as input. TheFor word every letters reading are taken of onethe bycurrentLetter one. If currentLetter, a new is word the first tree letter node in wordblock with multiple readings, theis rootcreated word andtree insertednode is created. into the A newtree nodelevel block tree willnodes. be created Narrators for every for reading of currentWordthe and new is then word inserted tree into node the blocksroot. The will narrators be set of asthe theroot intersection tree node blocks of willthe be set as the narrators of narratorsthe corresponding of the letternewly reading. created Every word currentLetter tree node inblocks word withand multiplethe narrators readings will result in adding a ofnew the level parent to the word word treetree. nodeA new block. level is If created this intersection by creating new is empty,word tree then nodes to be the children of everythe corresponding word tree node blocktree nodein the blockprevious is level.eliminated For every from reading its tree of the node. currentLetter , a new word tree node block is created and inserted into the new level tree nodes. Narrators for the new word tree node blocks Figurewill be set8 as the intersection of the narrators of the newly created word tree node blocks and the narrators of the parent word tree node block. If this intersection is empty, then the corresponding tree node block isBUILD-WORD-TREE eliminated from its tree Algorithm node.

The word tree for word-5 is shown in Figure 9. The word tree is Figure 8. BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm. composed of one tree node only (the root). This is because there is The word tree for word-5 is shown in Figure 9. The word tree is composed of one tree node only (the root). 154 This is because there is only one letter in this word with multiple readings. The word tree node of word-5 .( ـ ه) consists of three tree node blocks because there are three different readings for

15

.after applying edgham_kabeer_generator ( ـ ه) Figure 7. The letter readings for the letter

BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm (Figure 8) takes a word with one or more letters with multiple readings .after applying edgham_kabeer_generator ( ـ ه) Figure 7. The letter readings for the letter as input. The word letters are taken one by one. If currentLetter is the first letter in word with multiple readings, the root word tree node is created. A tree node block will be created for every reading of BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm (Figure 8) takes a word with one or more letters with multiple readings currentWord and is then inserted into the root. The narrators of the root tree node blocks will be set as the as input. The word letters are taken one by one. If currentLetter is the first letter in word with multiple narrators of the corresponding letter reading. Every currentLetter in word with multiple readings will result readings, the root word tree node is created. A tree node block will be created for every reading of in adding a new level to the word tree. A new level is created by creating new word tree nodes to be the currentWord and is then inserted into the root. The narrators of the root tree node blocks will be set as the children of every word tree node block in the previous level. For every reading of the currentLetter, a new narrators of the corresponding letter reading. Every currentLetter in word with multiple readings will result word tree node block is created and inserted into the new level tree nodes. Narrators for the new word tree in adding a new level to the word tree. A new level is created by creating new word tree nodes to be the node blocks will be set as the intersection of the narrators of the newly created word tree node blocks and children of every word tree node block in the previous level. For every reading of the currentLetter, a new the narrators of the parent word tree node block. If this intersection is empty, then the corresponding tree word tree node block is created and inserted into the new level tree nodes. Narrators for the new word tree node block is eliminated from its tree node. node blocks will be set as the intersection of the narrators of the newly created word tree node blocks and the narrators of the parent word tree node block. If this intersection is empty, then the corresponding tree node block is eliminated from its tree node.

Figure 8. BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm. Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

The word tree for word-5 is shown in Figure 9. The wordonly treeone isletter composed in this of word one treewith node multiple only (thereadings. root). The word tree Figure 8. BUILD-WORD-TREE algorithm. This is because there is only one letter in this word withnode multipleof word-5 readings. consists The of threeword tree node ofblocks word because-5 there are

.( ـ ه) consists of three tree node blocks because there are threethree differedifferentnt readingsreadings forfor The word tree for word-5 is shown in Figure 9. The word tree is composed of one tree node only (the root).

This is because thereFigure is only 9 one letter in this word with multiple readings. The word tree node of word-5

.( ـ ه) node) blocks because there are three different readings for ج ْب ري لconsists Jibreelof three ( tree Tree Node for Word-5 with Three Tree Node Blocks (ج ْبWord ر(يج لْب)ر Theي ل) Jibreel Jibreel

( ج ْ ب ر(ي ج لْب) ري ل) Jibreel Jibreel ( ج ْب ري ل() جـ) letterJibreel ( ج ْب (ريج ْب ل)ر ي ل) JibreelJibreel ( ج ْب ري ل) ( جـ )Jibreel( جـ) letter letter ( ج ْب ري ل) Jibreel (جـ ) (جـ) letter letter 15 ( ـ (رجـ )) letterletter ( ج ْب ري ل) Jibreel (جـ )( جـ) letterletter tree for the word-5 example is too simple. To better illustrate (جـ)word ـ (رletter( The ـ ( ر ) letter letter (ج ْبري ل) Jibreel (جـ) letter ـ (ر ) ـ (ر ) letter letter the algorithm, a tree will be built for a word with many letters and ـ ( (ر يـ)) letterletter (جـ) letter15 ـ (ر ) ـ ( ر ) letterletter with letter readings ( ج ْب ر ي ل ) readings. Consider the word JibreelJibreel ـ (ر ) (multipleيـ)letter (يـ) letter letter , ( جـ ) There are two different readings for the letterletter .6 ـ ( ر ) letterin Table (يـshown) (يـ) letter letter ( يـTableletter (6 and three different readings , ـ ( ر ) different readings for the letter (يـtwo) (يـ) letterletter (جـ) letter (يـ) Table Table 6 letter 6 ـ (ر ) letter . ( يـ ) Table Table 6 for 6 the letter (جبريل) LetterTable Readings6 of the Word Jibreel (يـ) TableTable 6 6 letter ـ (ر ) letter( (جبريل) جبريل) Letter Letter ReadingsTable ReadingsTable 6 6of theof theWord Word Jibreel Jibreel (يـ) letter ( (جبريل) جبريل) Letter Letter Readings Readings Tableof the of the Word6 Word Jibreel Jibreel Letter) Reading Code Narratorsجبريل) Letter Letter Readings ofReadings the Word Jibreel (يـ) letter 6( (جبريلTable) جبريل) LetterLetter Readings Readings of theof the Word Word Jibreel Jibreel ,Reading) Code Code Qaloon, Warsh,Narrators DoriAbuAmr,Narrators Soosi جبريل)of of the the Word WordFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Jibreel JibreelLetterLetter Reading ج ـ Letter Readings ReadingsReadings(ja)Readingsجـ LetterLetterLetter Code Code) Table 6 NarratorsNarratorsجبريل ) LetterLetter LetterReadingsReadings Readings of the LetterWord Letter ReadingJibreel Reading ,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREELLetter Reading Code Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, NarratorsDoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Eisa,Soosi, Soosi ج ـ ج ـ (Readings(ja)(ja جـ جـ Letter Narrators (جبريل) Letter Readings LetterLetter Readings Reading of Code the Word Jibreel ,Letter FATH_JEEM_JIBREELReadingFATH_JEEM_JIBREELLetter Code TableReadingLetter 6 Reading Code Narrators Code Qaloon,Hisham, Qaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, IbnThakwan,Narrators DoriAbuAmr,Roways, DoriAbuAmr, NarratorsHafs, Rawh Hafs, Eisa, Soosi, Eisa, Soosi ج ـ Readings ج ـ (Readings Readings(ja)(ja جـLetter Letterجـ Letter ReadingsFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Letter ReadingQaloon, Code Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi,Narrators ج ـ ja)Letter) جـ ( جبريل,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Qaloon,Hisham, LetterQaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham,IbnJammaz, Qaloon,Warsh,Readings IbnThakwan, Warsh, IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr,Roways,Warsh, ofDoriAbuAmr, Roways, the Hafs,DoriAbuAmr,Word Rawh Hafs, Rawh Eisa,Soosi,Jibreel Eisa,Soosi, ( Soosi ج ـ ja) FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL) ج ـ ج ـ (ja) (ja)(ja) جـ جـ جـ Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan,Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, Roways, Reading Roways,) Hafs,Warsh, Rawh Hafs,Code RawhEisa, DoriAbuAmr, Eisa, Soosi, Narrators جبريل,LetterLetter FATH_JEEM_JIBREELReadingsReadings of the Hisham,Word Hisham,IbnJammaz, IbnJammaz,Jibreel IbnThakwan,Letter IbnThakwan, (Qaloon ج ـ (ja) جـ ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELHafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz,Bazzi, IbnJammaz,Qonbul, Hisham, Shuba, Roways, IbnThakwan, Khalaf, Rawh Khallad, Hafs, Eisa ج ـ (ji) ,IbnJammaz,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELHisham, Roways, IbnThakwan, Rawh Qaloon, Hafs, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi ج ـ (ja) جـ KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL Roways, Bazzi, RawhAbuAlharith,Bazzi, IbnJammaz,Qonbul,Letter Qonbul, IbnJammaz, Shuba, DoriAlkisaee, Shuba,Roways, Readings Khalaf, Khalaf, Roways, Rawh Ishaq,Khallad, Khallad, Rawh Letter Reading Code Narrators ج ـ ج ـ(ji) (ji) IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh ,Ishaq, Khallad, Ishaq, Khallad,Code FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Hisham, IbnThakwan,Narrators Hafs,Qaloon, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi ج,Khalaf ـ Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, Shuba,DoriAlkisaee,Letter (ja) Khalaf, Reading جـ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREELLetter Readings Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, Qonbul ج ـ ج ـ(ji) (ji) ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREELBazzi, Qonbul,Bazzi, Shuba, Qonbul, Shuba,Edrees Khalaf, Khallad ج ـ (ji)(ji) ,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, Qonbul, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELShuba, DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, DoriAlkisaee, Khalaf, Khalaf, Ishaq,Khallad, Khallad,Ishaq, IbnJammaz,Qaloon, Warsh, Roways, DoriAbuAmr, RawhHisham, Soosi, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa ج ـ ,ja)Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi) جـKASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL ج ـ ج ـ (ji)(ji) ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKhalaf, Khallad,AbuAlharith, Bazzi, Qonbul, EdreesDoriAlkisaee,Edrees Shuba, Ishaq,Khalaf, Khallad ج ـ (ji) KASR_JEEM_JIBREELAbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee,AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, Bazzi,EdreesDoriAlkisaee, DoriAlkisaee,Edrees Qonbul, Ishaq, Shuba, Ishaq, Khalaf, Khallad,Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs,IbnJammaz, Eisa, Roways, Rawh ج ـ (ji) ,DEFAULT AbuAlharith,All Edreesnarrators DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq ــبْــ ــبــ Edrees KASR_JEEM_JIBREELEdreesAbuAlharith,Edrees DoriAlkisaee, Bazzi, Qonbul, Ishaq,IbnJammaz, Shuba, Khalaf, Roways, Khallad, Rawh ج ـ (Ishaq,(ji DEFAULTDEFAULT AllAll narrators narratorsEdrees ــبْــ ــبْــ ــبــ ــبــ ,EdreesKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Bazzi, Ishaq, Qonbul, Shuba, Khalaf, Khallad جـ (DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT All narrators All Allnarrators narrators(ji ــبْــ ــبْــ ــبــ ــبــ ,KASR_RA_JIBREELDEFAULT Qaloon, Warsh,All DoriAbuAmr,narrators Soosi ــ ر ــبْــ(ri) ـرــبــ Edrees ,Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, AllKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL All DoriAbuAmr,narrators DoriAbuAmr,narratorsAll Hafs,narrators Eisa,Soosi, Soosi, Bazzi, Qonbul, Shuba, Khalaf,AbuAlharith, Khallad, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq ج,Qaloon ـ ,KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREELDEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULTQaloon, Warsh, (ji) DoriAbuAmr,Qaloon,Hisham ــبْــKASR_RA_JIBREEL ــ ر ـــبْـــ ر (ri)ــبْــ (ri) (ri) ــبــ ـرــبــ ـرــبــ Soosi, Hisham,DEFAULT IbnThakwan, All narrators ــبْــ ــبــ KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Hafs, Eisa, Soosi, Eisa, Soosi, AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Edrees ــ ر ــ ر(ri) (ri) ـر ـر ,KASR_RA_JIBREELHafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz,Qaloon,IbnJammaz, Warsh, Roways, DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Bazzi, Soosi ــ ر (ri) ـر Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, IbnThakwan,DEFAULT DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Hafs, Eisa,Soosi, Eisa,Soosi, All narratorsEdrees ــبْــ ــبــKASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL ــ ر ــ ر (ri)(ri) ـر ـر ,KASR_RA_JIBREELRoways, Rawh,IbnJammaz, Hisham, Bazzi,IbnJammaz,Qaloon, IbnThakwan, Roways,Qonbul Roways, Warsh, Rawh, Hafs,DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Bazzi, Eisa, Bazzi, Soosi ــ ر (ri) ـر Rawh, Hafs,Warsh, Rawh, Hafs, Bazzi,Eisa, DoriAbuAmr,Bazzi,Eisa, DEFAULT Soosi, All narratorsــبْــ ,IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan,Roways, Qaloon,Rowaysــبــ ,KASR_RA_JIBREELIbnJammaz,Hisham,IbnJammaz,Hisham ــ ر (ri) ـر QonbulIbnJammaz,Hisham, Roways,QonbulQonbul IbnThakwan, Rawh, Bazzi, Hafs, Eisa, ,IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Roways,Qonbul Roways,Hisham,Qonbul Rawh, Rawh, IbnThakwan, Bazzi, Bazzi, Qaloon, Hafs, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi ــ ر (ri) ـر khallad, khalaf, IbnJammaz, khallad,Qonbul DEFAULT Roways, AbuAlharith, Rawh, Bazzi, All narrators ــبْــ,Shuba, khalaf,ShubaــبــFATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL ــ ر (ra) (ra) ,Roways,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Rawh,Hisham, Bazzi, IbnThakwan, Hafs,Qaloon, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi ــ ر (QonbulIbnJammaz,Qonbul (ri ـر ,AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee ,FATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba,Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khalaf, khallad, khallad, Ishaq, QonbulAbuAlharith, Edrees AbuAlharith ــ ر ــ ر (ra)(ra) Ishaq, Edrees Qonbul IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi, ,DoriAlkisaee, DoriAlkisaee,khalaf, khalaf, khallad,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Ishaq,khallad, Ishaq, AbuAlharith, Edrees AbuAlharith, Edrees Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Hisham, Soosi, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisaـ,Shubaـ ر ,ri)Shuba) ـرFATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL ــ ر ــ ر (ra)(ra) ,FATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba, khalaf, khallad, AbuAlharith ــ ر (ra) ,FATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba,Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khallad, khallad, Ishaq, Ishaq, AbuAlharith, Edrees AbuAlharith, Edrees Hisham,Qonbul IbnThakwan, IbnJammaz, Hafs, Eisa, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi ــ ر ــ ر (ra)(ra) , ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon, (continued)DoriAlkisaee, Warsh,Shuba, DoriAbuAmr,khalaf, Ishaq, khallad, Edrees Soosi AbuAlharith ــ ر (ra) يْـ يــ FATH_RA_JIBREELDoriAlkisaee,DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, Ishaq, Ishaq, khalaf, Edrees Edrees khallad, AbuAlharith, Qonbul ــ ر (ra) ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh,DoriAlkisaee, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Ishaq, Eisa,Soosi SoosiEdrees , , IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi يْـ يْـ يــ يــ ,Qaloon,Qaloon, Warsh,FATH_RA_JIBREEL Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr,DoriAlkisaee, Soosi Soosi Ishaq,, Shuba,, Edrees khalaf, khallad, AbuAlharith ــ ر (ISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL(ra يْـ يْـ يــ يــ ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham,Hisham, Warsh, 155 IbnThakwan, Roways,IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Hafs, Hafs, Bazzi,Eisa, Soosi Eisa, , Qonbul يْـ يــ ,Hafs, Eisa,Soosi Eisa,Soosi , FATH_RA_JIBREEL , DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, EdreesShuba, khalaf, khallad, AbuAlharith ــ ر,ISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr,(ra) Hafs يْـ يْـ يــ يــ ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREELIbnJammaz, Hisham,IbnJammaz,Qaloon, IbnThakwan, Roways,Qonbul Roways, Warsh, Rawh, Hafs,DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Bazzi, Eisa, Bazzi, Soosi يْـ يــ IbnJammaz, Hisham, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan,Roways,FATH_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Roways, Rawh, Hafs,Warsh, Rawh, Hafs, Bazzi,Eisa, DoriAbuAmr,Bazzi,Eisa, Shuba, Soosi khalaf,, khallad, AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Edreesــ ر,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL(ra)IbnJammaz, Hisham يْـ يــ IbnJammaz, Hisham, Roways,QonbulQonbul IbnThakwan, Rawh, Bazzi, Hafs, Eisa, ,IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Roways,Qonbul Roways,Hisham,Qonbul Rawh, Rawh, IbnThakwan, Bazzi, Bazzi, Qaloon, Hafs, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi يْـ يــ ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ Bazzi, Qonbul,IbnJammaz, Shuba,Qonbul khalaf,Roways, khallad, Rawh, Bazzi, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Edrees ئ ْيـ ,Roways,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Rawh,Hisham, Bazzi, IbnThakwan, Hafs,Qaloon, Eisa, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi يْـ QonbulIbnJammaz,Qonbul يــ ,WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, khalaf,Qonbul khalaf, Ishaq,khallad, khallad ئ ْيـ ئ ْيـ ,Bazzi, Qonbul, Qonbul, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELShuba, Shuba, khalaf, khalaf, khallad,Qonbul khallad, IbnJammaz, Qaloon, Roways, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Bazzi,Hisham, Soosi IbnThakwan,, Hafs, Eisa يْـ,Bazzi يــ_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL ئ ْيـ ئ ْيـ ,WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE Bazzi,AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, DoriAlkisaee,EdreesShuba, DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, Ishaq, khallad, Ishaq ئ ْيـ WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khalaf, Ishaq,khallad, khallad,Ishaq, Qonbul ئ ْيـ ئ ْيـ ,WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ AbuAlharith, Bazzi, Qonbul,EdreesDoriAlkisaee,Edrees Shuba, Ishaq, khalaf, khallad, Hisham, IbnThakwan,IbnJammaz, Hafs, Eisa, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi ئ ْيـ ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, EdreesDoriAlkisaee,Bazzi, DoriAlkisaee,Edrees Qonbul, Ishaq, Shuba, Ishaq, khalaf, khallad, Qonbul ئ ْيـ WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREWITH_HAMZ_BEFORE ,HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE AbuAlharith,ShubaEdrees DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi ئـ ـ ـ ل ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ EdreesAbuAlharith,Edrees DoriAlkisaee, Bazzi, Qonbul,Ishaq, Shuba, khalaf, khallad ئ ْيـ WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ ShubaShuba Edrees Qonbul ئـ ئـ ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل ,Edrees ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Bazzi, Ishaq, Qonbul, Shuba, khalaf, khallad ئ ْيـ HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREShuba Shuba ئـ ئـ ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZWITH_HAMZ Shuba ئـ ـ ـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ Shuba Edrees ئـ ـ ـ ل ,AllISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ narratorsShuba Shuba WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE Bazzi, Qonbul, Shuba, khalaf,AbuAlharith, khallad, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq ئ ْيـ HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZDEFAULTHATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ ئـ ـ ـ ئـل ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZHATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ Shuba ئـ ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZDEFAULTWITH_HAMZDEFAULT AllWITH_HAMZ_BEFOREAll narrators narrators AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Edrees ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZ HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_All Allnarrators narrators ShubaEdrees ئـ WITH_HAMZ ـ ـ ل DEFAULTDEFAULT ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل DEFAULT All narrators ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZ narrators HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ Shuba ئ ـAll narrators narratorsAll ـ ـ Allل DEFAULTDEFAULTDEFAULT ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل DEFAULT All narrators WITH_HAMZ ـ ـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ Shuba ئـ ـ ـ ل DEFAULTWITH_HAMZ All narrators ـ ـ ل DEFAULT All narrators ـ ـ ل DEFAULT All narrators ـ ـ ل

( ج ْب ري ل) Jibreel (ج ْب (ريج ْب ل)ر ي ل) Jibreel Jibreel

( ج ْب ري ل) Jibreel ( ج ْب( ر يج ْب ل ر)ي ل() جـ) letter JibreelJibreel

(جـ )( جـ) letter letter (جـ) letter ( جـ ()( ـ جـ ر) letter letter

( ـ ر )( ـ ر) letter letter ( ـ ر) letter ( ـ ر )( ـ ( ريـ) letter letter

(يـ) (يـ) letter letter (يـ) letter (يـ ) ( 6يـ ) Table letterletter

Table Table 6 6 Table 6 (جبريل) Letter TableTable Readings6 6 of the Word Jibreel

( (جبريل) جبريل) Letter Letter Readings Readings of theof the Word Word Jibreel Jibreel (جبريل) Letter Readings of the Word Jibreel Reading Code Narrators( (جبريل)Letter جبريل) LetterLetter Letter Readings Readings ofReadings theof the Word Word Jibreel Jibreel

,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELLetterLetter Reading Reading Code Code Qaloon, Warsh,Narrators DoriAbuAmr,Narrators Soosi ج ـ Readings(ja)Readings جـ LetterLetter Letter Readings Letter Reading Code Narrators ,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREELLetterLetter Reading Reading Code Code Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh,Narrators DoriAbuAmr,Narrators DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Eisa,Soosi, Soosi ج ـ ج ـ (Readings(ja)Readings(ja جـ جـLetterLetter ,FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi ج ـ (ja) جـ ,FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan,Warsh, IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, Roways, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Rawh Hafs, Eisa,Soosi, Eisa,Soosi ج ـ ج ـ (ja)(ja) جـ جـ Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, Hisham,Hisham,IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan, Roways, Roways, Hafs, RawhHafs, Rawh Eisa, Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL Bazzi,IbnJammaz, Qonbul,IbnJammaz, Shuba, Roways, Roways, Khalaf, Rawh RawhKhallad ج ـ (ji)

,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba, DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, Khalaf, Khalaf, Ishaq,Khallad, Khallad ج ـ ج ـ (ji)(ji) ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL Bazzi,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, Shuba, DoriAlkisaee, Khalaf, Khallad, Ishaq ج ـ (ji) ,KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba, EdreesDoriAlkisaee, Shuba, Khalaf, Khalaf, Ishaq,Khallad, Khallad ج ـ ج ـ (ji)(ji) AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, EdreesDoriAlkisaee, DoriAlkisaee,Edrees Ishaq, Ishaq, Edrees DEFAULT AllEdrees narratorsEdrees ــبْــ ــبــ

DEFAULTDEFAULT AllAll narrators narrators ــبْــ ــبْــ ــبــ ــبــ DEFAULT All narrators ــبْــ ــبــ ,KASR_RA_JIBREELDEFAULTDEFAULT Qaloon, Warsh,AllAll narratorsDoriAbuAmr, narrators Soosi ــ ــبْــ ر ــبْــ(ri) ــبــ ـرــبــ

,KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Eisa,Soosi, Soosi ــ ر ــ ر (ri)(ri) ـر ـر ,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Soosi, Eisa ــ ر (ri) ـر ,KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan,Warsh, Roways, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Hafs, Bazzi, Eisa,Soosi, Soosi ــ ر ــ ر (ri)(ri) ـر ـر Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz,Hisham,IbnJammaz,Hisham, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan,Roways,Qonbul Roways, Rawh, Hafs, Rawh, Hafs, Bazzi, Eisa, Bazzi,Eisa, IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi, IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz, Roways,Qonbul Roways,Qonbul Rawh, Rawh, Bazzi, Bazzi, Qonbul ,FATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba, khalaf, Qonbulkhallad,Qonbul AbuAlharith ــ ر (ra)

,of ICT, 20,FATH_RA_JIBREEL No.FATH_RA_JIBREEL 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135 – 169 Shuba,Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khalaf, khallad, khallad, Ishaq, AbuAlharith, Edrees AbuAlharith ــ ر ــ رra)(ra) Journal) FATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba, DoriAlkisaee,khalaf, khallad, Ishaq, AbuAlharith, Edrees ــ ر (ra) ,FATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba,Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khalaf, khallad, khallad, Ishaq, AbuAlharith, Edrees AbuAlharith ــ ر ــ ر (ra)(ra) DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, Edrees , ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon,DoriAlkisaee,DoriAlkisaee, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Ishaq, Ishaq, Edrees Edrees Soosi يْـ يــ

, , Letter ReadingISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Code Narrators Qaloon,Hisham,Qaloon, Warsh, IbnThakwan, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Hafs, Eisa,Soosi Soosi يْـ يْـReadings يــ Letterيــ ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, Soosi يْـ يــ , , ISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREELQaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Qaloon,IbnJammaz,Hisham,Qaloon,Hisham, Warsh, IbnThakwan,Warsh, Roways,IbnThakwan, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, Rawh, Hafs, Hafs, Bazzi, Eisa,Soosi Eisa,Soosi يْـ يْـ يــ يــ Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs, Eisa, Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan,IbnJammaz,Hisham,IbnJammaz,Hisham, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan,Roways,Qonbul Roways, Rawh, Hafs, Rawh, Hafs, Bazzi, Eisa, Bazzi,Eisa, Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi, IbnJammaz,IbnJammaz, Roways,Qonbul Roways,Qonbul Rawh, Rawh, Bazzi, Bazzi, Roways, Rawh, Bazzi, Qonbul ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ QonbulBazzi, Qonbul, Shuba,QonbulQonbul khalaf, khallad ئ ْيـ

,WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, Shuba, khalaf, khalaf, Ishaq,khallad, khallad ئ ْيـ ئ ْيـ ,ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_Bazzi, Qonbul,Bazzi, Shuba, Qonbul, Shuba, khalaf, khallad ئ ْيـ ,WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ Bazzi,AbuAlharith,Bazzi,AbuAlharith, Qonbul, Qonbul, Shuba,EdreesDoriAlkisaee, Shuba,DoriAlkisaee, khalaf, khalaf, Ishaq,khallad, khallad,Ishaq ئ ْيـ ئ ْيـ WITH_HAMZ_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREkhalaf, khallad, AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, DoriAlkisaee, Ishaq, WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREBEFOREWITH_HAMZ_BEFOREDoriAlkisaee, Ishaq,AbuAlharith,AbuAlharith, Edrees EdreesDoriAlkisaee, DoriAlkisaee,Edrees Ishaq, Ishaq, Edrees HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ EdreesShubaEdrees ئـ ـ ـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ Shuba HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ ShubaShuba ئـ ئـ ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZHATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZWITH_HAMZ Shuba ئـ ـ ـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_ ShubaShuba ئـ ئـ ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل WITH_HAMZ DEFAULTWITH_HAMZDEFAULTWITH_HAMZ All narrators All narrators ـ ـ ل DEFAULTDEFAULT AllAll narrators narrators ـ ـ ل ـ ـ ل

DEFAULT All narrators ـ ـ ل be built as follows:DEFAULTDEFAULT first, the root is built, whichAll All narrators narrators ـ ـ will ل ـ ـ لThe word tree

The word tree will be builtcorresponds as follows: first,to the the letter root readingsis built, whichof the correspondsfirst letter into thethe letterword readingswith of the

Figure (Figurethe root 10). 10).is built In In the , thewhich second second corresponds level, level, a word a toword the tree lettertree node readings is added of the) ( جـ ) ,first letterThe wordin the treeword will with bemultiple multiple built as follows:readingsreadings first The word tree will be built as follows: first, the root is built, whichThe wordcorresponds tree will to be the built letter as readingsfollows: offirst, the the root is built, which corresponds to the letter readings of the word) (Figure tree node10). Inblock the second in the level,level above.a word Atree node is addedجـ ) first letter in the wordnode with is multiple added forreadings every Figure 10). In the second level, a word tree node is added) (جـ) The word tree will be built as follows:for first, every the word root istree built node, which block corresponds in the level to above. the letter A newreadings word of tree thefirst node letter block in the will word be withadded multiple for every readings will) (Figure be A added new 10). wordfor In everythe tree second readingnode level, block for thea willword letter be tree added node for is addedevery جـ).forfirst every letter wordin the treeword nodenew with word block multiple tree in nodethe readings level block above built) inIn theasthe follows: newlysecond created level,first, the atree word root nodes. treeis built nodeThe, whichset is addedof narratorscorrespondsfor every of word a to new the tree word letter node tree readings block node inblockof the level above. A new word tree node block will be added for everyـر ).(tree )the (Figure willletter be 10 جـ) first letter in the word with multiple readingsreadingThe word for in block the newlynewly in the createdcreated level treeabove.tree nodes.nodes. A new TheThe word setset ofof treenarrators narrators node of blockof a a new new will word word be added tree node for blockevery ( ـر )readingfor every for word the letter tree node tree) innode nod the isenewly block.added created tree nodes. The set of narrators of a new word tree node block ـر)Figure with 10). the In narrators the secondreading in the level, for parent the a wordletter word tree) (جـwillfirst beletter the innarrators’ the word intersection with multiple of readingsthe letter (reading tree innode the node blocknewly block will created will be the betree narrators’added nodes. for The intersection every set of narrators of the ofletter a new reading word tree node block( ـر)for every word tree node block in the levelreading above. for A the new letter word tree .thein tree thenarrators node left wordblock in the treewill parent nodebe wordadded are tree Bazzifor nodevery ande block (ـ ر)Forfor everyexample,will beword the the treenarrators’ narrators node blockintersection in the in wordthe oflevel tree the above.letternode readingblock A new of with word .in the newly createdwill tree be thenodes. narrators’ The setwith intersection of narrators the narrators of of the a innew letter the word parent reading tree word nodewith tree theblock node willnarrators block.be the in Fornarrators’ the example, parent intersection word the tree nod of thee block. letter reading with the narrators in the parent word tree node block (ـر) reading for the letter node) withare block Bazzi the and ج ـ) wordin the treeof left a newnodeword word block tree tree node (ـ رnarrators in by the intersecting newly in the created word the tree narratorstree nodes. node in Theblock the set parentof of ( narrators( ـر) QonbulreadingFor. forThis example, the was letter foundthe in the left word tree node are Bazzi and (ـ ر) inin example, thethe left left word wordthe treenarrators tree node node in arethe Bazziword andtree node block of ( ـ For ر ) .will be the narrators’ intersection of the letterFor readingexample, with the the narrators narratorsnarrators in inin the thethe word parentword tree tree word node node tree blockblock node ofofblock with the ( ج.block ـ)reading.was intersection found Tree by ofno intersecting thede blocksletter reading withthe narratorsno with narrators the in narrators theare shadedparent in the wordbecause parent tree thereword node aretree block no nod narrators e (ـر ) narratorswill beQonbul the of narrators’ the. This with the ( ج ـ) in the left word tree node are Bazzi andQonbul . This was found by intersecting the narrators in the parent word tree node block (ـ ر) For example, the narrators in the word tree node block of narratorswith the ( ج ـfound reading.are Bazzi by Tree intersectingand noQonbulde blocks .the This narratorswith was no found narratorsin theby intersectingparent are shaded word the becausetree narrators node there block in are ( no( ـ ر ) narratorsQonbul. Thisof the was node reading. kept are in BazzitheTree figure noandde blocks with no narrators are shaded because there are no narrators(ـ areر ) in narratorsthe; however, left word of thethey tree (ـ ر) inFor the example, intersection. the narrators These word in thetree word node treeblocks node should block be of eliminated withnarratorsbewith eliminated the the narrators are shaded; however, of the because they reading. thereare kept are inno the narrators figure ( ج ـThese reading.theparent parent word word Tree word tree notree nodetreede node blocksnode blocks block block with should ( no( ـ theر ) Qonbul. This was found by intersecting innarratorsthe the narrators intersection. of the in with tree thenode blocks should be eliminated; however, they are kept in the figure ( ج ـ.(no (wordيـ ) forQonbul illustration. This wasonly. found The same Treeby intersecting processnode blocks is repeated the with narrators nofor narrators the in third the areletterparent shadedin with wordthe multipleintersection.because tree node readingsthere blockThese are in the figure.( يـ) reading. Tree node blocksforin the illustration with intersection. no narrators only. These The are same word shaded process tree because node is repeatedblocks there areshould for no the narratorsbe third eliminated letter with; however, multiple they readings are kept (ـ ر ) narrators of the reading. Tree node blocks with no narrators are shaded because there are no narrators (ـ ر ) narrators of the .(يـ) process). is repeated for the third letter with multiple readingsيـ ) in the intersection. These word tree node blocksfor illustration should be only. eliminated narratorsThe same; however, in process the intersection. theyis repeated are kept These for in the the word third figure for treeletter illustration node with blocks multiple only. should readingsThe besame in the intersection. These word tree node blocks should be eliminated; however, they are kept in the figure .kept). in the figure for illustration onlyيـ ) for illustration only. The same process is repeated for the third eliminated;letter with multiplehowever, readings they are .(يـ) for illustration only. The sameThe same process process is repeated is repeated for forthe the third third letter letter with with multiple multiple readings readings

156

Figure 10. The word tree for the word (Jibreel). Figure 10. The word tree for the word (Jibreel). Figure 10. The word tree for the word (Jibreel). Figure 10. The word tree for the word (Jibreel). Every path from a root word tree node block to a non-shaded leaf word tree node block corresponds to one Figure 10. The word tree for the wordEvery (Jibreel) path. from a root word tree node block to a non-shaded leaf word tree node block corresponds to one readingFigure for the10. wordThe word as a treewhole. for The the wordnarrators (Jibreel) of this. word reading Everyare the path narrators from aof root the wordcorresponding tree node block to a non-shaded leaf word tree node block corresponds to one readingEvery path for fromthe word a root as worda whole. tree Thenode narrators block to ofa non this- shadedword reading leaf word are treethe narratorsnode block of correspondsthe corresponding to one leaf tree node block (Table 7). The reading code of the word is the setreading of the forreading the word codes as of a itswhole. letters. The narrators of this word reading are the narrators of the corresponding Every path from a root word tree node blockleafreading to tree a non fornode- theshaded block word leaf (Table as worda whole. 7). tree The Thenode reading narrators block code corresponds of of this the word word to readingoneis the set are of the the narrators reading codes of the of corresponding its letters. reading for the word as a whole. The Every narrators path offrom this a word root wordreading tree are node the blocknarrators to a ofnon the-shaded corresponding leaf wordleaf tree tree node node block block corresponds (Table 7). The to onereading code of the word is the set of the reading codes of its letters. leaf tree node block (Table 7). The reading code of the word is the set of the reading codes of its letters. leaf tree node block (Table 7). The readingTablereading 7code for theof theword word as ais whole. the set Theof the narrators reading of codes this wordof its readingletters. are the narrators of the corresponding Table 7 leaf tree node block (Table 7). The reading code of the word is the setTable of the 7 reading codes of its letters. Table 7 Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Word Readings for the Word Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Table 7 Word Readings for the Word Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Table 7 Word Readings for the Word Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Word Readings for the Word ExtractedReadings from Word Tree Narrators Word Reading Code ( جبريل) Word Readings for the Word Readings Narrators Word Reading Code DoriAbuAmr,) Extracted from Word Tree KASR_JEEM_JIBREELReadings Narrators Word Reading Code جبريل) ,Readings forQaloon, the Word Warshجـ ْبـ ريـ لWord Qaloon, Warsh,Narrators DoriAbuAmr, KASR_JEEM_JIBREELWord Reading Code جـ ْبـReadings ريـ ل Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـريـ لReadings Narrators Jibreel Soosi, Hisham,Word IbnThakwan, Reading Code KASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Soosi, Hisham, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,IbnThakwan, KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL KASR_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ لJibreel Qaloon, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Readings Hafs, Eisa,NarratorsKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL IbnJammaz, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELJibreelWord Reading CodeSoosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, KASR_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـريـ ل Jibreel Soosi,Hafs, Hisham, Eisa, IbnJammaz, IbnThakwan, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Roways, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Rawh KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jibreel Soosi, Hisham, IbnThakwan, Hafs,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Eisa, IbnJammaz, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELHafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Jibreel Soosi, Hisham,Roways, IbnThakwan, Rawh KASR_RA_JIBREEL Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELRoways, Rawh Roways, Rawh Hafs,Bazzi, Eisa, QonbulIbnJammaz, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Roways, Rawh Roways,Bazzi, Rawh Qonbul KASR_RA_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ر يـ لJabreel Bazzi, Qonbul FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ FATH_JEEM_JIBREELريـ ل Bazzi, Qonbul جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jabreel KASR_RA_JIBREEL Bazzi, Qonbul Jabreel FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL JabreelKASR_RA_JIBREEL KASR_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Bazzi,KASR_RA_JIBREEL Qonbul FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jabreel Jabreel 17 KASR_RA_JIBREEL 17 17 17 17 17

The word tree will be built as follows: first, the root is built, which corresponds to the letter readings of the Figure 10). In the second level, a word tree node is added) (جـ) first letter in the word with multiple readings for every word tree node block in the level above. A new word tree node block will be added for every in the newly created tree nodes. The set of narrators of a new word tree node block (ـر) reading for the letter will be the narrators’ intersectionJournal ofof ICT,the letter 20, readingNo. 2 (April)with the 2021,narrators pp: in 135the parent–169 word tree node block. in the left word tree node are Bazzi and (ـ ر) For example, the narrators in the word tree node block of with the ( ج ـ) Qonbul. This was found by intersecting the narrators in the parent word tree node block reading. Tree node blocks with no narrators are shaded because there are no narrators (ـ ر )narratorsFigure of the 10 in the intersection. These word tree node blocks should be eliminated; however, they are kept in the figure .(يـ) for illustration only. The same process is repeated for the third letter with multiple readings The Word Tree for the Word (Jibreel)

Figure 10. The word tree for the word (Jibreel).

Every path from a root word tree node block to a non-shaded leaf Every word path from tree a rootnode word block tree node corresponds block to a non-shaded to one leaf readingword tree node for block the correspondsword as toa one reading for the word as a whole. The narrators of this word reading are the narrators of the corresponding Table 7 whole. The narrators of this word reading are the narrators of the Tableleaf 7tree node block (Table 7). The reading code of the word is the set of the reading codes of its letters. corresponding leaf tree node block (Table 7). The reading code of the Table 7 word is the set of the reading codes of its letters. Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Word Table Readings 7 for the Word Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Word Readings for the Word Table 7Table 7 Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) WordTable Readings 7 for the Word Extracted from Word Tree ( جبريل) Word Readings for the Word ReadingsReadings NarratorsNarrators WordWord Reading Reading Code Code Extracted Extracted from Word from Wordfrom TreeReadingWord Word TreeCode Tree ( جبريل WordWord ) (Extracted جبريل ) Word ReadingsWordReadingsWord Readings Readings for the for WordforNarrators the the Qaloon,Qaloon, Warsh, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr, DoriAbuAmr, KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـريـ ج لـ ْبـريـ ل Qaloon, Warsh,Narrators DoriAbuAmr, KASR_JEEM_JIBREELWord Reading Code جـ ْبـ ر يـ ل Readings Jibreel Jibreel Soosi,Soosi, Hisham, Hisham, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan, KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Soosi,Hafs, Eisa, Warsh,Hisham, IbnJammaz,Narrators DoriAbuAmr, IbnThakwan, ISKAN_YA_JIBREELWord ReadingKASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL Code جـ ْبـ ريـReadingsJibreel ل ReadingsReadings Hafs, Eisa,Narrators IbnJammaz,Narrators ISKAN_YA_JIBREELWord ReadingWord Reading Code Code Jibreel Soosi,Hafs,Roways, Hisham, Eisa, Rawh IbnJammaz,IbnThakwan, KASR_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Qaloon,Roways, Warsh, Warsh, Warsh, DoriAbuAmr,Rawh DoriAbuAmr, KASR_JEEM_JIBREEL KASR_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْب,Qaloonـ ر,Qaloonيـ ل جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jibreel Soosi,Hafs, Hisham,Roways,Eisa, IbnJammaz, IbnThakwan, Rawh KASR_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL JibreelSoosi, Bazzi, Hisham,Soosi, Qonbul Hisham, IbnThakwan, IbnThakwan, FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL KASR_RA_JIBREEL KASR_RA_JIBREEL جJibreelـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jabreel Hafs, Eisa, IbnJammaz, KASR_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Roways,Hafs, Eisa,Rawh IbnJammaz, ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Hafs,Bazzi,Roways, Eisa, QonbulIbnJammaz, Rawh FATH_JEEM_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Bazzi, Qonbul FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل Jabreel Roways,Roways, Rawh Rawh KASR_RA_JIBREEL Bazzi,Bazzi, Qonbul Qonbul 17 FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـJabreel ل ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL JabreelJabreel KASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Bazzi, QonbulBazzi, Qonbul ISKAN_YA_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ريـ ل جـ ْبـ ريـ ل ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL Jabreel Shuba, khalaf, khallad, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREELKASR_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ رئـ يـJabreelل Shuba,Shuba, khalaf,khalaf, khallad, khallad, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ رئـ يـل Jabra'eelJabra’eel AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee,AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee, FATH_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee,Shuba, khalaf, khallad, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ رئـ يـلJabra'eel Ishaq,Ishaq, EdreesEdrees ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE Jabra'eel AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee,Ishaq, Edrees WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba, Shuba,khalaf, khalaf,khallad, khallad, FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ رئـ يـ ل جـ ْبـ رئـ يـل Ishaq, Edrees ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFORE AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee, AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee,ShubaShuba FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL جـJabra'eel ْبـ ر ئـ لJabra'eel Shuba FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ر ئـ ل Jabra'elJabra’el Ishaq, EdreesIshaq, Edrees FATH_RA_JIBREELISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_RA_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ر ئـ لJabra'el HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ Jabra'el WITH_HAMZHATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZFATH_RA_JIBREEL Shuba Shuba FATH_JEEM_JIBREELFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـ ر ئـ ل جـ ْبـ ر ئـ ل HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ Jabra'elJabra'el FATH_RA_JIBREEL 157FATH_RA_JIBREEL HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZHATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ

Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Ayah Readings Tree

Once the different readings of the words of the ayah are defined, the different readings of the ayah as a whole canISKAN_YA_JIBREEL be defined by building ayah readings tree. The BUILD-AYAH-TREE algorithm (Figure Shuba, khalaf, khallad, FATH_JEEM_JIBREEL جـ ْبـرئـيـل 11) is beckoned by the main algorithm (Figure 3). Building the Jabra'eel AbuAlharith,DoriAlkisaee, FATH_RA_JIBREEL ayah reading Ishaq,tree isEdrees very similar ISKAN_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZ_BEFOREto building the word reading tree, except that it runs on the word readings instead of letter readings. .The algorithm goesShuba through the words of theFATH_JEEM_JIBREEL ayah word by word جـ ْبـ ر ئـ ل Jabra'el If currentWord has only one reading, it becomesFATH_RA_JIBREEL the next word of the ayah. If currentWord is the first HATHF_YA_JIBREEL_WITH_HAMZword with multiple readings in the ayah, the algorithm will build the root tree node with a tree node Ayah Readingsblock Tree for every reading of currentWord. Narrators are set to be the

Once the differentnarrators readings of the of corresponding the words of the reading.ayah are defined, Then, thecurrentWord different readings will beof theset ayah as a whole can tobe bedefined the nextby building word ayahof the readings ayah. treeIf the. The currentWord BUILD-AYAH is- TREEnot the algorithm first word(Figure 11) is beckoned bywith the multiplemain algorithm readings (Figure in 3). the Building ayah, athe new ayah level reading is builttree is intovery thesimilar tree to by building the word readingsummoning tree, except BUILD-NEW-LEVELthat it runs on the word readings (Figure instead 12). of letter Finally, readings. the Theroot algorithm of goes through thethe words ayah of thereadings ayah word tree by will word. be If returned currentWord after has visiting only one allreading, the words it becomes of the next word of thethe ayah ayah. If .currentWord If the ayah is has the firstno words word with with multiple multiple readings readings, in the ayah no tree, the willalgorithm will build the root tree node with a tree node block for every reading of currentWord. Narrators are set to be the be built. To be precise, there is only one reading for this ayah. narrators of the corresponding reading. Then, currentWord will be set to be the next word of the ayah. If the currentWord is not the first word with multiple readings in the ayah, a new level is built into the tree by summoningFigure BUILD 11 -NEW-LEVEL (Figure 12). Finally, the root of the ayah readings tree will be returned after visiting all the words of the ayah. If the ayah has no words with multiple readings, no tree will be built.BUILD-AYAH-TREE To be precise, there is only Algorithm one reading for this ayah.

Figure158 11. BUILD -AYAH-TREE algorithm.

18 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

The BUILD-NEW-LEVEL algorithm (Figure 12) is beckoned in case the currentWord is not the first word with multiple readings. A new

ayah tree node will be created as a child for every ayah tree node block in the previous level. An ayah tree node block will be created for every reading for currentWord with narrators to be the intersection of corresponding reading and the narrators of the parent tree node block. Narrators of the new tree node block with contradictions and an The BUILD-NEWancestor-LEVEL tree algorithmnode block (Figure reading 12) is will beckoned be eliminated in case the by currentWord summoning is notthe the first word with multipleELIMINATE-NARRATORS-WITH-CONTRADICTIONS readings. A new ayah tree node will be created as a child for every algorithm. ayah tree node block in the previous level.Only An if theayah narrators tree node setblock of willthe benew created tree fornode every block reading is not for empty, currentWord it will with narrators to be the intersectionbe inserted of corresponding into the new reading ayah andtree the node narrators. of the parent tree node block. Narrators of the new tree node block with contradictions and an ancestor tree node block reading will be eliminated by summoning Figurethe ELIMINATE 12 -NARRATORS-WITH-CONTRADICTIONS algorithm. Only if the narrators set of the new tree node block is not empty, it will be inserted into the new ayah tree node. BUILD-NEW-LEVEL Algorithm

Figure 12.The BUILD ELIMINATE-NARRATORS-WITH-CONTRADICTIONS-NEW-LEVEL algorithm. algorithm (Figure 13) is beckoned before adding a new ayah tree node block The ELIMINATE-NARRATORS-WITH-CONTRADICTIONS algorithm (Figure 13) is beckoned before adding a new ayah tree node block into a new ayah tree node for currentWord (in ayah readings 159 tree). Its input is the newly created treeNodeBlock. The narrators of the new treeNodeBlock are taken one by one. It checks if a contradiction exists between one of the readings of the new treeNodeBlock with one of the readings of an ancestor tree node block for narrator. If a contradiction is found, that narrator is eliminated.

19 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

into a new ayah tree node for currentWord (in ayah readings tree). Its input is the newly created treeNodeBlock. The narrators of the new treeNodeBlock are taken one by one. It checks if a contradiction exists between one of the readings of the new treeNodeBlock with one of the readings of an ancestor tree node block for narrator. If a contradiction is found, that narrator is eliminated.

Figure 13

ELIMINATE-NARRATORS-WITH CONTRADICTIONS Algorithm

Figure 13. ELIMINATEThe ayah -readingsNARRATORS tree for-WITH the example-CONTRADICTIONS ayah (2:2) is shown algorithm in Figure. 14. Every tree node block is identified by a sequence of numbers The ayah readings separatedtree for the by ex dots.ample Each ayah number (2:2) isrepresents shown in the Figure rank 14.of the Every ancestor tree node tree block is identified by a sequence of numbersnode block separated in its tree by node. dots. For Each example, number the represents tree node the block rank (1.2.2.1) of the ancestor tree node block in its tree node.is the For tree example, node block the that tree exists node inblock the fourth(1.2.2.1) level is andthe treedescends node fromblock that exists in the fourth level and descendstree node from block tree (1.2.2) node blockin the (1.2.2)third level, in the which third descendslevel, which from descends tree from tree node node block (1.2) in the second level, which descends from tree node block (1.2) in the second level, which descends from tree node block (1.) in the root. The tree node and tree block (1.) in the root. The tree node and tree node blocks within a tree node blocks within a tree node are ranked from right to left. node are ranked from right to left.

Figure 14. Ayah readings tree.

Generation of the ayah readings gathering

160 After building the ayah readings tree, the tree is traversed in a well-defined order using the TRAVERSE- AYAH-TREE (root) algorithm to generate readings gathering text file (Figure 15). First, the nextReading of a given currentReading has to be defined. Rnext is beckoned to be the next reading of Rcurrent if Rnext satisfies one of the following four conditions. Remember that tree node blocks within tree nodes represent readings. Note that the tree nodes and readings within tree nodes are ranked from right to left (to match Arabic text direction). The first tree node in its level is the rightmost tree node, and the first reading is the rightmost reading in its tree node.

1. If Rcurrent has a child, Rnext is the first reading in the tree node that is the child of Rcurrent. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is the reading (1.), then Rnext is the reading (1.1). 2. If Rcurrent exists in the last level of the ayah readings tree and is not the last reading in its node, then Rnext will be the reading that exists immediately next to Rcurrent. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent

is the reading (1.1.1.1), then Rnext is the reading (1.1.1.2). 3. If Rcurrent exists in the last level of the ayah readings tree, is the last reading in its node, and its parent reading is not the last reading in its node, then Rnext is the reading that exists directly next to

its parent reading. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is the reading (1.1.1.2), then Rnext is the

20 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Figure 14

Ayah Readings Tree

. Figure 14. Ayah readings tree. Generation of the Ayah Readings Gathering

After building the ayah readings tree, the tree is traversed in a well-defined order using the TRAVERSE-AYAH-TREE (root) algorithm to generate readings gathering text file (Figure 15). First, the nextReading of a given currentReading has to be defined. Rnext is beckoned to be the next reading of Rcurrent if Rnext satisfies one of the following four conditions. Remember that tree node blocks within tree nodes represent readings. Note that the tree nodes and readings within tree nodes are ranked from right to left (to match Arabic text direction). The first tree node in its level is the rightmost tree node, and the first reading is the rightmost reading in its tree node.

1. If Rcurrent has a child, Rnext is the first reading in the tree node that

is the child of Rcurrent. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is the

reading (1.), then Rnext is the reading (1.1).

2. If Rcurrent exists in the last level of the ayah readings tree and is

not the last reading in its node, then Rnext will be the reading that

exists immediately next to Rcurrent. For example, in Figure 14, if

Rcurrent is the reading (1.1.1.1), then Rnext is the reading (1.1.1.2).

3. If Rcurrent exists in the last level of the ayah readings tree, is the last reading in its node, and its parent reading is not the last

161 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

reading in its node, then Rnext is the reading that exists directly

next to its parent reading. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is

the reading (1.1.1.2), then Rnext is the reading (1.1.2). 4. If R exists in the last level of the ayah readings tree, is current the last reading in its node, and its parent reading is also the

last reading in its node, Rnext will be the reading that exists

immediately next to the closest ancestor of Rcurrent that is not

the last in its node. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is the

reading (1.1.2).reading (1.2.2.1), then Rnext is the reading (1.3) and if Rcurrent is

4. If Rcurrent existsthe in reading the last level (1.3.2.1), of the ayah then readings Rnext is treethe ,reading is the last (2.) reading in its node, and its parent reading is also the last reading in its node, Rnext will be the reading that exists immediately next to the closestFigure ancestor 15 of Rcurrent that is not the last in its node. For example, in Figure 14, if Rcurrent is the reading (1.2.2.1), then Rnext is the reading (1.3) and if Rcurrent is the reading (1.3.2.1), then Rnext is theTRAVERSE-AYAH-TREE reading (2.) Algorithm

Figure 15.Summoning TRAVERSE- AYAHTRAVERSE-AYAH-TREE-TREE algorithm. for the root of the tree in Figure 14 will result in visiting the tree node blocks in the following Summoning TRAVERSEorder: (1.),-AYAH (1.1),- TREE(1.1.1), for thethen root (1.1.1.1) of the tree that in Figure correspond 14 will result to pass- in visiting the tree node blocks in1; the (1.1.1.2) following that order: corresponds (1.), (1.1), (1.1.1)to pass-2;, then (1.1.1.1)(1.1.2) thatthen correspond (1.1.2.1) to that pass -1; (1.1.1.2) that correspondscorrespond to pass-2 ; to(1.1.2) pass-3; then (1.1.2.1)(1.1.2.2) that that correspond corresponds to pass to-3 ; pass-4;(1.1.2.2) (1.2),that corresponds to pass-4; (1.2), (1.2.1),(1.2.1), then then (1.2.1.1) (1.2.1.1) that that correspond correspond to pass to-5 pass-5;; (1.2.2) then(1.2.2) (1.2.2.1) then that(1.2.2.1) correspond to pass- 6; (1.3), (1.3.1)that, then correspond (1.3.1.1) thatto pass-6; correspond (1.3), to (1.3.1),pass-7; (1.3.2) then (1.3.1.1) then (1.3.2.1) that thatcorrespond correspond to pass-8; (2.), (2.1), (2.1.1)to pass-7;, then (2.1.1.1) (1.3.2) that then correspond (1.3.2.1) to passthat- 9.correspond The contents to of pass-8; the gathering (2.), (2.1),file are summarised for ayah (2:2) in Table 3. 162

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

The present study implemented this system using Java following the object-orientation paradigm in analysis, design, and implementation. So far, the gathering was performed for Surah Al-Baqarah, which contains 286 ayahs with varying lengths.

System Validation

21 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

(2.1.1), then (2.1.1.1) that correspond to pass-9. The contents of the gathering file are summarised forayah (2:2) in Table 3.

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

The present study implemented this system using Java following the object-orientation paradigm in analysis, design, and implementation. So far, the gathering was performed for Surah Al-Baqarah, which contains 286 ayahs with varying lengths.

System Validation

To assure the correctness of the generated gathering, the system was developed through a test-driven incremental process (Figure 16). First, the AYAH_TRAVERSE_TREE algorithm - that represents the gathering generation engine - was carefully programmed and tested. By this, it is guaranteed that any mismatch between the gathering that is generated by the system and the gathering found in the specialised gathering books occurs due to an incorrect ayah readings tree. An incorrect creation of ayah readings tree may result from: (1) a missing letter reading that was not added to a letter; or (2) wrongly adding a letter reading that should not be added; or (3) missing contradiction that should be defined. A missing letter reading may happen because the corresponding letter reading generator is not yet defined or due to a fault in its programming. The ayahs of Surah Al-Baqarah were taken one by one. This research referred to specialised books that described the readings of the words of the ayahs (Abdeen, 2006; Ibnu Al-Jazari, 2003; Salem, 2003; Tulba & Awadh, 2016). A word reading is viewed as a set of letter readings. For every new class of a letter reading, a reading generator was created by defining its condition and the corresponding reading code. Then, the ayah readings tree was built and tested. If the new letter reading was correctly modelled in the tree, the next step was to proceed to the next letter reading in the ayah that was not yet programmed. The process was repeated for every letter reading until all the ayah readings - and contradictions if any - were correctly and completely defined. If a mismatch was found, the reading generators were updated and new reading contradictions were formulated and stored. Then, the ayah readings tree was tested again. Once all the readings and contradictions for the current ayah were

163

To assure the correctness of the generated gathering, the system was developed through a test-driven incremental process (Figure 16). First, the AYAH_TRAVERSE_TREE algorithm - that represents the gathering generation engine - was carefully programmed and tested. By this, it is guaranteed that any mismatch between the gathering that is generated by the system and the gathering found in the specialised gathering books occurs due to an incorrect ayah readings tree. An incorrect creation of ayah readings tree may result from: (1) a missing letter reading that was not added to a letter; or (2) wrongly adding a letter reading that should not be added; or (3) missing contradiction that should be defined. A missing letter reading may happen because the corresponding letter reading generator is not yet defined or due to a fault in its programming. JournalThe ayahs of of ICT, Surah 20, Al No.-Baqarah 2 (April) were taken 2021, one pp: by 135one.– This169 research referred to specialised books that described the readings of the words of the ayahs (Abdeen, 2006; Ibnu Al-Jazari, 2003; Salem, 2003; Tulba & Awadh, 2016). A word reading is viewed as a set of letter readings. For every newcorrect class ofand a letter complete, reading, a thereading next generator ayah was was created proceeded by defining and its condition the process and the corresponding reading code. Then, the ayah readings tree was built and tested. If the new letter reading was correctlywas repeated. modelled in the tree, the next step was to proceed to the next letter reading in the ayah that was not yet programmed. The process was repeated for every letter reading until all the ayah readings - and contradictionsFigure 16 if any - were correctly and completely defined. If a mismatch was found, the reading generators were updated and new reading contradictions were formulated and stored. Then, the ayah readings tree was tested again. Once all the readings and contradictions for the current ayah were correct andSystem complete, Development the next ayah was proceededProcess and the process was repeated.

Figure 16. System development process. Modelling the Holy Quran Mode lling the Holy Quran The Holy Quran was modelled using the composite design pattern. The Holy Quran was modelled using the composite design pattern. The Quran is modelled as a vector of SurahsThe ,Quran a surah is is mode modelledlled as a vector as ofa vectorayahs, an ayahof Surahs is modell,ed a as surah a vector isof words,modelled and a word as ais modelvectorled as of a vectorayahs of letters, an .ayah This research is modelled used three Quranicas a vector text files of from words, (Tanzil Documents, and a word n. d.): Uthmani,is modelled Simple, and as Clean a vector. Every Quranic of letters word was. Thismaintained research in three forms: used Uthmani three where Quranic the word text was as written in the Mos-haf, simple that used standard Arabic dictation with annotation signs (textharakat files), and finallyfrom clean (Tanzil that used Documents, standard Arabic dictationn. d.):Uthmani, but without annotation Simple signs., and T heseClean forms. Every Quranic word was maintained in three forms: Uthmani where the word text was as written in the Mos-haf, simple that used standard Arabic dictation with annotation signs22 (harakat), and finallyclean that used standard Arabic dictation but without annotation signs. These forms were necessary for the Quranic word to ease writing reading generators’ conditions.

Reading Generators

A reading generator is the component that defines the letter readings. Every reading generator is implemented as a Java class that contains all the functionality needed to define the readings and associate them with the Quranic letters. A reading generator is identified by a condition and a reading code, another functionality that is done by the generator that is identical for all generators. Reading code is modelled as a Java class with the attributes that are needed to define the reading. There are more than 300 generators and this makes the manual definition of the generators hard. Therefore, the present study defined

164

were necessary for the QuranicJournal word ofto ICT, ease 20, writing No. 2 reading(April) 2021, generators pp: 135’ –conditions.169

Reading Generators LetterReadingGeneratorGenertor that automatically generated the A reading generatorreading isgenerator the component code file that given defines the conditionthe letter readings.and the readingEvery reading code. generator is implemented asReadings a Java class generators that contains were all instantiated the functionality into needed a vector to define and applied the readings one and associate them with the byQuranic one onletters. each A of reading the letters generator of the is identifiedinput ayah by. a condition and a reading code, another functionality that is done by the generator that is identical for all generators. Reading code is modelled as a Java class withGraphic the attributes Representation that are needed of theto define Ayah the Readings reading. TreeThere are more than 300 generators and this makes the manual definition of the generators hard. Therefore, the present study defined LetterReadingGeneratorGenertorA simple Graphical that User automatically Interface generated(GUI) to the view reading the ayahgenerator readings code file given the condition and thetree reading using codeJTree. Readings was developed generators (Elliott were instantiated et al., 2002). into a Thisvector GUI and appliedwas one by one on each of the veryletters practical of the input in verifyingayah. the letter generators and the ayah readings tree during system development. The ayah tree example in Figure 14 Graphic Representationis shown in of Figure the Ayah 17. Readings It can be Tree seen that every tree node in the ayah gathering tree is represented by a JTree node. There are seven leaf A simple Graphicaltree nodes User Interface with nine (GUI leaf) to tree view node the ayah blocks readings that correspondtree using JTree to the was nine developed (Elliott et al., 2002). Thispasses. GUI wasThere very are practical two leaf in verifyingtree nodes the withletter twogenerators tree node and the blocks ayah each.readings tree during system development.The selected The ayah JTree tree nodeexample contents in Figure are 14 shown is shown in the in Figure lower 17. panel. It can be seen that every tree node in the ayah gathering tree is represented by a JTree node. There are seven leaf tree nodes with nine leaf tree nodeFigure bloc 17ks that correspond to the nine passes. There are two leaf tree nodes with two tree node blocks each. The selected JTree node contents are shown in the lower panel. Ayah Gathering Tree in the Form of Jtree

Figure 17. Ayah gathering tree in the form of Jtree. CONCLUSION

In this paper, the gatheringCONCLUSION of the Quranic readings process was formalised and implemented by a software system. It is believed

165 23 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169 that this work is useful because it proved that a detailed gathering of Quranic readings can be generated using computers, which would be very hard to do manually. Moreover, this software system would be a good base to build upon more software systems to serve the field of Quranic readings like vocal generation of Quranic readings gathering. As future work, it is recommended to complete the system to cover the whole Quran and make it available for interested students. It would be interesting to generalise the gathering process to work for any number of narrations that are decided by the user.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge the use of the facilities of Al- Ahliyya Amman University. This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or non- profit sectors.

REFERENCES

Abdeen, A. (2016). Al-Konoos Althameena fee Jam’e alqiraat alashr min tareeq tayyabat Annashr Alama Jaa’a fee tanqeeh alkareem. (Alkonooz-Athameena in gathering the readings from Tayyibat Annashr ways for what came in Tanqeeh Alkareem). https:// archive.org/details/sa71mir_gmail_20160411 Abdou, S., & Rashwan, M. (2014). A computer aided pronunciation learning system for teaching the Holy Quran recitation rules. In IEEE/ACS 11th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (pp. 543–550). https://doi.org/10.1109/ aiccsa.2014.7073246 Abdullah, M., Aziz, Z., Rauf, R., Shamsudin, N., & Latiff, R. (2019). TeBook a mobile Holy Quran memorization tool. In Second International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/ cais.2019.8769472 AbuZeina, D., & Alsaheb, M. (2013). Capturing the common syntactical rules for the Holy Quran: A data mining approach. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 670–680). https://doi.org/10.1109/cais.2019.8769472

166 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

AlKhatib, H. H., Mansor, E. I., Alsamel, Z., & AlBarazi, J. A. (2020). A study of using VR Game in teaching tajweed for teenagers. In Interactivity and the Future of the Human-Computer Interface (pp. 244-260). https://10.4018/978-1-7998-2637-8.ch013 Alotaibi, F., Abdullah, M., Abdullah, R., Rahmat, R., Hashem, I., & Sangaiah A. (2018). Optical character recognition for Quranic image similarity matching. IEEE Access 6, 554–562. https:// doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2771621 Bin Musa, M., Niyaz Bin Yusop, M., Sopee, M., & Ali, M. (2018). i-Tasmik mobilepPlatform – Enabling tahfiz student to memorize Al-Quran independently. In International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World (pp. 24–29). https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4m.2018.00014 Boussenan, R. (2013). Electronic Management of Quran Sites. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 700–723). https://doi.org/10.1109/nooric.2013.107 Elliott, J., Eckstein, R., Loy, M., Wood, D., & Cole, B. (2002). Java swing (2nd ed.). O’Reilly Media. Elmarhomy, G. (2020) Understanding hidden meanings of Quran’s words using mobile/Android application. Journal of Computer and Communications, 8(9), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.4236/ jcc.2020.89004 Hakak, S., Kamsin, A., Tayan, O., Idris, M., Gani, A., & Zerdoumi, S. (2017). Preserving content integrity of digital Holy Quran: Survey and open challenges. IEEE Access 5, 7305–7325. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2682109 Ibnu Al-Jazari, M. (2003), Sharh Tayibat Annashr Fee Al-qiraat Al- ashr (Interpretation of Tyyibat Annashr in the ten Readings). Scientific Books Publisher. Ishak, S., Zaki, Z., Mohamad, K., Bahrin, M., Roni, N., & Musa, M. (2016). MyQiraat: An interactive Qiraat mobile application. In Fourth International Conference on User Science and Engineering (pp. 35–39). https://doi.org/10.1109/ iuser.2016.7857930 Khadangi, E., Fazeli, M., & Shahmohammadi, A. (2018). The study on Quranic surahs’ topic sameness using NLP techniques. In Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (pp. 298–302). https://doi. org/10.1109/iccke.2018.8566248

167 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Khan, N., Ahmad, N., Beg, A., Fakheraldin, M., Alla, A., & Nubli, M. (2010). Mental and spiritual relaxation by recitation of the Holy Quran. In Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development (pp. 863–867). https:// doi.org/10.1109/iccrd.2010.62 Larbi, L. (2013). Voice search in the Holy Quran. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 413–418). https://doi.org/10.1109/nooric.2013.86 Mahmoud, M., & Hassan, I. (2013). Artificial intelligence techniques for extracting individuals recitation of the Holy Quran from its combinations. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 292–297). https://doi.org/10.1109/ nooric.2013.65 Majdalawieh, M., Marir, F., & Tiemsani, I. (2017). Developing adaptive Islamic law business processes models for Islamic finance and banking by text mining the Holy Qur’an and hadith. In IEEE 15th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (pp. 1278–1283). https://doi. org/10.1109/dasc-picom-datacom-cyberscitec.2017.205 Menacer, M., Arbaoui, A., & Mogbel, A. (2013). Concepts and architecture of a dedicated virtual learning environment for Quran and its sciences. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 362– 365). https://doi.org/10.1109/10.1109/nooric.2013.76 Mohamed, E. H., & Shokry, E. M. (2020). QSST: A Quranic semantic search tool based on word embedding. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.01.004 Priatna, T., Nurhamzah, N., Suryana, Y., & Nurdiansah, N. (2020). Developing management of Quran memorization institutions through the web system. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1), 465–468. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/63912020 Qayyum, A., Latif, S., & Qadir, J. (2108). Quran reciter identification: A deep learning approach. In Seventh International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE) (pp. 492–497). https://doi.org/10.1109/iccce.2018.8539336

168 Journal of ICT, 20, No. 2 (April) 2021, pp: 135–169

Rafi, M., Khan, B., Usmani, A. W., Qasim, Z., Ali, S., Hasan, S. O. (2019). Quran companion - A helping tool for huffaz. Journal of Information & Communication Technology, 13(2), 21–27. http://jict.ilmauniversity.edu.pk/journal/jict/13.2/5.pdf Rashid, N., Venkat, I., Damanhoori, F., Mustaffa, N., Husain, W., & Khader, A. (2013). Towards automating the evaluation of Holy Quran recitations: A pattern recognition perspective. In Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (pp. 424–428). https://doi.org/10.1109/nooric.2013.88 Salem, M. (2003). Fareedatu-Addahr fee Ta’seel wa Jam’e Al-qiraat Al-ashr (Fareedatu-Adhar in rooting and gathering the ten readings). Albayan Al-Arabi Publisher. Tanzil Documents. (n. d.). Download Quran text. https://www:// tanzil.net/docs/download Tulba, A., & Awadh, Y. (2016). Jam’e Alqiraat Al-Ashr min Turuq Tayyibat Annashr (Gathering of the ten readings from Tayyabat Annashr ways). https://archive.org/details/sa71mir_ gmail_201608 Yauri, R. A., Abdul Kadir, R., Azman, A., & Murad, M. (2013). Ontology semantic approach to extraction of knowledge from Holy Quran. In Fifth International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (pp. 19–23). https://doi. org/10.1109/csit.2013.6588752

169