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Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE SEVEN READINGS OF THE QUR'AN: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THEIR LINGUISTIC DIFFERENCES By: Fawzi Ibrahim Abu Fayyad Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies. University of Glasgow 1989 ProQuest Number: 11007337 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007337 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 A b stra ct This thesis is intended as an attempt at a general investigation of the different linguistic features involved in the seven readings. It falls into eight chapters and a general conclusion. At the outset of the thesis, a list of the Arabic technical words is provided with their English equivalents . This is followed by a preface about the topic, its importance, the methods adopted in the thesis, and the main references. Chapter one gives the historical background of the Qur'an, its collection, its seven readings, and the seven readers. Chapter two deals with readings involving variations in sivagh. such as person, gender, number, tense, mood. etc. Index i provides a list of all readings involving sivagh variations . Chapter three deals with readings reflecting elements of lughat variation. Index ii provides a list of all readings involving lughat variations . Chapter four deals with readings involving n a h w variation. Index iii provides a list of all readings involving nahw . Chapter five deals with readings involving some aspects of balagha. Index iv provides a list of all readings involving balagha. Chapter six deals with readings involving variations in nazm. Index v provides a list of all the nazm v ariations. Chapter seven deals with readings deriving from the different Uthmanic codices. Index vi provides a list of all the rasm al-mushaf variations . Chapter eight deals with readings involving variations in m a°na. Index vii provides a list of all readings involving differences in macna. The general conclusion at the end of the thesis covers all eight chapters. iii Acknowledgment Thanks are indeed due to God Almighty, worthy of all praise. " The one who does not tha nk people , does not thank God." I would like to thank Professor John Mattock for all that he has done . I have greatly benefited from his scholarly guidance and valuable suggestions. He has dedicated quite a long time to discussion, research, translation and revision. Without his contribution this work would not have been in its present form. My thanks go to Dr. Mustafa Jumca , of al-Zaqaziq University in Egypt, for his help and encouragement, and to Dr. Ahmad Salah, a specialist in linguistic studies, for helping me with some of the translations. I am also thankful to those others who have helped me in different ways with this thesis, and in particular Dr. Muhyi al-Din Ramadan of al-Yarmouk University in Jordan, who has provided me with useful references for qira'at. For the Qur'anic readings, I am indebted to al-Shaykh Ahmad cAbd al-Hamid Shadi, who has kindly sent me cassettes of the seven readings of the Qur'an. Finally, I am thankful to my family: my daughter, my son and my wife, who lavish me with love and patience. C ontents A b s tra c t .................................................................................... i Acknowledg ment ....................................................................iii Contents ................................................................................... iv Key to transliteration ..............................................................x Terminology ........................................................................... xii Preface................................................................................... xix The Indices .................................................................... xxi Chapter I: Historical Background 1.1. The early differences of the qira'a ........................... 2 1.2. The first collection of the Qur'an by Abu Bakr al-Siddiq ...........................................................................3 1. 3. The second collection of the Qur’an by cUthm an Ibn cA ffa n ...............................................................4 1. 4. al-Ahruf al-sabca. The seven moulds ...................5 1. 5. The selection of the seven readers ............................7 1. b. The seven readers of the > Qur'an .............................6 1. 7. The criteria for accepting readings ..........................10 1. 6. Sound chain of transmission ......................................12 1. Q. Rasm al-mushaf. .........................................................13 1. 10. Arabic usage .................................................................15 1. 11. The reason for different readings .............................17 Notes ..........................................................................................19 Chapter II : Siyagh D e fin itio n .................................................................................. 23 Examples: 2. 1......................................................................... 24 2. 2...............................................................................................2b 2. 3 ............................................................................................ 27 V 2. 3 ..............................................................................................27 2. 4 .............................................................................................. 26 2. 5..............................................................................................30 2. b...............................................................................................31 2.7...............................................................................................32 2.6...............................................................................................33 2. 9............................................................................................... 35 2.10 ............................................................................................. 3 b 2.11 ..............................................................................................36 2.12...............................................................................................39 2. 13 .............................................................................................40 2. 14 ............................................................................................42 2. 15.............................................................................................43 2. lb .............................................................................................45 2. 17.............................................................................................4b 2. 16............................................................................................ 47 2. 19............................................................................................ 46 2. 20........................................................................................... 50 2. 2 1........................................................................................... 51 2. 22........................................................................................... 52 2. 23 ............................................................................................53 2. 24 .............................................................................................55 Notes.............................................................................................5? Index. I ................................................................................... b 2 -102 Conclusion ..................................................................................103 Chapter III: Lughat Definition ................................................................................ 10b Examples: 3- 1 ...................................................................... 107 3 . 2.......................................................................................... 106 vi 3- 3 ........................................................................................... l io 3- 4 .........................................................................................
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