Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016

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Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 23 Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 IMPLEMENTASI METODE PEMBELAJARAN QIRA’AH SAB’AH Romdloni STKIP NURUL HUDA Sukaraja Oku Timur Sumatera Selatan ABSTRAK Qira’at adalah ilmu yang membahas tentang tata cara pengucapan kalimat-kalimat Qur‟an berikut cara pelaksanaanya, baik yang disepakati maupun yang terjadi perbedaan, dengan menisbatkan setiap wajahnya pada seorang Imam Qira’at. Dari sekian banyak qira’at yang bermunculan setelah Rasulullah wafat, setelah dilakukan penelitian ternyata yang paling mutawatir dan masyhur ada tujuh. Dari penelitian tersebut juga diketahui bahwa ketujuh qira’at itu masing-masing dikuasai dan dipopulerkan oleh tujuh imam qira’at (qira’ah sab’ah) yang berbeda. Dari merekalah diketahui sumber-sumber qira’at yang memiliki sanad jelas dengan segala persyaratanya.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualiatif dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, interview dan dokumentasi. Disamping analisis deskriptif kualitatif, untuk menunjang terhadap hasil interview, maka peneliti memberikan sejumlah angket untuk mendapatkan jawaban-jawaban seputar penelitian yang dimaksud.Dengan adanya metode pembelajaran qira’ah sab’ah, diharapkan santri mengetahui dan paham akan qiro’ah sab’ah dan juga dapat meningkatkan kualitas belajarnya, serta kajian qira’ah sab’ah dapat dijadikan sebuah wacana terhadap khazanah keilmuan dan dapat di aplikasikan secara langsung dalam lingkungan pesantren maupun lingkungan lainnya. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Metode Pembelajaran, Qira’ah Sab’ah 24 Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 A. PENDAHULUAN Telah menjadi keyakinan bagi seluruh umat Islam dimanapun berada, bahwa kitab suci Al-Qur‟an itu adalah kitab suci terakhir yang diturunkan Allah SWT untuk seluruh umat manusia, disampaikan oleh Malaikat Jibril AS kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW dalam bahasa Arab yang bermutu tinggi, guna menjadi pedoman hidup bagi seluruh umat manusia.Rasulullah menyampaikan ayat-ayat yang diterimanya itu kepada para sahabatnya juga melalui ucapan atau secara lisan. Penyampaian selanjutnya dari sahabat kepada tabi‟in dan untuk seterusnya berlanjut dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya, Al-Qur‟an selalu disampaikan dengan lisan. Bangsa Arab sejak dahulu mempunyai lahjah (dialek) yang beragam antara satu kabilah dengan kabilah yang lain, baik dari segi intonasi, bunyi maupun hurufnya, namun bahasa Quraisy mempunyai kelebihan dan keistimewaan tersendiri, ia lebih tinggi dari pada bahasa dan dialek yang lain. Oleh karena itu, wajar apabila Al-Qur‟an pertama diturunkan adalah dalam bahasa Quraisy kepada seorang Rasul yang Quraisy pula. Dengan kata lain bahasa Quraisy di dalam Al-Qur‟an lebih dominan dari pada lughat-lughat lain. (LPTQ Tingkat Nasional, 2002:1) Kesatuan dialek yang sudah Nabi SAW biasa dengannya sewaktu masih di Makkah mulai sirna setibanya di Madinah. Dengan meluasnya ekspansi Islam melintasi belahan wilayah Arab lain dengan suku bangsa dan dialek baru, berarti berakhirnya dialek kaum Quraisy yang dirasa sulit untuk dipertahankan. (M. M. Al-A‟zami, 2005:169). Dalam kitab sahihnya, Muslim mengutip hadis seperti ini: Ubay bin Ka’ab melaporkan bahwa ketika Nabi SAW dekat lokasi bani Ghifar, Malaikat Jibril datang dan berkata: “Allah telah menyuruh kamu untuk membaca Al-Qur’an kepada kaummu dalam satu dialek” lalu Nabi bersabda: “Saya mohon ampunan Allah, kaumku tidak mampu untuk itu”, lalu Jibril datang lagi untuk kedua kalinya dan berkata: “Allah telah menyuruhmu agar membacakan Al-Qur’an pada kaummu dalam dua dialek”, Nabi Muhammad SAW lalu menjawab: “Saya mohon ampunan Allah, kaumku tidak akan mempu melakukanya”, Jibril datang ketiga kalinya dan berkata: “Allah telah menyuruhmu untuk membacakan Al-Qur’an pada kaummu dalam tiga dialek”, dan lagi- lagi Nabi Muhammad SAW berkata: “Saya mohon ampunan Allah, kaumku tidak akan mampu melakukanya”, lalu Jibril datang yang keempat kalinya dan menyatakan: “Allah telah mengizinkanmu membacakan Al-Qur’an kepada kaummu dalam tujuh dialek dan dalam dialek apa saja mereka gunakan, sah-sah saja”. 25 Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 Di sisi lain, perbedaan-perbedaan dialek (lahjah) itu membawa konsekuensi lahirnya bermacam-macam qira’ah dalam melafalkan Al-Qur‟an. Lahirnya bermacam-macam qira’ah itu sendiri, dengan melihat gejala beragamnya dialek sebenarnya bersifat alami (natural), artinya tidak dapat dihindari lagi. Oleh karena itu, Rasulullah SAW sendiri membenarkan pelafalan Al-Qur‟an dengan berbagai qira’at. Rasulullah SAW bersabda: “Sesungguhnya Al-Qur’an ini diturunkan dalam tujuh huruf, maka bacalah oleh kalian apa yang kalian anggap mudah dari tujuh huruf itu” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim). (M. Nashiruddin Al-Albani, 2008 : 392) Setelah diketahui secara ringkas perkembangan qira’at Qur‟an secara umum, demikian pula setelah dapat dipahami bagaimana munculnya usaha ulama untuk mengadakan penelitian dan pengujian terhadap qira’at tersebut berikut kriteria dan nilai sanadnya, dapatlah diketahui tentang qira’at tujuh. Sebagaimna hasil penelitian dan pengujian qira’at Al-Qur‟an yang banyak beredar, ternyata yang memenuhi syarat mutawatir menurut kesepakatan para ulama Qur‟an ada tujuh (sab’ah) bacaan yang masing-masingnya dikuasai serta dipopulerkan oleh tujuh Imam Qira’at. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, kajian qira’ah sab’ah banyak diajarkan di pondok pesantren Al-Qur‟an. Akan tetapi tidak seluruh pondok pesantren Al-Qur‟an mengajarkan materi qira’ah sab’ah, hanya sebagian kecil yang mengajarkanya. Faktor penyebabnya adalah, di samping sulitnya dalam mempelajari qira’ah sab’ah, ilmu qira’ah sab’ah sendiri sulit diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, juga faktor utamanya adalah keterbatasan orang yang ahli dibidang ilmu qira’ah sab’ah. B. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan mengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber yang berkaitan dengan kajian qira’ah sab’ah. C. IMPLEMENTASI METODE PEMBELAJARAN QIRA’AH SAB’AH 1. Kajian Qira’ah Sab’ah Menurut bahasa, kata qira’at merupakan bentuk jamak dari kata qira’ah yang berasal dari kata qara’a – yaqrou – qira’atan - qur’anan yang memiliki makna tilawah. Makna qiroah semula berarti kumpulan atau cakupan (M. Samsul Ulum, 2007 : 103). Sedangkan secara terminologis, ada beberapa pendapat ulama yang mendefinisikan arti qira’at yaitu 26 Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 menurut Az-Zarqani “Madzhab yang dianut oleh seorang imam qira’at yang berbeda dengan lainya dalam pengucapan Al-Qur’an serta kesepakatan riwayat-riwayat dan jalur-jalurnya, baik perbedaan itu dalam pengucapan huruf-huruf ataupun pengucapan bentuk-bentuk”. Menurut Ibn Al-Jazari “Ilmu yang menyangkut cara-cara mengucapkan kata-kata Al-Qur’an dan perbedaan-perbedaannya dengan cara menisbatkan kepada penukilnya”. Menurut Az- Zarkasyi “Qira’at adalah perbedaan (cara mengucapkan) lafazh-lafazh Al-Qur’an, baik menyangkut huruf-hurufnya atau cara pengucapan huruf-huruf tersebut, seperti takhfif, (meringankan), tatsqil (memberatkan), dan atau yang lainya” (Rosihon Anwar, 2006 : 146). Menurut istilah para ahli Al-Qur‟an adalah sebagai berikut “yaitu suatu pengetahuan tentang tata cara pengucapan kalimat atau ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an baik yang disepakati maupun yang terjadi perbedaan yang disandarkan pada seseorang Imam Qira’at” (Misbahul Munir, 2005 : 378). Berdasarkan rumusan-rumusan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa qira’at itu mempunyai dua sumber, yaitu al-sima’ dan al-naql. Artinya bahwa qira’at itu diperoleh secara langsung dengan cara mendengar dari Nabi SAW., sedangkan al-naql, artinya qira’at itu diperoleh melalui riwayat yang menyatakan bahwa qira’at Al-Qur‟an itu dibacakan di hadapan Nabi SAW. lalu beliau membenarkanya (Supiana dan M. Karman, 2002 : 210). 2. Sejarah Timbulnya Qira’at Sejak dulu bangsa Arab mempunyai dialek yang amat banyak, yang mereka dapatkan dari fitrahnya dan sebagianya mereka ambil dari tetangga mereka. Tidak diragukan lagi bahasa Quraisy amatlah terkenal dan tersebar luas. Hal ini disebabkan kesibukan mereka berdagang dan keberadaan mereka di sisi Baitullah ditambah lagi kedudukan mereka sebagai penjaga dan pelindungnya. Orang-orang Quraisy memang mengambil sebagian lahjah (dialek) dan kalimat-kalimat yang mereka kagumi dari orang-orang luar selain mereka. Qira’at sebenarnya telah muncul sejak masa Nabi SAW walaupun pada saat itu qira’at bukan merupakan sebuah disiplin ilmu (Rosihon Anwar, 2006 : 148).Ada beberapa riwayat yang dapat mendukung asumsi ini, yaitu hadis Rasulullah SAW yang diriwayatkan oleh Bukhari dan Muslim: “Dari Ibn Abbas RA. berkata: Rasulullah SAW bersabda “Jibril membacakan Al-Qur’an kepadaku dengan satu huruf. Kemudian aku kembali kepadanya dan meminta tambah. Lalu ia menambahkan kepadaku sampai aku menyelesaikan tujuh huruf” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim). Kisah Umar RA, yang diriwayatkan oleh Bukhari dan Muslim: 27 Jurnal Al-Makrifat Vol 1, No 1, April 2016 “Bahwa Umar bin Khattab berkata: Aku mendengar Hisyam bin Hakim membaca surah Al-Furqan dimasa hidup Rasulullah SAW. Maka aku sengaja mendengarkan bacaanya. Tahu-tahu dia membanya dengan huruf yang banyak (bacaan yang bermacam-macam), dimana Nabi belum pernah membacakanya kepadaku. Hampir saja aku terkam dia dalam shalat, namun aku berusaha sabar sampai dia salam. Begitu dia salam aku tarik leher bajunya, seraya aku bertanya: “Siapa yang telah membacakan (mengajari bacaan) surah tadi?” Hisyam menjawab: “Yang mengajarkan bacaan tadi Rasulullah sendiri”, aku gertak dia”Kau bohong, demi Allah, Rasulullah telah membacakan surah tadi kepadaku (tapi tidak
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