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35 Ahmadiyya
Malaysian Journal of International Relations, Volume 6, 2018, 35-46 ISSN 2289-5043 (Print); ISSN 2600-8181 (Online) AHMADIYYA: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSECUTED COMMUNITY Abdul Rashid Moten ABSTRACT Ahmadiyya, a group, founded in 19th century India, has suffered fierce persecution in various parts of the Muslim world where governments have declared them to be non-Muslims. Despite opposition from mainstream Muslims, the movement continued its proselytising efforts and currently boasts millions of followers worldwide. Based on the documentary sources and other scholarly writings, this paper judges the claims made by the movement's founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, analyses the consequences of the claims, and examines their proselytizing strategies. This paper found that the claims made by Mirza were not in accordance with the belief of mainstream Muslims, which led to their persecution. The reasons for their success in recruiting millions of members worldwide is to be found in their philanthropic activities, avoidance of violence and pursuit of peace inherent in their doctrine of jihad, exerting in the way of God, not by the sword but by the pen. Keywords: Ahmadiyya, jihad, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Pakistan, philanthropy INTRODUCTION The Qur’an categorically mentions that Muhammad is the last in the line of the Prophets and that no prophet will follow him. Yet, there arose several individuals who claimed prophethood in Islam. Among the first to claim Prophecy was Musailama al-Kazzab, followed by many others including Mirza Hussein Ali Nuri who took the name Bahaullah (glory of God) and formed a new religion, the Bahai faith. Many false prophets continued to raise their heads occasionally but failed to make much impact until the ascendance of the non-Muslim intellectual, economic and political forces particularly in the 19th century A.D. -
Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae PERSONAL DETAILS Name Ahmad Abdul Karim Shawkah Al-Kubaisi Nationality Iraqi Academic Associate Professor Position Highest degree Two certificates of Doctor of Philosophy Degree (PhD) Specialization Interpretation and Sciences of the Qur'an, Qira’at CONTACT DETAILS Current Job Department of foundations religion, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Address Studies, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Contact 00971552961989 Number: Office Ext 2057 Email address [email protected] PLACE OF WORK DATES 1. University of Sharjah 1 / 9 /2014 -present 2. College of Islamic and Arabic Studies, Dubai 1 /9 / 2013 – 20 / 8 / 2014 3. Iraqi University, Baghdad, College of Arts, Department of 1 /9 / 2011 – 15 /8 / Science of Quran 2013 4. Ibb University, Yemen, College of Arts, Department of 1 /9 / 2005 – 30 /7 / Sciences of Quran 2011 5. College of Imam Al - Adham Abu Hanifa Al - Nu'man, Baghdad 1 /9 / 2003 – 15 / 8 / 2005 6. Saddam College for Preparing Imams, Sermons Givers and 1 /9 / 2000 – 30 / 8 / Preachers, Baghdad 2003 7. University of Baghdad - College of Islamic Sciences 1 /9 / 1997 – 1 / 7 / 1998 8. Arab-German Open University, Cologne 1 /9 / 2007 – 30 / 8 / (Lecturer and Supervisor for Post Graduate Distance Learning 2012 Programme) 1 WORK EXPERIENCE: (TEACHING) WORK EXPERIENCE: (NON-TEACHING ACADEMIC WORK) Place of Work Dates 1. Head of the Department of Foundations of Religion, 2020 – 2019 College of Shariah and Islamic Studies, University of Sharjah 2. Chairman, Board of Post Graduate Studies, Department 2020 – 2019 of Foundations of Religion, College of Shariah, University of Sharjah 3. -
Zaheeruddin V. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 5 June 1996 Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq Follow this and additional works at: https://lawandinequality.org/ Recommended Citation M. N. Siddiq, Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Officialersecution P of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, 14(1) LAW & INEQ. 275 (1996). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol14/iss1/5 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq* Table of Contents Introduction ............................................... 276 I. The Ahmadiyya Community in Islam .................. 278 II. History of Ahmadis in Pakistan ........................ 282 III. The Decision in Zaheerudin v. State ................... 291 A. The Pakistan Court Considers Ahmadis Non- M uslim s ........................................... 292 B. Company and Trademark Laws Do Not Prohibit Ahmadis From Muslim Practices ................... 295 C. The Pakistan Court Misused United States Freedom of Religion Precedent .............................. 299 D. Ordinance XX Should Have Been Found Void for Vagueness ......................................... 314 E. The Pakistan Court Attributed False Statements to Mirza Ghulam Almad ............................. 317 F. Ordinance XX Violates -
Origination, Organization, and Prevention: Saudi Arabia, Terrorist Financing and the War on Terror”
Testimony of Steven Emerson with Jonathan Levin Before the United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs “Terrorism Financing: Origination, Organization, and Prevention: Saudi Arabia, Terrorist Financing and the War on Terror” July 31, 2003 Steven Emerson Executive Director The Investigative Project 5505 Conn. Ave NW #341 Washington DC 20015 Email: [email protected] phone 202-363-8602 fax 202 966 5191 Introduction Terrorism depends upon the presence of three primary ingredients: Indoctrination, recruitment and financing. Take away any one of those three ingredients and the chances for success are geometrically reduced. In the nearly two years since the horrific attacks of 9/11, the war on terrorism has been assiduously fought by the US military, intelligence and law enforcement. Besides destroying the base that Al Qaeda used in Afghanistan, the United States has conducted a comprehensive campaign in the United States to arrest, prosecute, deport or jail those suspected of being connected to terrorist cells. The successful prosecution of terrorist cells in Detroit and Buffalo and the announcement of indictments against suspected terrorist cells in Portland, Seattle, northern Virginia, Chicago, Tampa, Brooklyn, and elsewhere have demonstrated the resolve of those on the front line in the battle against terrorism. Dozens of groups, financial conduits and financiers have seen their assets frozen or have been classified as terrorist by the US Government. One of the most sensitive areas of investigation remains the role played by financial entities and non-governmental organizations (ngo’s) connected to or operating under the aegis of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Since the July 24 release of the “Report of the Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001,” the question of what role Saudi Arabia has played in supporting terrorism, particularly Al Qaeda and the 9/11 attacks, has come under increasing scrutiny. -
Pendahuluan Menggagas Prototipe Mushaf Al-Qur'an
KORDINAT Vol. XX No.1 Tahun 2021 ISSN 1411-6154 | EISSN 2654-8038 PENDAHULUAN MENGGAGAS PROTOTIPE MUSHAF AL-QUR’AN STANDAR INDONESIA RIWAYAT QALUN MENURUT - Sofyan Hadi Institut PTIQ Jakarta Email: [email protected] Abstract : This research was written with the aim of presenting a manuscript of the Al-Qur'an which is easily accessible to the Muslim community in Indonesia in studying and practicing reading the Qur'an from the history of Qalun through the initial step in the form of "Prototype of Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Manuscripts. The History of Qalun according to Tharîq al. -Syâtibiyyah ”. In this study, the findings of differences in the reading of the history of Hafsh and the history of Qalun according to tharîq al- Syâthibiyyah are presented, both in terms of general principles (ushyliyyah) and certain readings in certain verses and letters (farsy al-hurûf). In the ushûliyyah rule, the difference is in the mim jama 'rule, ha` kinâyah, idghâm saghîr, mad munfashil, two hamzah in one word, two hamzah in two words, ya` idhâfah, ya` zâidah, and the As for the difference in farsy al-hurûf there are certain .التَّ ُْ ٰسى تَ word .ملك,َيخذعُن,َيكزبُن ;words in certain verses, such as the word Furthermore, the findings related to the punctuation marks (dhabth) applied to the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur`an Manuscripts of the history of Hafsh and several Al-Quran manuscripts of the history of Qalun circulating in the Islamic world today, including the Mushaf al-Jamâhîriyyah History of Qalun from Libya. Madinah al- Munawwarah, Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt. -
Jurnal Al-Mawarid Vol.8 Nomor 2, Sep-Febr 2013
JURNAL AL-MAWARID VOL.8 NOMOR 2, SEP-FEBR 2013 DIFFERENT QIRAAT AND ITS IMPLICATION IN DIFFERENT OPINION OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE Dr. Muhammad Roy Purwanto1 ABSTRACT Al- Qur'an is the sacred book of Islam. It has also been called, in English, the Koran and it ;(قرآن) the Quran. Qur'an is the currently preferred English transliteration of the Arabic original means “recitation”. Although it is referred to as a "book", when a Muslim refers to the Qur'an, they are referring to the actual text, the words, rather than the printed work itself. Muslims believe that the Qur'an available today is the same as that revealed to Prophet Muhammad and by him to his followers, who memorized his words. Scholars accept that the version of the Qur'an used today was first compiled in writing by the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. He sent copies of his version to the various provinces of the new Muslim empire, and directed that all variant copies be destroyed. Uthman's version organized the revelations, or surah, roughly in order of length, with the longest surah at the start of the Qur'an and the shortest ones at the end. More conservative views state that the order of most surah was divinely set. Later scholars have struggled to put the surah in chronological order, and among Muslim commentators at least there is a rough consensus as to which suras were revealed in Mecca and which at Medina. Infact, according to Zamahsyari, different readings of holy Qu’an carries big implication in different opinion in Islamic jurisprudence. -
The Islamist Factory
The Islamist Factory SHORT VERSION SEPTEMBER 2018 There is no desire more natural than the desire for knowledge The author An Ecole Normale graduate and with an agrégation in geography, Hakim El Karoui taught at the Lyon II University before joining the cabinet of the Prime Minister in 2002 as speech writer. After serving within the Ministry of Finance, in 2006 he integrated the Rothschild bank, where he led the Africa Practice together with Lionel Zinsou. In 2011, he joined the strategy consulting firm Roland Berger, where he was joint head of the Africa and French Government advisory sectors. In 2016, he founded his own strategy consulting firm, Volentia. Hakim El Karoui is also a writer and social entrepreneur (he created the Club du XXIe siècle - The 21st Century Club). The Islamist Factory SHORT VERSION - SEPTEMBER 2018 SOMMAIRE Foreword .................................................................................... 5 Partie I : Islamism: Genealogy of an Ideology ............................................. 9 Chapter I: Islamism as a Response to the Question of Modernity Raised by the West during the Colonial Era .............................13 Chapter II: Wahhabism and the Muslim Brotherhood: the Two Main Islamist Ideologies .....................................................16 Chapter III: Contemporary Developments: Islamism Reasons Alone and Independently of the West ............................19 Chapter IV: Why Islamism Becomes a Mass Ideology in the 1980s ..21 Part II : At the heart of Islamism’s Production Centers ................................ 23 Chapter I: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and in the Arab World 26 Chapter II: Saudi Arabia ........................................................... 31 Chapter III: Turkish Islamism: Political Islam in Power ....................35 Chapter IV: Iran: A Marginal System of Production? .......................40 3 Part III – People, Organizations, and Media: How Islamism spreads ........... -
Saudi Arabia
SAUDI ARABIA TIER 1 | USCIRF-RECOMMENDED COUNTRIES OF PARTICULAR CONCERN (CPC) KEY FINDINGS In 2018, while Saudi Arabia remained a country of particular harass individuals for dissent, blasphemy, and apostasy. The concern, religious freedom conditions trended positive in cer- Saudi government continued to violate the rights of Shi’a Mus- tain areas, including: Saudi senior officials no longer stated lims and non-Muslim minorities, and to advocate a doctrine of that Islam can be the only religion on the Arabian Peninsula; religious intolerance. While it began new construction in the senior leadership met with several Christian leaders, including Shi’a town of Awamiya, the Saudi government restricted the the head of the Anglican Church and a group of American observance of religious holidays by the Shi’a Muslim minority. evangelical leaders, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue After more than 15 years of incremental progress, the Saudi and the flourishing of different faith traditions as part of the government showed backsliding on improvements to its text- kingdom’s domestic reforms; Egyptian Bishop Ava Markos led books that continued to propagate intolerance and advocate the first known publicized Coptic Church Mass in Saudi Arabia’s violence against religious minorities, women, and the lesbian, history; USCIRF was granted the first-ever meeting between gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) community. the head of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Despite the fact that in 2018 women were given the right to Prevention of Vice (CPVPV) and a U.S. government delega- drive, the religiously justified guardianship system remained tion; religiously motivated restrictions on women driving were in place, adversely affecting the religious freedom of women lifted, and provisions of the guardianship laws treating women in the kingdom. -
Saudi Arabia 2020 International Religious Freedom Report
SAUDI ARABIA 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary According to the 1992 Basic Law of Governance, the country’s official religion is Islam and the constitution is the Quran and Sunna (traditions and practices based on the life of the Prophet Mohammed). The legal system is based largely on sharia as interpreted by the Hanbali school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. Freedom of religion is not provided under the law. The law criminalizes “anyone who challenges, either directly or indirectly, the religion or justice of the King or Crown Prince.” The law criminalizes “the promotion of atheistic ideologies in any form,” “any attempt to cast doubt on the fundamentals of Islam,” publications that “contradict the provisions of Islamic law,” and other acts including non-Islamic public worship, public display of non-Islamic religious symbols, conversion by a Muslim to another religion, and proselytizing by a non-Muslim. In practice, there is some limited tolerance of private, non-Islamic religious exercise, but religious practices at variance with the government-promoted form of Sunni Islam remained vulnerable to detention, harassment, and, for noncitizens, deportation. According to Shia community members, processions and gatherings continued due to decreased political tensions and greater coordination between the Shia community and authorities, and Ashura commemorations (of the martyrdom of Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Mohammed) were marked by improved sectarian relations and public calls for mutual tolerance. Shia activists stated, however, that authorities continued to target members of their community on a religious basis with security operations and legal proceedings. In July, Shia Rights Watch (SRW) reported that security forces raided the largely Shia town of Safwa, resulting in several arrests and one injury. -
Wahhabism Is It a Factor in the Spread of Global Terrorism?
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2009-09 Wahhabism is it a factor in the spread of global terrorism? Dillon, Michael R. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4575 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS WAHHABISM: IS IT A FACTOR IN THE SPREAD OF GLOBAL TERRORISM? by Michael R. Dillon September 2009 Thesis Co-Advisors: Abbas Kadhim Mohammed Hafez Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2009 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Wahhabism: Is it a Factor in the Spread of Global 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Terrorism? 6. AUTHOR(S) Michael R. Dillon 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. -
Which Quran? (PDF)
Which Quran? Written By Layth Al-Shaiban ([email protected]) Disclaimer. The reader is strongly advised to independently verify all information given as per 17:36. Hafs Version Warsh Version All Muslims are taught from a very early age that the Quran is a perfectly preserved book and that God has taken it upon himself to guard each verse, word, and letter of the Quran from any errors or changes: “Indeed it is We who have sent down the Reminder, and indeed it is We who will preserve it.” (Quran 15:9) However, one of the least discussed or debated subjects amongst Muslims and even amongst students of the Scripture are the variant texts of the Quran, namely: Hafs & Warsh. Although there are other versions in print, such as in Qalun in Libya, or Al-Duri in Sudan, this paper will primarily deal with the examination of Hafs and Warsh. To know whether the Quran you are reading is Hafs or Warsh, there is a simple test: Look at the first Chapter/Sura of the Quran. If you see that the ‘Basmallah’ (the opening of the chapter which reads: ‘In the name of God, the Almighty, the Most Merciful’) has a number ascribed after it (the number 1), then you have the ‘Hafs’ version…If there is no number and it is treated like the other 112 Basmallahs, then you have the Warsh version. How Did These Versions Exist? As far as we can be aware, the revelation of the Quran began at around the 7th century A.D. by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Mohammed. -
35647 J-Magazine CX3.Indd
INITIATIVE for INTERFAITH DIALOGUE 2011 Sebastian Scheiner/AP Images Massimo Sambucetti/AP Images Hasan Sarbakhshian/AP Images Kyodo/AP Images AP Images Dwi Oblo/ Reuters Frederic J. Brown/AFP O Mankind! We have created yOu frOM a single (pair) Of a Male and feMale, and Made yOu intO natiOns and tribes, sO that ye May know each Other. verily, the MOst hOnOred Of yOu in the sight Of gOd is (he WhO is) the MOst righteOus Of yOu. ~The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13 3 buddhisM table Of Contents Hatreds do not ever cease in this world by hating, but by not hating; this is an eternal truth. ~The Dhammapada [Bantam], p.8 christianity And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. ~The New Testament, Luke 6:31 ConfucianisM Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practices it will have neighbors. ~Analects, Book 4: Verse 30 hinduisM One should always treat others as they themselves wish to be treated. ~Hitopadesa JudaisM Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. ~The Torah, Leviticus 19:18 shintOisM The heart of the person before you is a mirror. See there your own form. ~Shinto saying table Of Contents intrOductiOn 6 internatiOnal islaMic Conference fOr dialOgue 9 Opening Address by Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz 10 The Makkah Appeal for Interfaith Dialogue 12 WOrld Conference On dialOgue 23 Opening Remarks by Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz 24 Address by His Majesty King Juan Carlos I, the Kingdom of Spain 26 Address by Dr.