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Growth and Structural Change in the English Dairy Industry, C1860-1930

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Growth and Structural Change in the English Dairy Industry, C1860-1930 Growth and Structural Change in the English Dairy Industry, ci860-I93 OI By DAVID TAYLOR FTER years of neglect the English dairy circumstances of the time. s Without dissent- industry is now receiving the recog- ing from the general line of argument it is nition it deserves from historians.-" necessary to sound a word ofcaution. There From the latter decades of the nineteenth is a real danger, even in the more specialized century, changes in both the demand for and literature, of neglecting temporal and supply of agricultural produce led to a regional variations that are an essential fundamental restructuring of English agri- feature of~:hange. culture. Dairying became the most valuable A first indicator of the variations to be sector and liquid milk production the most found comes from the annual agricultural important single enterprise. 3 Thus, PJ Perry statistics. The broad pattern ofchangeis well writes that 'it is scarcely possible to find an known. The number of cows and heifers in area of Britain where dairy farming was not milk or in calf grew by 35 per cent in the years on the increase during this period. '4 In I87I/5 to 1911/5. Moreover as Whetham's similar vein, C O'Grfida, noting the analysis shows, there was a clear change in growth of and structural change in dairying, the geographical location of dairying. 6 observes that this 'specialisation in liquid However, neither three 'snap-shots' of the milk production made perfect sense' in the structure of cattle enterprises nor an overall growth rate does justice to a process of change that varied considerably in both ' I am particularly indebted to the late Professor M W Flinn whose geographical and temporal terms. Thus at interest and encouragement led to this article first being written and to the two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. one extreme the counties of Huntingdon and : See for exampk', P Mathias, The First hdusu'ial Nation, 1983, p 317; Middlesex experienced an absolute decline F Crouzet, The Victoria. Ecomml),, 1982, p 172; W klamish Fraser, The Coming of the Mass Market, 185o-1914, I981, p t55 and G E in numbers whereas in Wiltshire, Hert- Mingay, ed, The l/iaorian Cmmtl"yside, 1981, Vol 1, pp 21-2 and p fordshire, Cornwall and Berkshire the 112. The details are as follows: increase was over 6o per cent, in Hampshire Percentage Contributions to Gross Agricultural Product and Sussex over 7o per cent and in Essex in excess of IOO per cent. A more complex Enghutd Ene,hlnd and IVales ~867-77 1894-8 193o-1 pattern emerges when one looks at changes over time. Every county in England saw an Wheat 22 7 2 Beet" it 14 t5 Mutton i i 1 i Milk 12 18 27 C O'Gr,'ida, 'Agricultural Decline 186o-1914', in R Floud and D Poultry 2 6 to N McCloskey, eds, The Economic Histor l, qfBritain since 17oo, Vol II, 1981, p ~81. Source: T W Fletcher 'The Great l)epression of English " E H Whethanl 'The Changing Cattle Enterprises of England and Agriculture', Econ Hist Re1,, 2nd set, XIII, 1961. p.132, Agricuhural Wales 1870-191o' GeqeraphicalJournal, CXXIX, 1963 pp 378-8o Output ofEn~,landand IVah,s, 193o/I (Parl Papers, 1933-4, xxvi), pp reprinted in W E Minchilnon, ed, Essa),s in Agrarian History, 57-8. volulne 11, 1968, pp 2 t t-5. See also E H Wlletbaln and C S Orwin, .* pj Perry, British Farming in the Gre,lt Depression, 187o--1914, 1974, p Histor l, of British Agt'iculttlre, 1846-1914, 1964, especially pp 137 116. Perry rather plays down the ilnportance of !iquid milk and 358. There a re problelns in using the agricultural statistics. The production in the i87os arguing, though without any .iupporting number of cows and heifers in lnilk or in calf is only an q figures, that it was less inlportant than butter and cheese lnaking approximation to the national dairy herd, containing as it does, 'until tile depression was well advanced'. My own estimates cows rearing beef cattle. Further, the first returns are an unreliable suggest that by 188o in England over 5o per cent o flnilk production base for later comparison because ofthe devastating, but uneven, went to tile liquid lnilk trade. impact of the cattle plague of 186516. q 1 47 48 THE AGRICULTURAL HISTORY REVIEW increase in numbers in the first half of the in Rutland, numbers fell throughout the I87OS, though this reflects, in part, a I89OS and early I9OOS but did not recover to recovery from the effects of the cattle plague the I88OS level until after the Great War. of the I86OS. However, in the second half of More to the point are the problems the decade, twelve counties, including the experienced in the south-western cotmties of major dairying areas of Cheshire, Dorset, Gloucester, Somerset and Gloucestershire, Shropshire, Somerset, Worcester. The latter experienced a sluggish Staffordshire and Wiltshire, experienced a overall growth rate with serious reversals in decline in numbers. For the most part, the the I89OS and again before the war. In I88OS were years of expansion. With the Gloucestershire numbers scarcely changed, exception of Middlesex (and Hunting- the slight gains of the 188os being wiped out donshire in the first half of the decade) every by the falls of the I89os. Even in Somerset, county increased its dairy herd, in some cases and to a lesser extent Dorset, though quite substantially. In contrast the I89OS numbers increased in the long term, there proved to be problematic in many parts of were appreciable setbacks in the late I87OS the country. In the first half of the decade and the I89os. twelve counties experienced a fall in These figures are only a starting point. numbers. Again, major dairying counties - The county, however convenient as an Dorset, Gloucester, Somerset and administrative unit, cannot be taken as a Westmorland- were affected but so too were homogeneous agricultural area. Ideally, an relative newcomers, such as Berkshire. The analysis of the original returns for the second half of the decade saw declining agricultural censuses would give the appro- numbers in fifteen counties, seven of whom priate local detail. However, in the absence had experienced falls in the earlier period. of such a work, some progress can be made Although the worst was over by the turn of by combining contemporary estimates and the century, ten counties saw a diminution in the literary evidence to be found in the their dairy herds in the period 19oi-5. This reports of Royal Commissions and the pages time, however, losses were concentrated in of the agricultural press. the newer dairying areas such as Bedfordshire and Norfolk. Expansion characterized the following years but the I immediate pre-war years saw decline in Traditionally, dairy farming was syn- seven counties. These figures reveal a clear onymous with the manufacture of butter and contrast between the late 187os, when cheese in the farmhouse. In the mid- problems were centred on the old dairying nineteenth century cheese making was to be districts, and the 189os and early I9OOSwhen found throughout the country, though it was newer areas that were more seriously predominantly in the midland and western affected. On top of this can be seen a number counties. Buoyant prices almost certainly of regional variations. Middlesex, unsur- led to an increase in production in the 185os prisingly, saw a steady decline in numbers and 186os and, though cheese imports were checked only in the late 189os. In the east of growing, there was no major threat to the the country the number of cows and heifers well-being of this branch of dairying. in milk or in calf in Huntingdonshire began According to the most reliable writers of the to decline in the early 188os and, after a brief time cheese manufacture accounted for as recovery in the second half of that decade, much as 4o per cent of the milk output on continued to fall until the immediate pre-war English farms. In other words, given herd years. This fact reflects, more than anything, size and likely milk yields, this represented the problems of beef production. Similarly, an annual make of some 1.8 million GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE ENGLISH DAIRY INDUSTRY, CI860"-'I930 49 hundredweights. 7 By the early twentieth been greatly reduced by the end of the century the position had changed dra- century greater reliability still tilted the matically. According to the I9O8 Census of balance in favour of imported cheese in Production, the amount of cheese sold from comparison with ordinary English cheeses. all classes of holdings in England was a mere The trend of imported cheese prices was 362,ooo hundredweights. To this should be clearly downward. In the late 186os and early added a further 53,o00 hundredweights for I87OS prices hovered around the 6os a factory production and a further I8,OOO hundredweight mark but by the mid-189os on-farm consumption. Thus, in the course they were in the region of 45s. The decline, of some fifty years the volume of production however, was not uniform. I879 and I885 had fallen by 75 per cent. Not surprisingly, saw price falls of some 15 per cent while in there were far fewer areas concentrating on I895 prices fell by.just under ro per cent. cheese making in the I9OOS. Production was Such sharp short-term fluctuations, super- largely confined to the less accessible imposed on a long downward trend, created districts of the south-western and north- conditions in which ordinary cheese making western counties, with scattered areas of was no longer profitable.
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