Sero-Epidemiology and Spatial Distribution of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibodies in Some Selected Pastoral Areas of Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
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Thesis Ref. No.__________ SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN SOME SELECTED PASTORAL AREAS OF SOMALI REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA MSc Thesis By Wondimagegne Dejene Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Clinical studies June, 2016 Bishoftu, Ethiopia SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN SOME SELECTED PASTORAL AREAS OF SOMALI REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA A Thesis submitted to College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Tropical Veterinary Epidemiology By Wondimagegne Dejene June, 2016, Bishoftu, Ethiopia SIGNATURE Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Clinical Studies SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN SOME SELECTED PASTORAL AREAS OF SOMALI REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA Submitted by: _Wondimagegn Dejene _________________ ____________________ Name of Student Signature Date Approved for submittal to dissertation assessment committee 1. Dr. Reta Duguma __________ ____________ Major Advisor Signature Date 2. Dr. Bewket Siraw ___________ ___________ Co- Advisor Signature Date 3. ___________ ____________ Co- Advisor Signature Date 4. Dr. __________ ___________ Department chairperson Signature Date i APPROVAL Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Clinical Studies ________________________________________________________________________ As members of the Examining Board of the final MSc open defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the Thesis prepared by: Wondimagenge Dejene entitled: SERO- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN SOMALI REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of: Masters of Science in Tropical Veterinary Epidemiology. Dr. Dinka Ayana ___________ _____________ Chairman (name) Signature Date _Dr. Alemayehu Regassa ____________ _______________ External Examiner (name) Signature Date _Dr. Fufa Abunna ___________ _______________ Internal Examiner (name) Signature Date 1. Dr. Reta Duguma ___________ _____________ Major Advisor Signature Date 2. Dr. Bewket Siraw _____________ ____________ Co-Advisor Signature Date 3. ____________ ____________ Co-Advisor Signature Date 4. ___________ ___________ _____________ Department chairperson Signature Date ii DEDICATION I dedicate my MSc thesis work to those livestock herders that have lost their animals to the deadly virus called peste des petits ruminants. iii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR First, I declare that this thesis is my bonafide work and that all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced (MSc) degree at Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and is deposited at the University/College library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Name: Wondimagenge Dejene Signature__________________ College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu Date of Submission: June, 2016 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank my advisors, Dr. Reta Duguma, Dr. Bewket Siraw, and Dr. Hassan Chaka for their guidance and encouragement from the development of the project proposal, through fieldwork and eventual preparation of this thesis. Besides, I would like to forward my gratitude to Dr. Daniel Gizaw from NAHDIC who was beside me during the hard time of my field and the lab work. I am also very thankful to Dr. Gijs Van‟t Klooster from FAO-Ethiopia for devoting his valuable time during the delopment of my proposal and thesis write up. I am greatly indebted to African Union-Inter African Bureau for Animal Resources through Surveillance of Trade Sensitive Diseases project (AU-IBAR-STSD) for the financial support they extended to my study through which this study was possible. Sincere thanks goes to Somali and Oromia Moyale police departments for their cooperation when we encountered a security matter which could have ended in ruthless way. I wish to sincerely thank Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF) for giving me the chance to get the graduate class. My gratitude also extends to National Animal Health and Diagnostic Center (NAHDIC) for their support during my field and lab works. I sincerely thank the Afder and Liben zone community in all locations of this study (administrators, herders and Professionals) for their warm welcome, homely accommodation and invaluable participation without which this project would have been incomplete. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDIXES ................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Question and Justification of the Study ............................................... 4 1.2 Limitations and Challenges of the Study .............................................................. 5 2. LITREATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 7 2.1. The Disease Called Peste Des Petits Ruminants .................................................. 7 2.2. Etiology .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Biology of the Virus ........................................................................................... 9 2.2.2. Physiochemical properties of the virus ........................................................... 10 2.3. Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs .......................................................................... 11 2.4. Differential Diagnosis ........................................................................................... 13 2.5. Epidemiological Situations .................................................................................. 13 2.5.1. Geographical distribution of the disease......................................................... 13 2.5.2. Molecular epidemiology of PPRV ................................................................... 14 2.5.3. Quantification of PPR by species in different regions of Ethiopia ............... 15 2.5.4. Transmission of the virus ................................................................................. 16 2.5.5. Host range ....................................................................................................... 17 2.5.6. Host determinants of the disease ..................................................................... 17 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 2.5.7. Social ecology and seasonality of the PPR disease ......................................... 18 2.5.8. Potential risk factors of PPR ........................................................................... 19 2.5.9. Wild life Susceptibility to the disease .............................................................. 20 2.5.10. Pattern of the disease .................................................................................... 21 2.6. Current Diagnostic Techniques .......................................................................... 22 2.6.1. Serological detection ....................................................................................... 22 2.6.2. Antigen detection ............................................................................................. 23 2.6.3. Genome detection ............................................................................................ 23 2.7. Opportunities Presented Regarding PPR Eradication ..................................... 24 2.8. Socio-Economic Impact of PPR ......................................................................... 24 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................... 26 3.1. Study Areas ........................................................................................................... 26 3.2. Study Animals ....................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Study Design, Sampling Method and Sample Size Determination .................. 32 3.4. Inclusion Criteria ................................................................................................. 36 3.5. Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis on PPR Outbreak ............................. 36 3.6. 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