DOCSLIB.ORG

Prattica E Theorica Del Bene Adoperare Tutte Le Sorti Di Arme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prattica E Theorica Del Bene Adoperare Tutte Le Sorti Di Arme Prattica e theorica del bene adoperare tutte le sorti di arme Pratique et théorie pour le juste emploi de toutes les sortes d’armes Par Giovan Antonio Lovino c. 1580 transcrit, traduit et commenté par Lionel Lauvernay 1 2 Titre : Prattica e theorica del bene adoperare tutte le sorti di arme. Pratique et théorie pour le juste emploi de toutes les sortes d’armes. Par Giovan Antonio Lovino Transcription, traduction, et commentaires réalisés par Lionel Lauvernay (y compris les illustrations) Résumé / Abstract : Traité d’escrime de Giovan Antonio Lovino datant de 1580, transcrit du manuscrit, traduit en français, et présenté. Fencing treaty from Giovan Antonio Lovino about 1580, transcribed from the manuscript, translated in french, and presented. Version 1 (septembre 2005) : Ce document est la version 1. Merci de signaler toute erreur que vous remarqueriez, ou tout commentaire utile à son amélioration à l’adresse courriel ci-dessous. Contact : l’adresse courriel (mail) n’est pas écrite entièrement pour éviter les envois automatiques. L’adresse est “ga.lovino” avec comme nom de domaine free, séparé par un arrobas, et enfin l’extension “.fr” (This is a e-mail address). Impression : ce document est conçu pour une impression recto-verso, ce qui facilite sa lecture. Remerciements : La recherche des personnages de l’Antiquité a été effectuée par Laurianne Mercey. L’indispensable et laborieuse relecture a été assurée par Anne Mercey et Laurianne Mercey. 3 4 Introduction “Felice Re, che solo a si grand’opera e’letto fosti ” « Bienheureux Roi qui seul une si grande œuvre a lu » Voilà près de quatre siècles que Giovan perception que l’on eut en cette fin du Antonio Lovino, maître d’armes milanais, XIXème siècle, début XXème de l’escrime offrait à Henri III, roi de France, un des temps passés. De la doxa émanait une manuscrit magnifiquement orné de vision finaliste de l’escrime : l’histoire soixante six vignettes, traitant de l’art de n’avait été qu’une suite d’expériences l’escrime. tendant à aboutir à la perfection incarnée Cet ouvrage, demeuré en son édition dans le fleuret pratiqué par les princeps, unique, dans le cabinet du Roi contemporains d’Egerton Castle ; et, jusqu’en 1729, avant d’être incorporé à la certains traités n’étaient même bibliothèque royale, est aujourd’hui considérés, tel celui de Girard Thibault conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de d’Anvers, que comme le résultat France. Bien qu’ayant fait l’objet d’une d’expériences tératologiques. publication en 1909, ce traité reste Étrange conception, cependant, largement méconnu, sauf peut-être pour lorsqu’on envisage simplement qu’à ces ce qui concerne ses très belles planches. époques, l’art de l’escrime était d’un enjeu En effet, l’édition du début du XXème vital. Comment concevoir que tous ces siècle ne reprit qu’une brève partie du maîtres, et autres auteurs-bretteurs, texte, précisément 15% de l’œuvre revendiquant bien souvent la nouveauté originale, de manière donc très lacunaire, et la perfection de leur oeuvre pussent voire en pointillé, et cela sans trop de ainsi se fourvoyer ? Ironie de l’histoire, souci de cohérence. Ainsi, le traité cette conception du XIXème, n’est-elle pas d’escrime de Lovino laissait à son lecteur elle-même, pour une énième fois, une nette sensation d’inachevé ou de peu l’illusion de chaque temps : être d’intérêt. « arrivé », avoir atteint une forme L’ouvrage de Lovino a été ainsi méjugé, d’achèvement qui n’est en fait… qu’une car il ne s’agit pas simplement de ce qu’on réponse au contexte bien précis d’une pourrait appeler un « beau livre », mais époque. d’un véritable traité d’escrime qui doit Un siècle plus tard, aujourd’hui, âge où être réhabilité. Sans doute, la manière de l’escrime n’est plus qu’un art martial considérer ce texte fut révélatrice de la désuet, la raison peut enfin l’emporter : 5 l’escrime des époques passées est étudiée devant eux, y compris sur les traités en systématiquement, reconstituée, ce qui leur propre langue. permet sa réévaluation. Cette démarche Le traité de Giovan Antonio Lovino entreprise depuis plus d’une dizaine n’est sans doute pas le principal traité du d’années est nommée escrime ancienne, siècle (ce n’est qu’une ébauche aux yeux ou arts martiaux historiques européens : de l’auteur), mais c’est bien un ouvrage elle se base notamment sur l’étude de du XVIème siècle, siècle oh combien sources d’époque. Elle a permis en fascinant. Son étude contribuera à la particulier de replacer les escrimes bonne compréhension de l’escrime de la médiévales à leur juste valeur, comme Renaissance, dans sa diversité. étant extrêmement techniques, subtiles et Pour finir par un regard sur le futur, efficaces. nous espérons que le traité de Lovino, Les sources écrites jouent un rôle issu d’une période charnière, contribuera essentiel dans la reconstitution des au rapprochement des escrimes de la escrimes des époques passées. Ce sont en période médiévale et des formes qui lui quelque sorte les ombres que projettent le ont succédé. L’approfondissement des passé sur les parois de notre caverne savoirs sur les escrimes des différentes présente ; A nous d’en interpréter les époques permettra sans doute un jour de signes. passer d’analyses synchroniques (étude à L’objectif du présent document est l’intérieur d’une période) à des analyses ainsi de restituer à la communauté de diachroniques, s’intéressant à l’évolution l’escrime ancienne une source d’époque de l’« art », à l’image du travail d’Egerton qui permettra de faire avancer l’état des Castle, mais dans une optique moins connaissances de l’escrime historique, téléologique. notamment concernant celle de la Puissent se multiplier les sources Renaissance. La traduction en français est disponibles, les traductions permettant destinée à la rendre le plus accessible l’accès au plus grand nombre, les études possible aux lecteurs francophones, sur ces sources, et les pratiquants, armes lecteurs qui ont encore bien du travail à la main. 6 Sommaire Prattica e theorica del bene adoperare tutte le sorti di arme Pages Liens Introduction ...........................................................................................................................5 ¤ Sommaire ...............................................................................................................................7 ¤ Présentation du manuscrit.................................................................................................... 8 ¤ Éléments de contexte ...........................................................................................................12 ¤ Biographie de l’auteur...................................................................................................12 ¤ Les Italies, et Milan au XVIème ......................................................................................14 ¤ Henri III, le dernier des Valois .....................................................................................16 ¤ Maîtres d’armes et Maîtres italiens............................................................................... 17 ¤ Le duel........................................................................................................................... 17 ¤ L’escrime du XVIème siècle.............................................................................................19 ¤ Glossaire thématique ...........................................................................................................21 ¤ La langue de l’arme .......................................................................................................21 ¤ Le langage du corps.......................................................................................................21 ¤ Le langage du geste et de la position.............................................................................22 ¤ Analyse technique des pièces de l’épée seule .......................................................................27 ¤ Notes.....................................................................................................................................37 ¤ Note de transcription ....................................................................................................37 ¤ Note de traduction ....................................................................................................... 38 ¤ Note d’illustrations....................................................................................................... 38 ¤ Le manuscrit (transcription, traduction).............................................................................39 ¤ Dédicace ...................................................................................................................41 ¤ Pièces des duels ........................................................................................................43 ¤ l’Épée seule....................................................................................................... 44 ¤ Épée et poignard..............................................................................................106 ¤ Épée et cape..................................................................................................... 118 ¤ Épée et rondelle...............................................................................................124 ¤ Épée et rondache.............................................................................................132 ¤ Épée et targe....................................................................................................136
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary of Terms, 2016 (PDF Version)
    The Society of American Fight Directors GLOSSARY OF TERMS (revised as of 3/19/16) It is important to note that the terms listed below may not correspond to the proper definitions of the actions as they are applied to historical or modern fencing, swordplay, boxing or wrestling. These terms are theatrical in nature, not tactical, describing the action as it is executed in the performance environment. General Use Terms Active Hand: The non-weapon bearing hand used to block, check, lock, parry, strike, or trap the opposing weapon or parts of a partner’s body. Attacker (also called Aggressor): The actor/combatant who initiates the offensive action or attack. Center Line: An imaginary line that bisects the body. Horizontal Center Line (also called Mid Line): The imaginary line that bisects the body horizontally at waist level delineating High Line and Low Line. Vertical Center Line: The imaginary line that bisects the body vertically through the center delineating Inside Line and Outside Line. Cue: a physical action or event that is a signal for someone to do something. Cue-Reaction-Action: A basic stage combat principle/process used to achieve a safe and dramatically effective sequence of events Distance (also called Measure, Fighting Measure, and/or Fencing Measure): The proper measure between two or more combatants to safely execute any particular technique in stage combat. En Garde: The basic physical "ready" position of a combatant. Eye Contact: A look to one’s partner to assure mutual awareness and readiness to perform the techniques. Fighting Measure/Fencing Measure): see Distance Hand Positions: Pronation: The palm is turned down.
    [Show full text]
  • Fencing Rules
    FENCING RULES 1995 Edition United States Fencing Association, Inc. © United States Fencing Association, Inc. 1995 FOREWORD This American version of the international rules governing fencing competitions is translated and adapted from the 1994 French edition published by the FIE and incorporates changes made by the FIE Congresses through 1995. Unless otherwise noted here or in the USFA Operations Manual, these rules apply to fencing competitions in the United States. Two appendices are included with this 1995 edition: Appendix A – The Fencer’s Publicity Code is part of the FIE Rules for Competitions. Appendix B – The FIE has published a number of “Temporary Provisions” concerning competition formats and certain other rules. The complete, updated text is included in Appendix B; notes are also located in the text in appropriate locations. The USFA, Inc. (founded as the Amateur Fencers League of America in 1891) is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization primarily engaged in increasing participation in the sport of fencing. Membership in the USFA, in an appropriate category, is open to anyone who has an interest in fencing. The USFA is the official governing body for amateur fencing activities in the United States, and is so recognized by the United States Olympic Committee and the International Fencing Federation (FIE). Accordingly, the authority to enact, amend, and repeal the rules governing amateur fencing in the United States rests solely with the Board of Directors of the USFA. As a matter of policy, the USFA normally follows the technical rules enacted for the sport by the FIE, with occasional minor exceptions that are duly announced.
    [Show full text]
  • USFA, 1750 East Boulder Street, Colorado Springs, CO S0909; (719) 578-4511
    GEORGE SANTELLI, INC. United States Fencing Association, 1988-90 President: Michel Mamlouk EXL'<'utive Vice-President: Grorge G. Masin Vice President: Gerrie Baumgart Vice President: Paul Soter Secretary: John Higgs-Coulthard Treasurer: Elvira Orly Counsel: Frank Nagomey Official Publication of the United States Fencing Association, Inc. Dedicated to the memory of Jose R. DeCapriles, 1912-1969 Miguel A. DeCapriles, 1906-1981 CONTENTS Volume 42, Number 2 Editor: B. C. Milligan Business Manager: Laurel Clark Skillman Editorial ..............•........................................ 4 Poetry Editor: Leith Askins To The Editor ................................................... 5 Editors Emeritus: Ralph M. Goldstein, Mary T. In The Final Analysis .............................................. 8 Huddleson, Albert Axelrod. by Charles A. Selberg AMERICAN FENCING magazine (lSSN (0)2-8436) President's Corner ............................................... 9 is published quarterly by the United States Fencing by Michel Mamlouk Association, Inc. 1750 East Boulder Street, Colorado Springs, CO S0909. Subscription for non-members Foil Tactics and Tactical Drill ....................................... 10 of the U.S.F.A. is $12.00 in the U.S. and $1S.00 by Harold C. Hayes elsewhere. Single copies $3.00. Members of the U.S.F.A subscribe through their dues. Address all News Briefs ................................................... 12 correspondence concerning membership to the The Price of Pronation ........................................... 16 U.S.F.A. office in Colorado Springs, CO. Second by Rudy ~Ikmann class postage paid at Colorado Springs, CO and additional mailing offices. Technical Talks: How Does This Thing Work? ....................•...... 17 ©1991 United States Fencing Association by Joe Byrnes Editorial and advertising offices: These are cur­ Circuit Events: Good or Bad? ...................................... 18 rently in flux, as the editor relocated to the Balti­ by William ReIth more, MD, area as this issue went to press.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules for Competitions, 2006 1 Book 1
    IWAS WHEELCHAIR FENCING RULES FOR COMPETITION BOOK 1 -TECHNICAL RULES Version: January 2020 IWF RULES FOR COMPETITIONS BOOK 1 – TECHNICAL RULES Article PART I. GENERAL RULES AND RULES COMMON TO THE THREE WEAPONS CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF THE RULES Obligatory use of the rules ................................................................ t.1 CHAPTER 2. GLOSSARY Competitions Assaults and bouts ....................................................................... t.2 Match ............................................................................................ t.3 Competition .................................................................................. t.4 Championship .............................................................................. t.5 Explanation of some technical terms Fencing time ................................................................................. t.6 Offensive and defensive actions .................................................. t.7 Offensive actions .......................................................................... t.8 Defensive actions ......................................................................... t.9 The point in line position ............................................................... t.10 CHAPTER 3. THE FIELD OF PLAY . .......................................................... t.11–14 CHAPTER 4. THE FENCERS’ EQUIPMENT Responsibility of fencers ................................................................... t.15 CHAPTER 5. FENCING Method of holding the weapon
    [Show full text]
  • Fencing I(Foil)
    FENCING I (FOIL) TULSA FENCING CLUB TULSA FENCING CLUB Committed to Excellence through Training Tomorrow’s Athletes Southminster Presbyterian Church 3500 S Peoria www.tulsafencing.com © 2013 Tulsa Fencing Club All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, scanning, or other – except for brief quotations in critical reviews or articles, without the prior written permission of the Tulsa Fencing Club. FENCING I (FOIL) Table of Contents The Basics ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 En Garde ........................................................................................................................................... 2 How to Hold the Weapon ................................................................................................................ 2 The Advance ..................................................................................................................................... 3 The Retreat ...................................................................................................................................... 4 The Extension ................................................................................................................................... 4 The Lunge ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parries Powerpoint
    Parries Definition The parry is the defensive action made with the weapon to prevent an offensive action arriving. USA Fencing Rules, t.9.2 Names of Parries • Position • Type of motion Positions 1. Prime 2. Seconde 3. Tierce 4. Quarte 5. Quinte 6. Sixte 7. Septime 8. Octave Lines Symmetry • Four positions in inside line • 1, 4, 5, 7 Symmetry • Four positions in outside line • 2, 3, 6, 8 Symmetry • Four positions in high line • 1, 3, 4, 6 Symmetry • Four positions in low line • 2, 5, 7, 8 Symmetry • Four positions in supination (palm up) • 4, 7, 6, 8 Symmetry • Four positions in pronation (palm down) • 1, 2, 5, 3 Motions • Lateral • Circular (or Counter) • Semi-Circular • Diagonal • Yielding • Tac-au-Tac (or Beat) • Barrage (dam) Examples of Nomenclature • Motion: Lateral Parry Position: Quarte • Motion: Counter Parry Position: Sixte • Motion: Semi-Circular Parry Position: Octave Common to All Parries 1. Use the strong part of your blade against the weak part of your opponent’s blade 2. Parry at the correct time 1. Rule of “thumb (foot?)”: parry when the front foot moves in your opponent’s lunge 3. Followed by a riposte (an offensive action) 1. Use the strong part of your blade against the weak part of your opponent’s blade • Uses leverage • Doesn’t require strength 2. Parry at the correct time • If you parry too soon, your opponent will see the parry and attempt to go around it • If you parry too late, you get hit! • Therefore, parry at the last possible moment that you can execute the parry successfully • Rule of “thumb (foot?)”: parry when the front foot moves in your opponent’s lunge.
    [Show full text]
  • News from France 05.12 (November 9)
    http://www.ambafrance-us.org http://www.france.diplomatie.fr VOL. 05.12 NOVEMBER 9, 2005 A free triweekly review of French news & trends Online at: www.ambafrance-us.org/publi French Culture Minister Visits New Orleans INSIDE Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres announces new initiatives to help the region get back on its feet 2 L’événement UNESCO Approves RENCH MINISTER of Culture Renaud Donnedieu de and build new relationships. The Cultural Services of the French Cultural Diversity Treaty Vabres traveled to New Orleans on November 4 to set up Embassy and the FACE foundation (French American Cultural 3 France-Amérique France's cultural assistance to the three Gulf coast states that Exchange) are launching several programs, based on public and private Areva Chairman named were devastated by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (see NFF funding, to develop cultural exchanges among musicians from France Person of the Year F05.11). When representatives of the French Embassy first met with and New Orleans and to boost educational exchanges. l l local authorities in Baton Rouge and New Orleans and 4 Profil WEATHERINGTHESTORMSTOGETHER asked "What can we do?" the answer came promptly: Fencing in France schools need help during this exceptionally difficult French companies Économie / Science time, and musicians need to keep working while the announced an addi- 5 city is being rebuilt. Indeed, New Orleans is one of the tional $2.2 million in aid Partial Privatization of most musical cities in the world, and music plays a key to the three states dev- Electricité de France astated by Hurricanes role in the city's economy, which depends heavily on 6 Société Katrina and Rita during tourism and conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fencing Iii(Foil)
    FENCING III (FOIL) Committed to Excellence through Training Tomorrow’s Athletes Southminster Presbyterian Church 3500 S Peoria www.tulsafencing.com © 2014 Tulsa Fencing Club All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, scanning, or other – except for brief quotations in critical reviews or articles, without the prior written permission of the Tulsa Fencing Club. FENCING III (FOIL) Table of Contents Foil ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Advanced Footwork ........................................................................................................................ 2 Advanced Footwork ............................................................................................................ 3 The Balestra ........................................................................................................................ 3 The Fléche ........................................................................................................................... 3 Advanced Attacks and Parries ........................................................................................................ 5 The Low‐Line Attack ............................................................................................................ 6 Semicircular Parries ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • RESPECT of the FENCING PHRASE Opponent’S Blade, Fails to Find It (Dérobement), the Right of Attack Passes to the Opponent
    he most common causes of confusion and dispute in foil matches are Tcovering or substitution of the target and the allocation of points when both fencers have registered hits. The sections of the rules given here - EXTENSION FOIL OF THE VALID TARGET and VALIDITY OR PRIORITY OF THE HIT - govern A DOUBLE HIT GUIDE those situations and are reproduced unedited and unamended. Covering the target (t.79), the attack (t.83 to t.85) and the parry (t.86) are clearly defined. The procedure for applying those definitions to a match is given under rule t.89. The full rules of fencing are available from the British Fencing website as a downloadable pdf: (https://www.britishfencing.com/the-fie-rulebooks/) EXTENSION OF THE VALID TARGET 2. In order to judge the correctness of an attack the 1. At foil, it is forbidden to protect the following points must be considered: t.79 target area or to substitute another part of the body for the target area, by covering it a) The simple attack, direct or indirect (cf. t.10), is (cf. t.158-162, t.165, t.170); any hit scored by the correctly executed when the straightening of the arm, fencer at fault is annulled. the point threatening the valid target, precedes the SUBSTITUTION initiation of the lunge or the flèche. a) If, during the fencing phrase, there is protection or substitution of a valid surface, the fencer at fault will be b) The compound attack (cf. t.10) is correctly executed st penalised as specified for offences of the 1 group when the arm is straightened in the presentation of the (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Fencing Terms
    Glossary of Fencing Terms. Absence of Blade: When blades are not in contact (e.g. not engaged). Academic Assault: A bout during a display in which hits are not actually counted. Aids: The last three fingers of the sword hand. Advance: to step forward. Angulation: Bending the wrist when placing a hit, so as to present the point at right angles to the target. Annulment of a hit: a valid hit, which is disallowed because of an infringement of the rules or a technical fault. Appel: A beat of the foot. Assault: A bout between two fencers. Attack: An offensive movement designed to hit the opponent. Attack on the blade: A preparation for an attack by beat, pressure or froissement. Attack on preparation: An attack launched when the opponent is making a preparation for an attack. Avoidance: ducking or moving sideways to avoid being hit. Back edge: the edge of a sabre blade opposite to that of the cutting edge. Backward spring: A leap backwards, out of distance, from the lunge position. Balestra: A short jump forward during an attack. Barrage: A tie bout between two team captains/ a fight off to determine a result in the event of a tie. Beat: A preparation of attack made by striking the opponents blade sharply in order to deflect the point. Bib: soft, padded attachment to the lower part of the mask to protect the neck and throat. Bind: A preparation of attack which caries the opponents blade diagonally across their target area form high to low and vice versa. Blade: main component of a sword on which the hilt is mounted.
    [Show full text]
  • Foil Fencing.P65 2 24/02/03, 14:19 Acknowledgements
    Copyright © John Edward Smith 2003 The right of John Edward Smith to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, nor transmitted, nor translated into a machine language, without the written permission of the publisher. Summersdale Publishers Ltd 46 West Street Chichester West Sussex PO19 1RP UK www.summersdale.com Printed and bound in Great Britain ISBN 1 84024 331 7 Cover image © Jake Martin/Getty Images Foil Fencing.p65 2 24/02/03, 14:19 Acknowledgements Every fencer learns from his master, and every master learns from his fencers. So many personalities have, by their influence, unwittingly contributed to this text. Some have been first master or student and later friend, some have been constant companions or fleeting acquaintances. Some have even been rivals! Each has contributed an action, a concept, a thought or a remark that over time has fused with my appreciation of fencing to shape the way that I perceive the sport today. Of the many coaches that I have known I would like to acknowledge my particular gratitude to two: Professor Roy Goodall and Professor Bela Imregi. As for the many students with whom I have crossed blades, I thank them all. Foil Fencing.p65 3 24/02/03, 14:19 Foil Fencing.p65 4 24/02/03, 14:19 Contents Foreword.......................................................................................7 Introduction .................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • LE GLOSSAIRE A-PROPOS : Exploitation Instantanée D'une
    LE GLOSSAIRE A-PROPOS : Exploitation instantanée d’une situation favorable crée par l’adversaire. ARRET : Action contre-offensive simple. ASSAUT : Face à face entre deux escrimeurs cherchant à se toucher sans être touché. ASSESSEUR : Assistant du Président du jury. ATTAQUE : Action offensive initiale exécutée en allongeant le bras et portée avec un mouvement progressif (fente....). Elle peut être simple ou composée, renforcé d’actions sur le fer adverse. ATTAQUE (COMPOSEE) : L’attaque est composée lorsqu’elle comprend une ou plusieurs feintes d’attaque. ATTAQUE (FAUSSE) : Attaque simple ou composée, incomplètement développée, destinée faire réagir l’adversaire pour tirer parti de ses réactions. ATTAQUE (SIMPLE) : Action offensive, directe ou indirecte, exécutée en un simple temps et coordonnée avec la fente ou la flèche ou la marche. Elle est directe quand elle est portée dans la même ligne (coup droit); indirecte quand elle est portée d’une ligne dans une autre par une autre par-dessus ou par- dessous la lame adverse (coupé-dégagement). BATTEMENT : Action de frapper la lame adverse. BALESTRA : Conjonction d’un bond en avant suivi d’une fente. BOND EN AVANT (ARRIERE) : Sorte de saut se terminant par l’arrivée simultanée des deux pieds au sol. CEDANT (PARADE EN) : Parades utilisées uniquement contre les offensives par prise de fer (attaque-ripostes). Parer en cédant consiste à détourner la lame adverse en l’entraînant (sans la quitter) dans une ligne autre que celle où devait se terminer l’attaque. CHANGEZ-BATTEZ : Changement d’engagement se terminant par un battement sur la lame adverse. CIBLE : Surface à atteindre. Par rapport à la main adverse, on distingue cible Haute et Basse.
    [Show full text]