DRAFT OCTOBER 24, 2018

DOCUMENTARY STUDY AND ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR 3445 WASHINGTON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA

PREPARED FOR:

ARLINGTON PARTNERSHIP FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING 4318 N. CARLIN SPRINGS ROAD ARLINGTON, VA 22203

R. CHRISTOPHER GOODWIN & ASSOCIATES, INC. 241 EAST FOURTH STREET, SUITE 100 . FREDERICK, MD 21701 DOCUMENTARY STUDY AND ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR 3445 WASHINGTON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Draft

______

Kathleen M. Child, M.S. Principal Investigator

by

Kathleen M. Child, M.A. and Martha R. Williams, M.A., M.Ed.

R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. 241 E. Fourth Street, Suite 100 Frederick, Maryland 21701

October 2018

for

Arlington Partnership for Affordable Housing 4318 N. Carlin Springs Road Arlington, VA 22203 Abstract

his documentary study and archeological The project area is comprised of a single assessment was conducted on behalf of parcel (RPC No. 15-086-011) that descended Tthe Arlington Partnership for Affordable from the subdivision of a 33-ac parcel assembled Housing, in support of the permitting process by Horatio Ball, Sr. (1780-1873) during the mid- for proposed redevelopment of 3445 Washington nineteenth century. Ball subdivided his lands Boulevard. The project area encompasses 1.34- among his surviving children upon his death, ac of developed urban land located northwest of with William Ball receiving the parcel that in- the intersection of Washington Blvd and N. Kirk- cludes the project area, and Matilda (Marian) wood Road in the Clarendon neighborhood, Ar- Ball (1839-1913) receiving the parcel containing lington, Arlington County, Virginia. The property the Ball Family Burial Ground. The burial ground currently is owned by American Legion Post 139 has conveyed separately from the project parcel and contains their social hall. since that period. Archival and archeological investigations A review of available historic documents and followed recommendations put forth by the Ar- data on current conditions indicates the project area lington County Historic Affairs and Landmarks has suffered different degrees of subsurface distur- Review Board (HALRB) in their Memorandum bance from past historic development activities. dated January 24, 2018. Those recommendations Initial development of the parcel appears to have called for the conduct of site-specific archival occurred around the turn of the twentieth century, background research focused on the relationship followed by redevelopment during the mid-twen- between the project parcel and the Ball Fam- tieth century as the American Legion Post’s Lodge ily Burial Ground, with the intent of determin- and Hall. Archival research has demonstrated that ing the potential for unmarked human burials or the project area did not include or directly adjoin mortuary-related artifacts within the project area. the Ball Family Burial Ground (VDHR #000- All work was conducted in accordance with stan- 5811) and, therefore will not contain any vestiges dards established in the Secretary of Interior’s of that cemetery. In addition, the project parcel Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and appears to have been disturbed by mid-twentieth Historic Preservation; Guidelines for Conduct- century redevelopment which graded and filled the ing Historic Resources Survey in Virginia (Vir- natural landscape. Evidence of pre-modern histor- ginia Department of Historic Resources [VDHR] ic development is unlikely in cut areas or in areas 2011. severely disturbed by past construction activity.

ii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Table of Contents

Abstract ...... ii

List of Figures ...... v

List of Tables ...... viii

I. Introduction ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Project Description ...... 1 Project Personnel ...... 6 Organization of the Report ...... 6 II. Research Objectives and Methods ...... 7 Research Objectives ...... 7 Archival Research Methods ...... 7 Archeological Reconnaissance Methods ...... 7 III. Natural and Cultural Context ...... 8 Natural Setting ...... 8 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations ...... 8 Historic Cultural Context ...... 9 Ballston Area ...... 9 IV. Results of Investigations ...... 13 Project-Specific Historic Context ...... 13 Moses and (Ensign) John Ball ...... 13 Horatio Ball, Sr...... 15 Heirs of Horatio Ball, Sr...... 16 Post-World War II Property Development ...... 26 Current Conditions ...... 32 Project Area ...... 32 Ball Family Burial Ground (VDHR #000-5811) ...... 39 Cut and Fill Analysis ...... 41 V. Summary And Recommendations ...... 50 Summary and Recommendations ...... 50 References Cited ...... 52

Acknowledgements ...... 57

iii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Table of Contents

Arlington County Historic Affairs and Landmarks Review Board (HALRB) Memorandum (January 24, 2018) ...... Appendix I

Resumes of Key Project Personnel ...... Appendix II

iv R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Map of Virginia, showing location of the project area ...... 2

Figure 1.2 Detail from the Washington West, USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle (1984), show- ing the approximate location of the project area...... 3

Figure 1.3 Aerial photograph showing the location of the project area ...... 4

Figure 1.4 Detail from survey plat showing modern parcel boundaries and current conditions (Walter L. Phillips, Inc.) ...... 5

Figure 3.1 Detail from G. M. Hopkins’ map of Alexandria County, Virginia, from his 1879 Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington, showing settlement in the vicinity of Ball’s Crossroads (Library of Congress)...... 10

Figure 3.2 Ca. 1955 map of project area, showing the American Legion property, the Ball Family Cemetery, the former Horatio Ball (Sr.) property, and the nearby retail shopping center at Virginia Square. (Plat Book of Arlington County, Virginia. Franklin Survey Company)...... 12

Figure 4.1 Detail from Mitchell’s (1977) map of land grants and patents in Northern Virginia, showing the locations of Moses’ Ball’s 1748 land grant on Four Mile Run (blue outline), John Ball’s 1796 land grant along the headwa- ters of Spout Run (green outline), and the location of the present project area (red outline)...... 14

Figure 4.2 Photograph of structure reported to be the log cabin constructed by En- sign John Ball in the late eighteenth century (Find-a-Grave.com [Patty Shreve]). . . .15

Figure 4.3 Original land patent issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia to John Ball in October 1796 for 12½ acres in (then) Fairfax County (Library of Virginia).16

Figure 4.4 Survey map (1875) of the property division of Horatio Ball, Sr.’s estate and the apportionment of lots to specific heirs (Alexandria County Deeds Book J-4:74) 17

Figure 4.5 Detail of Howell and Taylor (1900) map of Alexandria County, showing property owners within and adjacent to the present project area (orienta- tion northwest) (Library of Congress) ...... 18

Figure 4.6 Detail from 1929 Sanborn Fire Insurance map showing the location of the Ball Family Burial Ground (labeled “Cemetery”) in relationship to the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 23

v R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release List of Figures

Figure 4.7 Detail from 1936 Sanborn Fire Insurance map showing the project area and the dwelling constructed by America Ball (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 24

Figure 4.8 Detail from 1937 USDA aerial photograph showing the project area and the dwelling constructed by America Ball (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 25

Figure 4.9 Detail from 1959 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map showing devel- opment in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 27

Figure 4.10 Detail from 1951 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 28

Figure 4.11 Plat of Bingham and Pearl Burner’s 1938 purchase from the Trustees of American Legion Post #139, showing the relative locations of the Ameri- can Legion property, the adjacent Ambrose parcel, and the southwest cor- ner of the Ball Family Cemetery (Arlington County Deeds Book 429:529)...... 29

Figure 4.12 Detail from 1965 (Washington West) USGS topographic map showing development in the vicinity of the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 30

Figure 4.13 Detail from 1963 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map showing devel- opment in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 31

Figure 4.14 Detail from 1968 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 33

Figure 4.15 Detail from 1979 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655) ...... 34

Figure 4.16 Photograph showing American Legion Post 139, view north from Wash- ington Boulevard (RCGA 2018) ...... 35

Figure 4.17 Photograph showing the rear addition to the American Legion Hall build- ing, view west (RCGA 2018) ...... 35

Figure 4.18 Photograph showing an overview of the surface parking lot from the northeastern corner of the project area, view southwest; American Legion Post in background (RCGA 2018) ...... 36

Figure 4.19 Photograph showing the paved entrance road along the eastern edge of the project area, view north (RCGA 2018) ...... 36

Figure 4.20 Photograph showing the pavilion in the rear of the property, view north (RCGA 2018) .37

Figure 4.21 Photograph showing paved surfaces along the western edge of the prop- erty, adjacent to the American Legion building, view south (RCGA 2018) ...... 37

vi R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release List of Figures

Figure 4.22 Photograph showing paved surfaces along the northern edge of the American Legion building, view east; pavilion to left (RCGA 2018) ...... 38

Figure 4.23 Photograph showing Persian Ivy and English Ivy growing in the north- eastern corner of the project area, view north (RCGA 2018) ...... 38

Figure 4.24 Photograph showing commemorative tablet inscribed with names of those interred within the Ball Family Cemetery, view north (RCGA, April 16, 2018) . 40

Figure 4.25 Photograph showing retaining wall along northern edge of Ball Family Burial Ground, view southeast from American Legion Post 139 property (RCGA, April 16, 2018) ...... 40

Figure 4.26 Photograph showing commemorative tablet inscribed with names of those interred within the Ball Family Cemetery, view north (RCGA, April 16, 2018) . 42

Figure 4.27 Detail from newspaper article regarding cleanup efforts at Ball Family Burial Ground (Northern Virginia Sun 1967) ...... 43

Figure 4.28 Historic photograph showing an overview of the Ball Family Cemetery prior to cleanup efforts (Image dated Sept 1967; provided by APAH) ...... 44

Figure 4.29 Historic photograph showing “vandalism and neglect” of the Ball Family Cemetery prior to cleanup efforts (Image dated July 1967; provided byAPAH) . . . .45

Figure 4.30 Historic photograph showing an overview of the Ball Family Cemetery during to cleanup efforts (Image dated Oct 7, 1967; provided by APAH) ...... 46

Figure 4.31 Detail from follow-up newspaper article regarding cleanup efforts at Ball Family Burial Ground (Northern Virginia Sun 1967) ...... 47

Figure 4.32 Cut and Fill analysis showing landscape changes within the project area based on available historic topographic maps (RCGA 2018) ...... 48

vii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release List of Tables

Table 4.1 Chain of Title Arlington Housing (American Legion) Property ...... 20

viii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter I Introduction

ntroduction Project Description This report provides the results of archeo- The project area is located in central Arling- logical investigations conducted for 3445 ton County, northwest of the intersection of Wash- WashingtonI Boulevard (RPC No. 15-086-011), ington Boulevard and N. Kirkwood Road (Figure Arlington, Arlington Coeunty, Virginia (Figures 1.3). It consists of a single parcel, referred to in 1.1 and 1.2). The report was completed on behalf Arlington County land records as Real Property of the Arlington Partnership for Affordable Hous- Code (RPC) 15-086-011, 3445 Washington Bou- ing, in support of the Site Plan Application for levard, Arlington, VA (Figure 1.4). At the time the property. The property encompasses 1.34-ac of the archeological study, the parcel was owned of developed urban land located north of Wash- by American Legion Post 139 and contained the ington Boulevard between the intersections of N. meeting hall and outdoor facilities for the Post. Kirkwood Road and N. Lincoln Street. The Virginia Cultural Resource Information The archeological study followed recom- System (V-CRIS) indicates no archeological sites mendations put forth by the Arlington County have been recorded within the project area, nor Historic Affairs and Landmarks Review Board have any archeological investigations been con- (HALRB) in their Memorandum (dated January ducted within the project area. The American 24, 2018). This planning document indicated the Legion Post 139 building (VDHR #000-8362) is property had the potential to contain unmarked listed as an architectural resource representative historic burials associated with the Ball Family of “public meeting halls” (EHT Traceries 2002); Burial Ground, located east of the project area. it has not been formally evaluated. Recommendations included development of a The Arlington County Historic Affairs and historic context and preparation of a GIS-based Landmarks Review Board (HALRB) designated elevation change for the project area. The ar- the Ball Family Burial Grounds as a local Histor- cheological study provides an overview of the ic District (Overlay) on October 3, 1978. As such, historical development of the property, as well the Ball Family Burial Grounds is subject to §11.3 as reviews the property’s current conditions and of the Arlington County Code, which governs Historic any factors that may have affected the historic Preservation Overlay Districts. In their Memoran- landscape. A cut and fill analysis and review of dum dated January 24, 2018, the HALRB that available geotechnical soil boring data conducted indicated the project area may have the potential as part of the study contributed to this analysis. to contain unmarked burials related to the Ball The cut and fill analysis relied on historical and Family Burial Grounds. This potential was tied to modern topographic data to evaluate changes in the project area’s location near to the Ball Family elevation and landform within the project area. Burial Ground, as well as to its historic owner- All archival and field assessment work was ship by members of the Ball family. Proposed re- conducted in accordance with standards estab- development of the property will include removal lished in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and of existing structures and infrastructure, and new Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preser- construction of a multi-unit residential building vation; Guidelines for Conducting Historic Re- with associated infrastructure improvements. Re- sources Survey in Virginia (Virginia Department development plans are in the conceptual phase. of Historic Resources [VDHR] 2011).

1 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter I: Introduction Virginia State Locator Arlington Arlington Housing ProjectArea 3445 Washington3445 Street ProjectArea Adjacent State Boundaries R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701 Maryland Frederick, I 100 Suite Street, Fourth East 241 I Inc. Associates, & Goodwin Christopher R. Virginia StateBoundary Virginia County Boundary Time: 10:57:16AM UserName: kwest Date: 10/16/2018 Miles Kilometers Virginia, showing location of the project area showing location of the project Virginia, Scale 1:3,300,000 0 20 0 20 Map of

Q:\Project_Data\Prj_3088_Arlington_Housing\MXD\ArlingtonLegion_VA_Locator.mxd Figure 1.1 Figure

2 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter I: Introduction

Q:\Project_Data\Prj_3088_Arlington_Housing\MXD\ArlingtonLegion_ModernQuad_Locator.mxdDate: 10/16/2018Time: 11:30:31 AM User Name: kwest

Washington West 1984

Service Layer Credits: Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

Meters 3445 Washington Street 0 100 Arlington Housing Project Area Feet Quad Sheet Boundary 0 500 USGS 7.5' Quadrangle Map Scale 1:12,000 

Figure 1.2 Detail from the Washington West, USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle (1984), showing the approximate location of the project area.

3 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter I: Introduction

 3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Modern Aerial 0 100 Locator Map Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 1.3 Aerial photograph showing the location of the project area

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 10 Project Area Current Conditions Feet 0 20 Certified Survey Plat (Walter L. Phillips Inc. 2018) Scale 1:600 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 1.4 Detail from survey plat showing modern parcel boundaries and current conditions (Walter L. Phillips, Inc.)

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Project Personnel the natural setting and historic development of Kathleen Child, M.A., served as Project the parcel. Chapter IV reviews the results of Manager. Archival research was conducted by the archival and archeological investigations Martha R. Williams, M.A. M.Ed. The report was and provides an assessment of the archeologi- written by Ms. Child and Ms. Williams; Kristo- cal potential of the project area. Chapter V re- pher R. West, M.A. prepared the graphics and views the findings of the documentary study Ms. Sharon Little produced the report. and provides management recommendations. Appendix I contains the Arlington County His- Organization of the Report toric Affairs and Landmarks Review Board This report is divided into five chapters. (HALRB) Memorandum (January 24, 2018); Chapter I briefly describes the project and its Appendix II contains the resumes of key proj- location. Chapter II presents data on the proj- ect personnel. ect objectives and methods. Chapter II reviews

6 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter II Research Objectives and Methods

esearch Objectives Archival Research Methods Archival and archeological research Archival research undertaken in support of Rconducted for the documentary study the present project was designed to create a his- focused on reviewing the historic development toric context for the project area, focusing on its of the project area from the nineteenth century association with the Ball Family Burial Ground through the modern period, and on examining (VDHR #000-5811). Research was conducted at the project area’s current condition. The study the Arlington County and Alexandria City Clerk included a review of modern and historic maps of Court Offices, which provided access to deeds, showing the general developmental sequence survey plats, and probate records bearing on the for the area and an assessment of the cultural re- properties in question. Specific information about sources potential of the project area. In addition members of the Ball family and subsequent own- to the background research, a pedestrian recon- ers of properties within and adjacent to the project naissance of the project area was completed in area was obtained primarily from online genea- September 2018 to review the current conditions logical sites, including Ancestry.com. Site-specific of the project area. No archeological excavation contextual information related to the history of the was conducted as part of the documentary study. American Legion Post #139 and its surrounding The HALRB Memorandum (dated January neighborhood was obtained from available online 24, 2018) specified preparation of an Archeologi- sources. Additional online sources consulted for cal Resource Management Plan (ARMP) should the project included the digital map collections the potential for human remains exist within the from the Library of Congress. Data collected by V- project area. The ARMP would provide manage- CRIS was used to identify cultural resources and ment recommendations concerning the need for surveys conducted within the project area and to additional archeological investigation, if war- review currently recorded information pertaining ranted and include guidance for the unanticipated to the Ball Family Burial Ground. discovery of human remains or mortuary artifacts during construction. Archival research conducted Archeological Reconnaissance Methods as part of this current study has shown that there Current conditions within the project area is no potential for the discovery of human remains were assessed during a field reconnaissance sur- associated with the Ball Family Burial Ground vey of the project area. The survey was conduct- within the project parcel. As such, an ARMP was ed on September 5, 2018. Pedestrian survey was not required as part of project guidance and is not not systematic, but included a review of the prop- included in this report. erty to record the current conditions, the locations All archival and field assessment work was of built resources, and to document any areas of conducted in accordance with standards estab- obvious surface or subsurface disturbance. These lished in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and included any marked utility locations, below- Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preser- grade building construction, and other factors vation (USDI NPS 1983); and the Guidelines for that could have an influence on resource poten- Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Vir- tial. Digital photographs of the project area re- ginia (Virginia Department of Historic Resources corded current conditions and supplemented field [VDHR] 2011, rev 2017). records. Access to the project area was through coordination with Arlington Partnership for Af- fordable Housing. 7 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter III Natural and Cultural Context

he project area is located in the central tributary originated on the southern side of Wash- Arlington County. It lies within the Clar- ington Boulevard and flowed northward to join endon neighborhood, northwest of the Spout Run near the present-day intersection of T th intersection of Washington Boulevard and N. N. Kirkwood Road and 17 Street N. Brechen’s Kirkwood Street and northeast of Quincy Park. Branch was filled during the mid-twentieth cen- It encompasses 1.34-ac of developed urban land tury as land bordering Washington Boulevard that includes the 2-story American Legion Post was developed. Brechen’s Branch and Spout Run 139 building, a detached open pavilion and asso- both are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. ciated parking areas. The project area is bound by Terrain within the project area is generally Washington Boulevard on the south and by com- level. The property is improved with a 2-story mercial properties on the north, east, and west. brick building that stands along the western edge The bounding properties also are fully developed. of the property near its center point. A broad open space area fronts the building along Washington Natural Setting Boulevard and contains a flag pole and an orna- Arlington County is situated within the mental planting bed. Ancillary structures located Western Shore physiographic section of the At- north of the building include an open pavilion, lantic Coastal Plain province. This province ex- horseshoe pits, and a shed. A paved access drive- tends westward from the Piedmont province to way crosses along the eastern edge of the prop- the Atlantic Ocean and is characterized by gently erty between Washington Boulevard and a paved rolling topography crossed by steep-sided stream surface parking lot located in the northeastern valleys. It is broadly underlain by well-developed corner of the parcel. late Miocene gravel, silt, and clay deposits inter- bedded with gravel and cobbles (Flemming et al. Previous Cultural Resources Investigations 1994). A review of archeological resources in the Soils mapped for the project area are clas- Virginia Cultural Resources Information System sified as Urban land-Udorthents (12), 2-12- per (V-CRIS) indicates no archeological sites have cent slopes (Soil Survey Staff 2018). Udorthents been recorded within the project area, nor have denote areas where the original soils have been any archeological investigations been conducted disturbed by excavation, grading, or filling; these within the project area. The building that cur- soils are common in developed, urban areas rently sits on the property is identified in V-CRIS where past construction has altered the landscape as American Legion Post Number 139 (VDHR (Harper 2007:84-85). Urban land typically indi- #000-8362). Constructed in 1947, the 2-story cates areas comprised of impervious materials, brick building was identified during a general ar- such as buildings and paved areas. Data provid- chitectural survey conducted in 2002. The build- ed by National Resource Conservation Service ing is described as a post-modern structure that (NRCS) indicates the project area contains 85 “is representative of public meeting halls con- percent Urban land and 15 percent Udorthents structed during the mid-twentieth century” (EHT and similar soils (Soil Survey Staff 2018). Traceries 2002); the resource has not been evalu- Historically, the upper reaches of Brechen’s ated. Branch, a low-order tributary of Spout Run, were The Ball Family Burial Grounds (VDHR the closest water source to the project area. This #000-5811) are located east of the project area

8 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter III: Natural and Cultural Context and are not coterminous with the project parcel. Later re-named Thompson’s Crossroads, The Arlington County HALRB approved the Ball Ball’s Crossroads became a voting precinct af- Family Burial Grounds as a local Historic District ter the 1846 retrocession of Alexandria County (Overlay) on October 3, 1978 (Leibertz and Ballo from the District of Columbia back to the state 2016). The burial grounds are indicated in the Ar- of Virginia (Smith 1960:55; Arlington Histori- lington County land records as RPC 150-86-008; cal Society 2001); in time, the area also hosted no owner is listed. In the Arlington County GIS, a general store and a post office (Figure 3.1). the burial ground occupies 9,925.5 square feet, During the Civil War, property owners around or 0.2279 ac, and includes a dedicated public ac- Balls Crossroads suffered damages inflicted by cess way from Washington Boulevard along the both Union and Confederate forces. Confeder- western property line of #3427 Washington Bou- ate troops shelled the area from their vantage levard. point on Munson’s Hill east of Falls Church, and Union troops stationed near the crossroads at Historic Cultural Context “Camp Union” habitually absconded with pro- The historic context developed for the proj- visions, livestock, and timber from local farms ect area was based on recommendations put forth (Smith 1960:56; Ward 1984:5). In fact, Horatio by the HALRB in their Memorandum dated Janu- Ball’s will referenced a “claim against the gov- ary 24, 2018. Per the memorandum, an overarch- ernment for damages sustained during the War,” ing goal of archival background research was to and stated his desire that a portion of that claim contribute to the development of “a single histor- (“if ever paid”) should be used to enclose the ic context for an area incorporating the cemetery family “Grave Yard” (Alexandria County Wills: [Ball Family Burial Ground] and all adjoining Will of Horatio Ball, September 9, 1868). One properties.” The below general context summa- of those Union troops likely was the John Boling rizes historic development in the vicinity of the (sic), who in August 1861 joined Company D of project area. the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry and, after being sworn in, marched with his unit from Washington Ballston Area to Arlington (Pennsylvania Historical and Muse- The American Legion Post #139 property, um Commission 1861). John Wesley Boldin and which is the central focus of the present study, other members of the Boldin family are interred developed in tandem with the larger community in the Ball Family Burial Ground. of Ballston, of which it is a part. Ball’s Tavern, a The commercial and residential growth of structure that dated from the early 1800s, stood the Ballston neighborhood and its neighboring in the southwest quadrant of the present intersec- communities accelerated dramatically during tion of Glebe Road and Wilson Boulevard (Lee the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 1946:17, 103). That structure reportedly was built This growth was spurred by a rapidly expanding by one of the three sons of Moses Ball, who had Federal work force (particularly during the De- acquired property in this general area in the mid- pression and World War II) (Arlington Historical 1740s (Mitchell 1977:119). The tavern formed Society 2001), and also by the development of the nucleus of a hamlet that eventually became mass transit links. One of these important links known as “Ball’s (formerly Birch’s) Crossroads.” was the Washington, Arlington, and Falls Church Several other locally prominent families, includ- electric trolley line, reconstituted in 1910 as the ing the Shreves, Birches, Donaldsons, and Marc- Washington-Virginia Railway Company. Found- eys, also obtained properties in this area during ed in 1888, the line serviced the Arlington Coun- the eighteenth century. Members of these fami- ty communities of Clarendon, Veitch, Highland lies frequently intermarried, and some of their de- Park, and West Falls Church (Arlington Histori- scendants are interred in the Ball Family Burial cal Society 2001:front map); in 1904, the line was Ground (Templeman 1959:90; Liebertz and Ballo extended all the way out to Fairfax (National As- 2016:13).

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Meters 3445 Washington Street 0 200 Arlington Housing

Feet Project Area Atlas of Fifteen Miles 0 1,000 Around Washington (Hopkins 1879) Scale 1:24,000 

Figure 3.1 Detail from G. M. Hopkins’ map of Alexandria County, Virginia, from his 1879 Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington, showing settlement in the vicinity of Ball’s Crossroads (Library of Congress).

10 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter III: Natural and Cultural Context sociation of Railway Commissioners 1912:459; sumption of liquor, and also included racially re- Tanner 2016). strictive covenants (Bobeckzo et al. 2002). Among the most active developers in this Continuous commercial and residential de- area was Frank Lyon, a Richmond lawyer who velopment and redevelopment have characterized moved to the Washington area in 1889 and this entire area of Arlington County since World whose paper, the Alexandria County Monitor War II. A principal example was the opening in (Lee 1946:35-36), launched a crusade support- 1951 of the Virginia Square Shopping Center ing Prohibition and the suppression of vice in near Ballston (Figure 3.2), which complemented Arlington County. In the early twentieth century, the nearby S. Kann Virginia Department Store; the Lyon family moved into the Olmstead house that site has been re-developed by the Federal on Kirkwood Road, a building that subsequently Deposit Insurance Corporation (Department served as the headquarters of the YMCA until Store Museum 2018; Wikipedia 2018). The re- that structure was replaced by the current facility tail mall at Parkington, located on Wilson Bou- on property immediately north the present project levard, opened the same year. Parkington was at area (Rose 1976:49). Frank Lyons and his wife, the time the “largest suburban retail space on the Georgie Hayes Lyon, working with their politi- East Coast and the first ever to be built around cal allies Crandall Mackey (Commonwealth At- a parking garage.” Subsequently redeveloped in torney), John C. McCarthy, and Frank Ball (son the late 1970s and early 1980s as Ballston Com- of William Ball)(Arlington Historical Society mon, it could be accessed directly via the new 2001:39, 45; Gilmore 2010:60), acquired much Washington Area Metropolitan Transit Company of the property adjacent to the Ball Family Burial (WMATA)’s Orange Line, which also served the Grounds, and subsequently resold it to a wide va- Clarendon community (Constine 2017). Retail riety of investors. developments like Ballston also attracted other Ca. 1920, Lyon began to integrate his ideas types of facilities, such as the Ballston Campus about progressive community development into of George Mason University, and generally en- his real estate interests in the area, and developed tailed the replacement of earlier storefronts and the planned neighborhoods of Lyon’s Addition to single family homes built during the early twen- Clarendon, Lyon Park, and Lyon Village at the tieth century by high-rise structures (Arlington intersection of Kirkwood and Lee Highway. Re- Historical Society 2001). The process of rapid ur- strictions placed on these properties precluded banization gradually enveloped many vestiges of heavy industrial development, prohibited con- Arlington’s rural past, including the Ball Family Burial Ground.

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet 1955 Plat Book of 0 100 Arlington County, Virginia Scale 1:2,000 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 3.2 Ca. 1955 map of project area, showing the American Legion property, the Ball Family Cemetery, the former Horatio Ball (Sr.) property, and the nearby retail shopping center at Virginia Square. (Plat Book of Arlington County, Virginia. Franklin Survey Company).

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he project-specific historic context for the ty, Maryland. Moses Ball acquired a 91-ac tract project was designed to provide an over- “upon the branches of Four Mile Run” in what is Tview of the historical development of the now Arlington County in 1748 (Mitchell 1977: project area with specific focus on the descent of 119; Wise 1973:31; Wise 1977:13). A review of project parcels and their relationship to the Ball Beth Mitchell’s map of Northern Neck grants Family Burial Ground. The context includes a demonstrates that the 91-ac property was located partial chain-of-title for 3445 Washington Boule- south of (present) U. S. Route 50 (Templeman vard, a review of available documentation related 1957:25-26), and well south of the present proj- to the Ball Family Burial Ground, and a summary ect area (Figure 4.1). Moses Ball’s will divided of current conditions within the project area. As his 91-acre parcel between his son John, who re- part of the archeological assessment, a reconnais- ceived a bequest of 25 ac, and his wife Ann, who sance survey was conducted of the project area. received the remainder (Wise 1977:14). The results of the study are detailed in the Cur- John Ball’s career has been well document- rent Conditions section below; this section also ed. Ensign Ball served with the Sixth Virginia reviews the historic development of individual Infantry during the American Revolution, and project parcels with a focus on identifying areas he also was the clerk of the Falls Church (Angli- where intact soils and/or archeological deposits can/Episcopal) between 1773-1776, before later may be encountered during future redevelop- becoming associated with the Methodist Fairfax ment. Chapel near present-day Seven Corners (Stead- man 1969:14). He married Mary Ann Thrift Project-Specific Historic Context (1750-1803) of Fairfax County (Lythgoe 2018) The following historic context details the in 1773, and is said to have built a log dwelling property history of the project area and its rela- “on the south side” of Washington Boulevard tionship to the Ball Family Burial Ground. Both (Arlington Genealogical Club 1985; Templeman the project area and Ball Family Burial Ground 1959:90)(Figure 4.2). That building reportedly lie within the bounds of a 12 ½-ac parcel obtained stood on the opposite side of Washington Boule- by John Ball in 1796 (State of Virginia 1796). vard from the American Legion Post until 1955 The parcel was subdivided by subsequent heirs, when it was demolished (Lee 1946: 104; Wise with the project area and the Ball Family Burial 1977; Templeman 1959:90). Ground each descending independently. John Ball obtained a Norther Neck grant for a 12 ½-acre parcel adjoining “Brechin’s patent” Moses and (Ensign) John Ball in 1796 (State of Virginia 1796). An Arlington The Ball Family Burial Ground occupies an County map published in Rose (1976:3) noted approximately quarter-acre lot within the 3400 that one of the headwaters of Spout Run, known block of Washington Boulevard. The cemetery as “Brechen’s Branch” rose in the general vicin- appears to have been founded by John Ball (1746- ity of this grant. Brechen’s Branch likely was the 1814), an early settler in that section of Arlington tributary located west of the project area, near now known as Ballston. He was the eldest son the intersection of Washington Boulevard and of Moses Ball (1717-1792), a close friend and N. Kirkwood Boulevard. The tributary was filled possible cousin of George Washington, and Ann during the mid-twentieth century. The log dwell- Brashears (1729-1816) of Prince Georges Coun- ing reportedly constructed by John Ball most

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John Ball 12.5 ac

Moses Ball 91 ac

3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 200 Project Area Land Grants and Patents in Feet 0 1,000 Northern Virginia (Mitchell 1977) Scale 1:20,000 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701 Figure 4.1 Detail from Mitchell’s (1977) map of land grants and patents in Northern Virginia, showing the locations of Moses’ Ball’s 1748 land grant on Four Mile Run (blue outline), John Ball’s 1796 land grant along the head- waters of Spout Run (green outline), and the location of the present project area (red outline).

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Figure 4.2 Photograph of structure reported to be the log cabin constructed by Ensign John Ball in the late eighteenth century (Find-a-Grave.com [Patty Shreve]). likely lay on or adjacent to the 12½-ac property cords for 1850 indicated that Horatio Ball owned Ball acquired in 1796 (State of Virginia 1796; a 33-acre farm on which he kept assorted live- Mitchell 1977:119, map)(Figure 4.3). stock valued at $120, and on which he produced Although to date John Ball’s will has not rye, Indian corn, and Irish potatoes (U. S. Federal been located, it is likely that John and Mary Ann Census [Census], Population Schedule and Pro- Ball’s eight children each received portions of his ductions of Agriculture 1850:3). The 1860 and real property holdings. It is assumed that John 1870 censuses likewise identified Horatio Ball as Ball is interred in the cemetery (LaMotte 2009a), a farmer, but also listed his son Samuel (1820- along with his wife Mary Ann, who pre-deceased 1889), a house carpenter who later moved into him. LaMotte (2009b) and others contend that the District of Columbia (Census, District of Co- Jeremiah Thrift (1719-1806), Mary Ann’s father, lumbia 1880), on the adjacent property as a sepa- also rests in this cemetery. Several sources have rate head of household. This separate property reported that John’s parents, Moses and Ann Ball was undoubtedly the “eastern part of my (Hora- also are buried at the Ball Family Burial Ground tio’s) land on which the said Samuel Ball now and that Moses Ball’s grave may represent the resides the same containing 6 acres, 3 roods, and earliest interment in the cemetery. This is unlike- 15 french perches” referenced in Horatio Ball’s ly; however, as Moses Ball died four years before last will and testament. None of Samuel Ball’s John acquired the property that includes the cem- inheritance is included within the property that etery. Although Ann Ball outlived her son John, it eventually became part of the present American is likely she was interred with her husband. Legion tract. At his death in 1872, Horatio Ball report- Horatio Ball, Sr. edly was buried in the family cemetery next to That portion of John Ball’s estate which his father, Ensign John Ball, (Templeman n.d.), encompasses the current project area passed to together with his two wives, Catherine and Eliz- Horatio Ball, Sr. (1781-1872), who owned the abeth Marcey, and his son Samuel Ball and his property until his death. U. S. Federal census re- wife Jane (Arlington Genealogical Club 1985).

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Figure 4.3 Original land patent issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia to John Ball in October 1796 for 12½ acres in (then) Fairfax County (Library of Virginia).

Heirs of Horatio Ball, Sr. that they “may sell to one another.” Within less Horatio Ball, Sr.’s will provided for the than two decades, that stipulation had begun to other surviving children that had resulted from manifest itself. An early twentieth century Alex- his successive marriages to Catherine Marcey andria County map clearly shows several seem- (1792-1830) and Elizabeth Marcey (1801-1871); ingly unrelated names attached to the various two children (Almira [1836-1870] and Chloe sub-divisions of the original estate (Figure 4.5). [1830-1865]) died prior to Horatio’s death. The Listed in the 1900 and 1910 Federal cen- division of Horatio Ball’s estate (Figure 4.4), of- suses as “Mary” or “Marian” McGregor, Matilda ficially recorded in 1884, shows that each of the seems to have married relatively late in life and remaining nine heirs (including daughter Sarah, had no children. In 1898, she and other Ball fam- who had married George Faulkner and was liv- ily heirs (undoubtedly her siblings) sold a one- ing in neighboring Fairfax County [Census, Fair- acre portion of that allotment to Georgie Hayes fax County, Providence District 1880]) received Lyon, wife of developer Frank Lyon. An early roughly equal lots. Of those bequests, the two twentieth century (1900) Alexandria County map most relevant for the present project are Lots 1 (see Figure 4.5) reflected not only that sale, but and 2. also showed clearly that the cemetery itself was Matilda Ball received Lot #1 and William excluded from the transaction. Moreover, a sub- Ball received Lot #2. Lot #1 contained both the sequent property transfer, dated March 8, 1900 family graveyard and the family home (see Fig- (Alexandria County Deed Book 102:134-5), also ure 4.4). The cemetery’s location was indicated referenced (but did not provide specific metes on the plat of division as a “Grave Yard” located and bounds for) the eastern and northern bound- north of the family home. The surveyor, however, aries of the quarter acre burial plot as boundary drew no clearly defined limits around this cem- limits of the McGregor-Lyon property transfer. etery, except for its common eastern boundary Of particular relevance for the present project with Horatio’s son Samuel’s property. Horatio is the section (Lot #2) located immediately west Ball’s had will stipulated that each heir was to of Lot #1 and west of the cemetery itself. Horatio bequeath his or her portion to their children, or Ball’s estate division allotted Lot #2 to his son,

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Figure 4.4 Survey map (1875) of the property division of Horatio Ball, Sr.’s estate and the apportion- ment of lots to specific heirs (Alexandria County Deeds Book J-4:74)

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Meters 3445 Washington Street 0 50 Arlington Housing Project Area Feet Map of Alexandria County 0 200 (Howell and Taylor 1900) Scale 1:4,000 

Figure 4.5 Detail of Howell and Taylor (1900) map of Alexandria County, showing property owners within and adjacent to the present project area (orientation northwest) (Library of Congress)

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William Ball, a carpenter. William Ball (1842- In 1901, Maud Ball and (presumably) sev- 1920) married America Deeble of Alexandria eral of William’s other children disposed of the (1849-1926), and the couple eventually had six northernmost acre of Lot #2 to Georgie Lyon. children: Maude, Edward W(ade), Horatio, Mar- This one-acre parcel subsequently was sold to ian (a.k.a. Nettie), Frank, and Dallas. By 1900, Victor and Nannie Olmstead, and in 1946 was in- two of the Ball children already were employed; corporated into the present YMCA property (Al- Maude worked as a printer, while the eldest son, exandria County Deeds Books 104:92; 113:502; Edward, was serving as a “deputy treasurer” (al- Arlington County Deeds Book 697:7). though for what agency is not specified)(Census, The remaining portion of Lot #2, which Population Schedule, Alexandria County 1900). comprises southern portion of the present Ameri- William and America Ball were buried in the Ball can Legion tract, experienced a very confusing Family Cemetery, although most of their children transactional history, much of which related to were interred in the Columbia Gardens Cemetery using the property as security for a series of mort- in Arlington. gages (Table 4.1). In 1907, William and America Table 4.1 and the accompanying maps pre- Ball and their children sold the southernmost por- sented as Figures 4.4 and 4.5 demonstrate the tion of Lot #2 (1.13 ac) to Antone Mertens (Alex- progressive subdivision of William Ball’s por- andria County Deeds Book 117:196) who already tion--Lot #2--of the former Horatio Ball estate, owned part of Lot #3 of Horatio Ball’s former es- portions of which eventually constituted the tate (see Figure 4.5). Mertens (1858-1928) was a American Legion property. This subdivision re- carpenter from Pennsylvania whose household in sulted in the delineation of three basic sections of 1900 included his wife Mary; two children (Ol- Lot #2. ivia and Herbert); and his mother- and sister-in The earliest of these transactions entailed law, Margaret and Hannah Moore (Census, Popu- three successive exchanges of an approximately lation Schedule, Alexandria County 1900). The 1¾ ac parcel in the middle of Lot #2. In February Mertens household had changed significantly by of 1898, the members of William Ball’s family 1910. After Mary Mertens died in 1903, Anton sold this portion to Marian McGregor (see above) re-married, this time to his former sister-in-law who, four days later, deeded the identical parcel Hannah, whose name appears on several deeds back to America Ball, William’s wife. One month dated after 1908. Also living with Mertens in later, this parcel was encumbered by a Deed of 1910 were his son Herbert, an apprentice carpen- Trust to secure an $800 loan from the Baltimore ter, and his (apparently) widowed daughter Olivia Building and Loan Association. The proceeds of Omohundro and her 3 children (Census, Popula- the loan were used to finance construction of a tion Schedule, Alexandria County 1910). dwelling that America Ball had built on the prop- At some undetermined point between the erty (Alexandria County Deeds Book V-4:517). Mertens purchase referenced above and July This Deed of Trust (and a subsequent one negoti- of 1933, E(dward) Wade Ball apparently re-ac- ated in 1906) both were declared “satisfied” by quired title to the southern two-thirds of his fa- 1911. Although most likely constructed by 1911, ther’s original inheritance. During those interven- the two-story dwelling is not depicted on Fire In- ing years, E. Wade Ball had become a prominent surance maps until 1936. The 1929 Sanborn Fire figure in the newly formed Arlington County Insurance Company map includes the location of government, having been elected Treasurer of Ar- the Ball Family Burial Ground, labeled “Cem- lington County in 1923. He was overwhelmingly etery”, but does not extend westward far enough re-elected (3-1) in 1927 and again in 1931, when to include the project area (Figure 4.6). By 1936, he ran unopposed (Vote Arlington US 2018). To a detached two-story auto garage had been added guarantee his performance as County Treasurer, east of the dwelling, which is depicted as a two- Ball arranged a surety bond with the Fidelity and story masonry dwelling with a single-story frame Deposit Company of Maryland, placing numer- porch (Figures 4.7 and 4.8). ous properties that he owned as security for this

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Table 4.1 Chain of Title Arlington Housing (American Legion) Property Date Grantor Grantee Book Ref Comments John Ball Estate (Total Parcel) 10/1796 State of Virginia John Ball Northern Neck Grants 12½ acre tract, surveyed March 12, 1795 Book N:220 5/10/1823 Orphan’s Court of Robert Ball Alex. Co. Deeds Book Robert Ball, Ezra Lunt, and Jacob Bontz Alexandria County 3:90 are bonded for $3,000. Robert Ball is certified as administrator of estate of John Ball, “late of Alexandria County, deceased.” 10/8/1836 Robert Ball and other Horatio Ball Alex. Co. Wills, Book Surviving heirs included William and Ball heirs W-2:292 Sarah Ball, Dabney and Penelope Ball, John and Mary (Ball) Allison and Ann Allison (all of Fairfax County), and Robert and Ann Ball (Washington, DC). Relinquished their rights to and sold a parcel of land “containing twelve and a half acres by survey bearing date twelfth day of March 1795.” Price: $200. N. B: Between 1836 and 1868, Horatio Ball acquired 26½ additional acres of property for a total of 39 acres; those additional transactions were not traced. 12/16/1875 Horatio Ball Heirs Will of Horatio Ball Specifies property division. 6 acres Alex. Co. Land Records previously had been allocated to Samuel Book J4:70 (Plat) Ball; the remaining ~33+ acres were Survey division dated divided among his 9 other children. 1884 William Ball was allotted Lot #2, measuring approximately 3¾ acres. 2/1/1898 William and Marian McGregor Alex. Co. Deeds Y4:34 Remainder of Lot #2 (division of Horatio America Ball Ball). Area is 1 acre, 3 roods. Price: $10 2/5/1898 Marian McGregor America Ball Alex. Co. Deeds Book Same property as above; same price. Y4:33 America becomes sole owner of this parcel. 3/5/1898 William and America Baltimore Building and Alex. Co. Deeds Book The center of Lot #2 (division of Horatio Ball, Maud E. Ball, Loan Association V4:517 Ball), containing 1¾ ac, together with Edward Ball and M. E. privileges of outlet road. Land secures a Church, Trustee loan of $800 to building and loan. Trustee to sell property if default. Also specifies that any covenants or warranties on the part of America Ball are made with reference to her separate estate. Loan is made to her to pay balance on house just completed on the premises. 2/18/1901 Maud Ball and others Georgie Lyon Arl. Co. Book 104:192 Tract is part of Lot 2 in the original subdivision of Horatio Ball’s estate, and comprises a one-acre parcel at the north end of Lot 2. In 1906, the Lyons sold this parcel to Victor Olmstead (Alex. Deeds Book 113:502); in 1946, the parcel became part of the YMCA property. 2/20/1901 Bird Robinson and William Ball Alex. Co. Deeds Book Deed of release. Compromise deal to Randolph Barton 104:202 settlement DOT of 3/1/1898 (see above). (receivers for Baltimore William Ball pays $500. Building and Loan) 6/28/1906 William and America Crandall Mackey Alex. Co. Deeds Book Deed of trust to secure loan of $1500 Ball and children (Maud, (Trustee) 114:24 from Hayden Johnson. Property is same Edward*, Horatio*, as that transferred on 2/1/1901. Debt Marian (Nettie), Frank, satisfied in June 1911. Dallas (*married)

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Date Grantor Grantee Book Ref Comments 4/16/1907 William and America A(ntone) C. Mertens Alex. Co. Deeds Boos Part of Lot #2 of Horatio Ball estate. Ball and children (Maud, 117:196 Parcel begins on the line between Lots 1 Edward*, Horatio*, and 2, extending south 214 ft to south line Marian (Nettie), Frank, of Lot 2; then west 218 ft to SW corner of Dallas (*married) Lot #3; then with the boundary between Lots 2 and 3 north 244 ft, thence east 218 ft to beginning. Comprises the southern part of original Lot 2. Area 49,222 sf (1.13 ac) 7/8.1908 Antone C. and Hannah C. S. Taylor Burke Alex. Co Deeds Book Deed of Trust to secure $2,000 note on Mertens (Trustee) 116:601. property purchased from Balls. Note payable to Burke and Herbert Bank. Released in 1910:satisfied. ? Antone C. and Hannah C. S. Taylor Burke Alex. Co Deeds Book Deed of Trust on property purchased from Mertens (Trustee) 148:296. Balls. Deed also includes portions of Lot #1 of Horatio Ball estate. Note payable to Burke and Herbert Bank. Released in 1918: satisfied. 7/25/1933 Ralph O. Barnett et al., Ashton Jones, Jr. Arl. Co. Deeds Book This tract was part of property put up Trustees 344:70 by E. Wade Ball as security for his bond to ensure performance as Treasurer of Arlington County. Ball, insured by Fidelity and Deposit Co. of Maryland, defaulted on this bond. The 1.60212 ac parcel bounded on south by Garrison Road, on west by boundary between Horatio Ball estate lots 2 & 3, on north by property of Victor Olmstead (formerly Georgie Lyons), on east by boundary between Ball Lots #1 and 2. Note: southwest corner of graveyard conveyance is cited as a marker for the eastern boundary of this parcel. Jones purchases for $5, subject to paying off delinquent taxes and other deeds of trust. 7/25/1933 Ashton C. Jones Anne W. Benton Arl. Co. Deeds Book 1.60212 ac parcel bounded on south by 344:300 Garrison Road, on west by boundary between Horatio Ball estate lots 2 & 3, on north by property of Victor Olmstead (formerly Georgie Lyons), on east by boundary between Ball Lots #1 and 2. Note: southwest corner of graveyard conveyance is cited as a marker for the eastern boundary of this parcel. 7/25/1933 Anna and Horace W. M. Stone (Trustee) Arl. Co. Deeds Book Deed of Trust mortgages property to Benton 344:302 secure loan of $1411.50 for benefit of Ashton Jones. 7/31/1935 Anne and Horace Emma Ambrose (widow) Arl. Co. Deeds Book Irregularly shaped 6,800 sf parcel with 60 Benton 372:556 ft frontage on north side of Garrison Road and east of Benton’s property. 8/5/1935 Emma Ambrose Richard Lineburg Arl. Co. Deeds Book Irregularly shaped 6,800 sf parcel with 60 373:178. ft frontage on north side of Garrison Road and east of Benton’s property. Subject to DOT for $3,000; Martin and Jones (Trustees) to secure debt to I. F. Lineburg of Leesburg. 7/1/1936 William Stone (Trustee) Edgar Pumphrey, Joseph Arl. Co. Deeds Book Anne and Horace Benton defaulted and Jack Jones McDonnell, and Charles 395:17 on DOT to William Stone; Stone sold T. Jesse (Trustees), for property to Jack Jones at public auction benefit of Arlington for $500. Jones sells rights to property Post No. 139, Dept. of to Legion Trustees for $500 cash and a Virginia, The American $7,000 Deed of Trust to Ashton Jones. Legion DOT satisfied 8/27/1941.

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Date Grantor Grantee Book Ref Comments 10/10/1936 Ashton Jones (Trustee) Grafton and Gladys Arl. Co. Deeds Book Deed records Lineburg default on above Ogden 399:53; Book 441:258 Deed of Trust. Court orders sale to Ogdens for $3,000. Clear title finally released on 10/30/1937. 1/28/1938 Trustees of American Bingham and Pearl Arl. Co. Deeds Book A 58 ft x 120 ft. parcel fronting on Legion Post 139 Burner 429:527 Washington Boulevard. Price: $1,500. Deed of Trust satisfied 11/22/1943. 1/17/1955 Edgar Pumphrey, Joseph Arlington Post No. 139, Arl. Co Deeds Book Arlington Court terminated the trust McDonnell, and Charles Dept. of Virginia, The 1188:440 on 1/14/1955 and ordered land to be T. Jesse (Trustees) American Legion transferred to the Post. Property was 1.60212. Same acreage and parcel as that transferred in 1933 from Barnett to Jones (see above).

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 0 100 (Sanborn Map Company 1929) Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.6 Detail from 1929 Sanborn Fire Insurance map showing the location of the Ball Family Burial Ground (labeled “Cemetery”) in relationship to the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 0 100 (Sanborn Map Company 1936) Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.7 Detail from 1936 Sanborn Fire Insurance map showing the project area and the dwelling constructed by America Ball (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Historic Aerial (1937) 0 100 Locator Map Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.8 Detail from 1937 USDA aerial photograph showing the project area and the dwelling constructed by America Ball (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

25 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter IV: Results of Investigations bond. When Ball defaulted on that bond in July 1936; that property, at one time held by Emma 1933, one of the properties that reverted to the Ambrose (apparently an absentee owner), front- bank was identified as Property #1, a lot that was ed on Washington Boulevard (Arlington County bounded on the south by Garrison Road (Wash- Deeds Book 399:53). Two years later, the Le- ington Boulevard); on the west by the boundary gion’s Board of Trustees also sold to Bingham between Horatio Ball’s Lots 2 and 3; on the north and Pearl Burner a 58 x 120-ft parcel located in by the Olmstead property; and on the east by the the extreme southeastern corner of the Legion boundary between Ball’s Lots 1 and 2, with an tract. The 1938 survey plat that accompanied that extra 42-ft wide addition between the cemetery deed (Arlington County Deed Book #429, p. 529) parcel and Garrison Road.. The deed specifically (Figure 4.11) shows that the western boundary of mentioned the southwest corner of the “grave- the Ball Family Burial Ground lay approximately yard conveyance” as a point in this boundary 42.25 ft east of the American Legion property, (Arlington Deeds Book 344:70). and that access to the cemetery is afforded by a Ashton Jones, Jr., identified in the 1930 Cen- 10-ft right-of-way from Washington Boulevard. sus as a real estate broker (Census, Population This plat clearly demonstrates that neither the Schedule, Arlington County 1930), purchased Legion property nor the Burners’ parcel intruded this 1.6 ac property in 1933, for which he paid $5 onto the Ball Family Cemetery lot or its 10-ft and agreed to make good on delinquent taxes and wide access right-of-way. prior Deeds of Trust; Jones in turn immediately The Arlington County Court finally ordered transferred the parcel to Anne W. Benton, also the dissolution of the Legion’s Board of Trustees a realtor, and her husband Horace. As Table 4.1 and transfer of the property to the Post itself in demonstrates, both the Bentons and individuals 1955. An undated post-1951 map of the general who subsequently bought smaller portions of the area (see Figure 4.2) reflects those final property tract failed to satisfy Deeds of Trust. alignments. In July 1936, the bulk of the Bentons’ hold- ings were conveyed to three trustees “for the ben- Post-World War II Property Development efit of Arlington Post No. 139, Dept. of Virginia, The post-World War II development of the The American Legion” under a Deed of Trust that parcels that surround the project area mirrored was satisfied in 1941. Arlington Post No. 139, ini- the trends presented in the general historic con- tially chartered in 1921, met first in the Ballston text at the beginning of this section; that is to Schoolhouse and later in the hall of a local civic say, these properties gradually transitioned from association. With its Ladies’ Auxiliary, the Post moderately developed suburban residential lots sponsored social events and monthly meetings; to more intensively developed commercial and/ provided services to local veterans; and orga- or institutional uses during the second half of nized commemorations at Arlington Cemetery the twentieth century. The accompanying modi- on Memorial Day (Grayson County Heritage fications to these lots included subdivision, road Foundation 2018). The Post converted America and utility realignments, the destruction of older Ball’s two-story dwelling into the Post Lodge structures and the construction of new ones. Mid- (Figures 4.9 and 4.10); this building served as twentieth century topographic maps show the the Post Lodge until the mid-1970s, when it was expansion of development in the vicinity of the demolished. According to the Arlington County project area and the Ball Family Burial Ground, property records, the Post constructed the current depicted as “Cem” on the U. S. Geological Sur- facility in 1947 (Arlington County, VA 2018). vey (1965) map (Figure 4.12). This development The boundaries of the Legion property were is detailed on Sanborn maps of the same period altered slightly twice during the mid-1930s. Graf- (Sanborn 1963; Figure 4.13). ton and Gladys Ogden, formerly residents of the The key to determining whether or not de- District of Columbia (Census, Population Sched- velopment of nearby properties effected the cem- ule, Arlington County 1940), acquired a 6,800-sf etery lies in reviewing deeds and other primary portion of Anna Benton’s (defaulted) property in and secondary documents that present or refer-

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 0 100 (Sanborn Map Company 1959) Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.9 Detail from 1959 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Historic Aerial (1951) 0 100 Locator Map Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.10 Detail from 1951 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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Figure 4.11. Plat of Bingham and Pearl Burner’s 1938 purchase from the Trustees of American Legion Post #139, showing the relative locations of the American Legion property, the adjacent Ambrose parcel, and the southwest corner of the Ball Family Cemetery (Arlington County Deeds Book 429:529).

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Service Layer Credits:

Meters 3445 Washington Street 0 100 Arlington Housing Project Area Feet USGS 7.5' Quadrangle Map 0 500 Washington West (1965) Scale 1:12,000 

Figure 4.12 Detail from 1965 (Washington West) USGS topographic map showing development in the vicinity of the proj- ect area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 0 100 (Sanborn Map Company 1963) Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.13 Detail from 1963 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map showing development in the project area (EDR In- quiry #5288655)

31 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter IV: Results of Investigations ence the boundaries of adjoining parcels. This It has two floors with the lower floor partially be- research has shown that past development of the low grade. An addition on the rear of the building property that would become the 1.34-ac American is of the same construction (Figure 4.17). Legion Post 139 parcel would not have affected According to the Legion Post website, the the Ball Family Burial Ground. When Hora- American Flag mural on the front of the building tio Ball subdivided his property for the benefit was painted by artist Scott Lobiado as part of his of his heirs, he included the graveyard with Lot “Painting Flags across America” 50-states tour 1. Deed research demonstrates that, after 1906, (www.arlpost139.org/american_flag_mural). when Frank and Georgie Lyon sold part of Lot Virginia was the 49th state in which Lobiado has 1 of the Horatio Ball estate to Victor Olmstead completed American Flag murals; the mural was (Alexandria County Deeds Book 113:502), there dedicated in August 2015. The mural is visible was a gap of at least 42 ft between the eastern from Washington Boulevard and covers approxi- boundary of the American Legion tract and the mately two-thirds of the building’s front wall. western boundary of the Ball cemetery. That gap A surface parking lot occupies the eastern was clearly demonstrated in the plat that recorded portion of the property and is accessed by a paved the metes and bounds of the 1938 Burner parcel drive from Washington Boulevard (Figures 4.18 (see Figure 4.6). The same basic parcel configu- and 4.19). An open picnic pavilion and shed are ration is reflected in the recent aerial views of the located in the rear of the property. The pavilion project area (Figures 4.14 and 4.15). As such, the has a concrete slab floor with an area of brick project area never included or directly adjoined edging fronting a permanent outdoor grill (Fig- the Ball Family Burial Ground; no vestiges or ure 4.20). Asphalt and concrete surfaces flank the remains associated with the cemetery should be pavilion on its western and southern sides; these present within the project area. surfaces continue along the western and northern sides of the building and include a low retaining Current Conditions wall that partially encloses a pine tree (Figures A reconnaissance survey of the project area 4.21 and 4.22). Two pairs of horseshoe pits and a was conducted on September 5, 2018. Within the shed also are located in the rear of the property. project area, the study focused on recordation Portions of the property not developed with of visible landscape features and areas of obvi- buildings or paved surfaces are maintained as ous land modification as an aid to assessing ar- grass open space. Easily identified trees on the cheological potential within the project area. A property include maple, pine, and walnut, as reconnaissance survey of the Ball Family Burial well as sapling sumac and mulberry. Ornamental Ground previously was conducted on April 16, bushes and plants are contained in planting beds 2018; this study focused on recordation of the ex- or raised planters. Walnut trees stand in the north- isting conditions within the burial ground. eastern corner of the property along the chain link fence that defines the property boundary (Figure Project Area 4.23). Persian Ivy and English Ivy grow freely on The project area encompasses 1.34-ac of the ground and up tree trunks in this area. The ivy developed urban land on the northern side of continues along the eastern fence line and also is Washington Boulevard. The property is improved present on the adjoining property. with a 1 ½-story masonry building set along the Terrain within the property was essentially western property line that serves as the American level, with less than 2-ft in variation from the Legion Hall. An architectural survey conducted highest to lowest points of the property. Geotech- in 2002 described the building as a Post-Modern nical studies conducted for the current project style brick veneer masonry structure (EHT Trac- indicates that 2-ft of fill material underlie grass eries 2002) (Figure 4.16). The building is of steel and paved surfaces across the project area (ECS frame construction with concrete floors, steel 2017). The fill overlies natural subsoil deposits roof joists and a fiber slab roof (Sanborn 1963). that gradually transition to bedrock. Based on the

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Historic Aerial (1968) 0 100 Locator Map Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.14 Detail from 1968 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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3445 Washington Street Meters Arlington Housing 0 20 Project Area Feet Historic Aerial (1979) 0 100 Locator Map Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.15 Detail from 1979 USDA aerial photograph showing development in the project area (EDR Inquiry #5288655)

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Figure 4.16 Photograph showing American Legion Post 139, view north from Washington Boulevard (RCGA 2018)

Figure 4.17 Photograph the rear addition to the American Legion Hall building, view west (RCGA 2018)

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Figure 4.18 Photograph showing an overview of the surface parking lot from the northeastern corner of the project area, view southwest; American Legion Post in background (RCGA 2018)

Figure 4.19 Photograph showing the paved entrance road along the eastern edge of the project area, view north (RCGA 2018)

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Figure 4.20 Photograph showing the pavilion in the rear of the property, view north (RCGA 2018)

Figure 4.21 Photograph showing paved surfaces along the western edge of the property, adjacent to the American Legion building, view south (RCGA 2018)

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Figure 4.22 Photograph showing paved surfaces along the northern edge of the American Legion build- ing, view east; pavilion to left (RCGA 2018)

Figure 4.23 Photograph showing Persian Ivy and English Ivy growing in the northeastern corner of the project area, view north (RCGA 2018)

38 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter IV: Results of Investigations lower elevation of the adjoining YMCA property, Horatio Ball, Sr. (Will Book 9:351), dated Sep- which abuts the northern and northeastern sides tember 9, 1868. The reservation states: “I [Hora- of the project area, it was anticipated the eastern tio Ball, Sr.] wish the grave yard containing one edge of the property would contain deep fill de- fourth of an acre to be reserved for ever for the posits. The shallow nature of the fill deposits and burial of the members of the family, with right the lack of a distinct, buried topsoil layer underly- of way from the grave yard to the Georgetown ing the deposits suggest the property was graded road as laid down on Samuel ball’s plat” (Will then filled to achieve the current landscape. This Book 9:351). The easement was clarified in a lat- activity may be depicted on the USDA (1951) er deed associated with #3427 Washington Bou- aerial photograph, which shows the Post property levard that stated: “said right of way is expressly as in the process of being developed (see Figure reserved and is to remain free and unobstructed at 4.10) Geotechnical borings placed in the vicinity all times as an entrance to and from said burying of the former American Legion Lodge building ground” (Alexandria County Deeds 108:524); the showed no evidence of that building, suggesting right-of-way currently is not maintained. that it was removed completely when razed. The right-of-way easement passes along the western property boundary of #3427 Washington Ball Family Burial Ground (VDHR #000-5811) Boulevard and is located outside of the project The Ball Family Burial Ground occupies area. Property records associated with #3427 0.2279-ac of partially-wooded land in the central Washington Boulevard suggest the right-of-way portion of the 3400 block of Washington Boule- was maintained until at least 1978, when use of vard. It is situated on the eastern crest of a short, this parcel changed from residential to commer- steep slope that historically overlooked Brechen’s cial. The same records indicate the current chain Branch. Approximately two-thirds of the cem- link fence surrounding the cemetery was installed etery lies on level land on the crest of the slope, in 1973 by the owners of #3427 Washington Bou- while the remainder is situated on moderately levard (Permit #7560; RPC 15-086-007). This sloping land overlooking the historic drainage. fence appears to have replaced an earlier section The cemetery is depicted on the 1884 subdivi- of chain link fence installed in 1962 that extend- sion of Horatio Ball’s land as a “Grave Yard” (see ed only along the southern edge of the cemetery Figure 4.4), and as “GY” on Howell and Taylor’s (Permit #3151). A pedestrian gate located near (1900) map of Arlington (see Figure 4.5). the southwestern corner of the fence aligns with A state Historical Marker (Figure 4.24) the historic 10-ft right-of-way easement. Current standing along the northern side of Washington access to the cemetery is through a missing panel Boulevard, just north of the Ball Family Burial in the fence, adjacent to the pedestrian gate. Ground informs passers-by: In addition to fencing, the northern and eastern edges of the cemetery are delineated by This is one of Arlington’s oldest family burial concrete retaining walls. The northern wall is at grounds. Ensign John Ball (1748-1814), a vet- least 8-ft tall and the eastern wall is at least 4-ft eran of the American Revolution (sixth Virginia Infantry), is buried here. John Ball was the son tall. The eastern wall was installed in 1951; it is of Moses Ball, who was one of the pioneer set- not known when the northern retaining wall was tlers in the Glencarlyn area of Arlington. Also installed. Although the wall generally follows the buried in the cemetery are many of John Ball’s orientation of the cemetery chain link fence, it is direct and collateral descendents (sic), including John Wesley Boldin, a Civil War soldier (Com- of inconsistent configuration and includes areas pany D. third Pennsylvania Calvary), and mem- where there is gap between the fence and wall. bers of the Marcey, Stricker, Donaldson, and At the time of the survey, the retaining wall was Croson families. overtopped by vegetation and debris and was not distinct when viewed from adjacent properties The land on which the cemetery is located (Figure 4.25). is preserved through a historic reservation car- A silver maple, approximately 35 years of ried forward from the Last Will and Testament of age, stands near a commemorative monument

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Figure 4.24 Photograph showing commemorative tablet inscribed with names of those interred within the Ball Family Cemetery, view north (RCGA, April 16, 2018)

Figure 4.25 Photograph showing retaining wall along northern edge of Ball Family Burial Ground, view southeast from American Legion Post 139 property (RCGA, April 16, 2018)

40 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter IV: Results of Investigations erected in the center of the cemetery. The maple (Figures 4.30 and 4.31). It is not known if the vol- is the only tree within the cemetery plot. Trees unteers also removed the fallen grave markers in along the cemetery edge are entwined in the chain the corner of the cemetery where they currently link fence and partially overgrown by English Ivy are located. and honeysuckle growth. These trees are young, Since its clearing, the cemetery has been deciduous species that represent natural growth maintained as grass open space. Trees have be- along the unmaintained fence line. Although Eng- gun to grow along the fence lines surrounding the lish Ivy grows abundantly along the fence line cemetery plot. Remnants of black polyethylene- and in the northwestern corner where the mark- type landscape cloth, which may have been laid ers were deposited, no English Ivy grows within down to prevent surface erosion, are visible in the main extent of the cemetery plot. Grass and eroded areas of the cemetery. Pieces of landscape low weeds were the only ground cover within the cloth covered by pea gravel mark the locations cemetery. of some grave shafts; those shafts naturally had The memorial marker stands in the center of settled creating shallow, but well-defined rectan- the cemetery plot (Figure 4.26). This marker con- gular depressions that at some point were filled. tains the names of 55 individuals known to have The modern bounds of the cemetery are been interred in the cemetery. The marker report- clearly marked by a chain link fence, as well as by edly was commissioned by the Arlington His- development of the parcels surrounding the cem- torical Society. Speaking to the Arlington County etery plot. These bounds are consistent with the Historical Society in 1969, Steadman (1969:14) historic boundaries of the cemetery, which John noted that the cemetery was in poor condition: Ball established behind his house and “mansion” “(T)he Ball Cemetery has really been destroyed and near the northeastern corner of his property. about 10 years ago. I copied everything in it, and While the ownership of the land surrounding the I had a contribution recently from Cousin Mary cemetery has changed over time, the bounds of Ball in Alexandria, who hopes that we can put a the cemetery have been maintained. As previ- tablet with all the inscriptions of the Balls that are ously stated, these bounds do not abut and do not in the cemetery.” extend onto the current project area. The Ameri- A series of newspaper articles published in can Legion property and the Ball Family Burial the Northern Virginia Sun in 1967 provide addi- Ground are separated by land that historically tional information on the cemetery and its con- was subdivided from the original land holding dition. The initial article, published on August and sold; that land currently comprises the 42-ft 11, 1967, provides background information on wide portion of the YMCA property that sepa- Legionnaire Floyd H. Ingalls efforts to initiate rates the project area from the cemetery. improvements to the cemetery. The article states: “The cemetery is located adjacent to the Ameri- Cut and Fill Analysis can Legion parking lot and directly parallel to An analysis of historic landform changes the Arlington YMCA day camp facilities. It is a within the project area was conducted using series of grown-over tombstones, broken glass, available historic topographic maps and modern beer can and various debris. Several of the tomb- LIDAR data. Landform changes were graphically stones are pushed over” (Northern Virginia Sun depicted in ArcGIS as areas of “cut” or “filled” 1967) (Figure 4.27). The article continued, say- land (Figure 4.32). Areas of “cut” land denote ing “Reportedly, teenage couples have had par- locations where the modern surface elevation is ties in the cemetery and hundreds of beer cans at- lower than the historic surface elevation; these test to this” (Northern Virginia Sun 1967). Views areas are depicted in gradients of red. Areas of of the cemetery from that period show the extent “filled” land denote locations where the modern of the overgrowth and vandalism (Figures 4.28 surface elevation is higher than the historic sur- and 4.29). Mr. Ingalls’ persistence resulted in face elevation; these areas are depicted in gradi- clean-up efforts that included clearing vegetation ents of green. and cutting down trees growing in the cemetery

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Figure 4.26 Photograph showing commemorative tablet inscribed with names of those interred within the Ball Family Cemetery, view north (RCGA, April 16, 2018)

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Figure 4.27 Detail from newspaper article regarding cleanup efforts at Ball Family Burial Ground (Northern Virginia Sun 1967)

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Figure 4.28 Historic photograph showing an overview of the Ball Family Cem- etery prior to cleanup efforts (Image dated Sept 1967; provided by APAH)

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Figure 4.29 Historic photograph showing “vandalism and neglect” of the Ball Family Cemetery prior to cleanup efforts (Image dated July 1967; provided by APAH)

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Figure 4.30 Historic photograph showing an overview of the Ball Family Cem- etery during to cleanup efforts (Image dated Oct 7, 1967; provided by APAH)

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Figure 4.31 Detail from follow-up newspaper article regarding cleanup efforts at Ball Family Burial Ground (Northern Virginia Sun 1967)

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31.2 ft 22.2 ft

13.1 ft

22.9 ft 17.6 ft

32.0 ft

30.6 ft

29.7 ft

24.1 ft

17.1 ft

22.6 ft

18.4 ft

4.9 ft

12.1 ft

12.2 ft

2.2 ft 10.3 ft



Elevation Elevation Change (ft) 3445 Washington Street Meters Change Points 52.2 37.3295 Arlington Housing 0 20 22.4589 Project Area 7.5884 Cut Fill Analysis Feet -7.28213 Elevation Comparison: -22.1527 0 100 -37.0232 1889 to Modern Scale 1:1,200 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. I 241 East Fourth Street, Suite 100 I Frederick, Maryland 21701

Figure 4.32 Cut and Fill analysis showing landscape changes within the project area based on available historic topo- graphic maps (RCGA 2018) 48 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter IV: Results of Investigations

It is important to note that “cut” and “fill” The landscape change analysis suggests areas simply indicate areas where the surface el- that the land comprising the current project area evations of a landform have changed over time. has been altered primarily through filling, while Areas that have been cut typically have had sur- land surrounding the property has been altered by face layers removed and have a lower potential grading or cutting. This data is based on historic to contain intact archeological resources. Con- topographic maps that depict the natural terrain versely, surface layers may be preserved in areas as gently to moderately sloping; the modern land- that have been filled; these areas generally have scape is essentially terraced as individual prop- a higher potential to contain buried archeologi- erty owners have leveled the landscape through cal resources. A number of factors affect the ac- cutting and filling. The elevation change between curacy of this type of analysis, including the ac- the current property and surrounding parcels is curacy and availability of historic topographic most distinct at the northeastern corner of the data. Some nineteenth century topographic maps property, where filling of the Legion property and examined for the project were not included due cutting of the YMCA property have resulted in a to questionable accuracy or the use of contour steep drop down to the YMCA parcel. Although intervals that were too course to permit useful the extent of the filling is indicated as severe on analysis. Another factor that influenced the anal- the GIS elevation change map, geotechnical stud- ysis was the inclusion of building heights in the ies indicate that fill deposits average only 2-ft in modern LIDAR data set; this data was filtered as depth across the parcel. Archival research sug- closely as possible to exclude rooftop elevations. gests the land was graded and filled when the Elevations were extrapolated using adjacent data American Legion Hall was constructed in 1947. points where necessary to build a composite data set.

49 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter V Summary And Recommendations

his report provides the results of the docu- tersection of Washington Blvd and N. Kirkwood mentary study and archeological assess- Road. Proposed redevelopment of the property Tment conducted for the American Legion will include removal of existing structures and in- Post 139 property (RPC No. 15-086-011) located frastructure, and new construction of a multi-unit at 3445 Washington Boulevard, in Arlington, Ar- residential building with associated infrastructure lington County, Virginia. The study followed rec- improvements. ommendations put forth by the Arlington County The Ball Family Burial Grounds (VDHR Historic Affairs and Landmarks Review Board #000-5811) is a land-locked parcel located east (HALRB) in their Memorandum dated Janu- of the project area along Washington Boulevard. ary 24, 2018. This planning document indicated The historic cemetery lies outside of the proj- properties near the Ball Family Burial Ground ect area and is separated from the project area (VDHR #000-5811) may retain a high potential by an intervening parcel currently owned by the for unmarked historic burials related to that cem- YMCA. The Ball Family Burial Ground is a local etery. Historic District (Overlay) and is subject to §11.3 Archival research conducted for the docu- of the Arlington County Code, which governs mentary study focused on reviewing the historic Historic Preservation Overlay Districts. In their development of the project area from the nine- Memorandum dated January 24, 2018, the HAL- teenth century through the modern period, with a RB that indicated the current project may have focus on the relationship between the Ball Fam- the potential to contain unmarked burials or other ily Burial Ground and the project area. The study vestiges of the cemetery. This potential was tied included a review of modern and historic maps, to the project area’s location near the cemetery, and geotechnical and historical data; and archi- as well as to the historic ownership of the project val research conducted at the Arlington County parcel by members of the Ball family. and Alexandria City Clerk of Court Offices, the Historically, the project parcel and the Ball Arlington and Fairfax County Public Libraries, Family Burial Ground both were part of a 39- and through the use of online sources. Current ac parcel of land assembled by Horatio Ball, Sr. conditions within the project area and adjacent (1780-1873) during the mid-nineteenth century. Ball Family Burial Ground were assessed during The parcel included a 12½-ac land grant obtained a field reconnaissance survey of the project area by Horatio’s father, John Ball (1746-1814) in conducted on September 5, 2018. No archeologi- 1796. It was on this 12½-ac parcel that John Ball cal excavation was conducted as part of the study. established the family burial ground. John’s wife, All work was conducted in accordance with Mary Thrift (1750-1804) and his father-in-law, standards established in the Secretary of Inte- Jeremiah Thrift (1719-1806), were the first indi- rior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology viduals interred in the cemetery. By 1836, Horatio and Historic Preservation, and with Guidelines had acquired clear title to his father’s parcel. He for Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Vir- later purchased an additional 26½-ac of adjoin- ginia (VDHR 2011). ing land, of which he gave his son Samuel (1820- 1889) 6-ac to start a household. When Horatio Summary and Recommendations died in 1873, the remaining 33-ac of his land was The study parcel encompasses 1.34-ac of de- divided among his children. Matilda (Marian) veloped urban land situated northwest of the in- Ball (1839-1913) received Lot 1 containing the

50 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Chapter V: Summary And Recommendations family “Grave Yard” , known today as the Ball parcel was devised. This separation between the Family Burial Ground, and William Ball received project parcel and the cemetery is recorded the Lot 2, containing the current project area. metes and bounds of the 1938 Burner parcel (see The project area is encompassed completely Figure 4.6) and continues to be reflected today in within the parcel that William Ball received from the modern property plats. his father, Horatio Ball, Sr. Over time, William’s The project parcel historically did not in- allotment was subdivided and sold, leaving the clude nor was it contiguous with the Ball Family current 1.34-ac parcel that comprises 3445 Wash- Burial Ground (VDHR #000-5811) and, therefore ington Boulevard (RPC No. 15-086-011). This the project parcel will not contain any vestiges parcel was transferred to the Department of Vir- of that cemetery. In addition, the project parcel ginia, The American Legion in 1936; the current appears to have been disturbed by mid-twenti- Post facility was constructed in 1947. The Post eth century redevelopment that included graded converted an existing two-story dwelling on the and filling of the natural landscape. Evidence of property to the Post Lodge; this building served pre-modern historic development is unlikely in as the Lodge until the mid-1970s, when it was cut areas or in areas severely disturbed by past demolished. construction activity. As such, no additional ar- Archival research conducted for the project cheological investigations are recommended for clearly demonstrates that the bounds of the Ball the project parcel (3445 Washington Boulevard). Family Burial Ground do not extend onto and nor In addition, as there is no potential for the dis- are they contiguous with the bounds of the proj- covery of human remains associated with the Ball ect parcel. While the ownership of the land sur- Family Burial Ground within the project parcel rounding the cemetery has changed over time, the and no additional archeological investigations bounds of the cemetery have been maintained. are recommended, an ARMP was not required as The cemetery lies on the eastern side of Lot 1; part of project guidance and is not included in this when this lot was subdivided in 1906, a 42-ft report. wide parcel between the cemetery and the project

51 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release References Cited

Alexandria County, Virginia 1823-1836 Land and Probate Records. On file.Alexandria City Circuit Court, Alexandria, VA.

Arlington (Alexandria) County, Virginia 1890-1955 Land Records and Plats. On file.Arlington County Circuit Court. Arlington, VA.

Arlington County, VA 2018 Property Search: 3445 Washington Boulevard. Electronic document. Accessed at https:// propertysearch.arlingtonva.us/. 21 September 2018.

Arlington Genealogical Club 1985 Graveyards of Arlington County, Virginia. Copy on File. Arlington County Historical So- ciety Research Room, Arlington County Library, Arlington VA.

Arlington Historical Society 2001 Arlington. Images of America Series, Arcadia Publishing Co., Charleston, SC.

Bobeckzo, Laura, Judy Muniec, Kathryn Smith, and Shannon Bell 2002 The World of Frank Lyon Tour. Arlington Heritage Alliance, Arlington, VA.

Child, Kathleen, and Martha R. Williams 2018 Documentary Study and Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed Washington at Kirk- wood Project, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia (Draft report).Prepared for Eleventh Street Development, LLC, Alexandria, VA. R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc., Frederick, MD.

Constine, David 2017 Ballston Common: The Birth, Death, and Rebirth of the D. C. Area’s First Major Shopping Mall. Boundary Stones: WETA’s Local History Blog. Electronic document. Accessed at https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2017/08/08/ballston-common-birth-death-rebirth-dc-areas- first-major-shopping-mall. 7 May 2017.

Department Store Museum 2018 Kann’s Branch Stores Through 1970. Electronic document. Accessed at http://www.thede- partmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/s-kann-sons-co-washington-dc.html. 21 September 2018.

ECS Mid-Atlantic, LLC 2017 Report of Subsurface Exploration and Geotechnical Engineering Analysis 3445 Washing- ton Blvd. ECS Project Number 01:26985. Prepared for the Arlington Partnership for Af- fordable Housing.

EHT Traceries, Inc. 2002 American Legion Post Number 139, 3445 Washington Boulevard. VDHR Id #000-8362. Electronic document. Accessed through VDHR/V-CRIS.

52 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release References Cited

Find-a-Grave.com 2018 Entry for John Ball. Electronic document and image. Accessed at www.findagrave.com/me- morial/127467514/JohnBall. 4 May 2018.

Flemming, A.H., A.A. Drake, and Lucy McCartan 1994 Geologic map of the Washington West Quadrangle, District of Columbia, Montgomery and Prince George’s Counties, Maryland and Arlington and Fairfax Counties, Virginia. USGS National Geologic Map Database (NGMD). Electronic document. Accessed at https://ng- mdb.usgs.gov/mapview/.

Franklin Survey Company Unk. Plat Book of Real Estate Plats: Arlington County. Philadelphia, PA.

Gilmore, Matthew 2010 Remembering Arlington. Turner Publishing Company, Nashville, TN.

Grayson County, Virginia, Heritage Foundation, Inc. 2018 American Legion, ARLINGTON POST NO. 139 – 1924. Electronic document. Accessed at https://www.newrivernotes.com/topical_organizations_1924_american_legion_post_139.htm. 16 September 2018.

Harper, John David, Jr. 2007 Soil Survey of Arlington County, Virginia. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), in cooperation with Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Viewed online: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Inter- net/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia /VA013/0/Arlington.pdf.

Hopkins, G. M. 1879 Alexandria County. Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington. Electronic image. Accessed at https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3883a.ct000165/. 7 May 2018.

LaMotte, Janet 2009a Ens. John Ball. Find-a-Grave database and images. Website. Accessed at https://www.finda- grave.com/memorial/36746700/john-ball. 6 May 2018.

2009b Jeremiah Thrift. Find-a-Grave database and images. Website. Accessed at https://www.find- agrave.com/memorial/36746700/john-ball. 6 May 2018.

Lee, Dorothy E. 1946 A History of Arlington County, Virginia. Dietz Press, Richmond.

Leibertz, John, and Rebeccah Ballo 2016 Robert Ball, Sr., Family Burial Ground: Historic District Designation Nomination. De- partment of Community Planning, Housing and Development: Neighborhood Services Division, Historic Preservation. Arlington, VA. Electronic document. Accessed at https:// arlingtonva.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/12/Robert- Ball-Sr.-Family-Burial-Ground.pdft. 6 May 2018.

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Lythgoe, Darrin 2018 John Ball. Early Colonial Settlers of Southern Maryland and Virginia’s Northern Neck Counties. Website. Accessed at http://www.colonial-settlers-md-va.us/getperson.php?personID =I053508&tree=tree1. 6 May 2018.

Mitchell, Beth 1977 Beginning at a White Oak: Patents and Northern Neck Grants of Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax County Office of Comprehensive Planning, Fairfax, VA.

National Association of Railway Commissioners 1912 Interstate Commerce Commission Decisions. Public Service Regulation. Electronic docu- ment. Accessed at https://books.google.com. 7 May 2018.

Northern Virginia Sun 1967 Effortsto Clean Up Old Cemetery Prove Frustrating to F.H. Ingalls. XXX(265): August 11, 1967. Microfilm document, Library of Virginia.

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 1861 Muster Rolls for Co. D., 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry (original document). Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg. Electronic facsimile. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com. 30 April 2018.

R. L. Sanborn and Company Var. Fire Insurance Maps. Certified Sanborn Report provided by Environmental Data Resourc- es (EDR), Certification # 5125-476A-B2F8.

Rose, C. B. 1976 Arlington County, Virginia: A History. Arlington Historical Society, Arlington.

Rose, Ruth P. 1976 The Role of Frank Lyon and His Associates in the Early Development of Arlington County. Arlington Historical Magazine V(4):46-53.

Smith, Percy C. 1960 Ball’s Cross Roads. The Arlington Historical Magazine I(4):54-58.

Soil Survey Staff 2018 Web Soil Survey and Soil Series Descriptions. United States Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Electronic documents, http://web- soilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm and https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/ osdname.asp.

State of Virginia 1796 John Ball’s 12½ Acres, Fairfax County. Northern Neck Grants and Surveys. Electronic im- age. Accessed at http://image.lva.virginia.gov. 7 May 2018.

Steadman, Melvin 1969 Talk delivered to Arlington Historical Society. March 14. (Transcription by Ruth Ward). Vertical file: “Ball”. Center for Local History, Arlington County Library, Arlington, VA.

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Tanner, Michael 2016 Arlington-Fairfax Railway. Clio. Electronic document. Accessed at https://www.theclio.com/ web/entry?id=25533. 7 May 2018.

Templeman, Eleanor Lee n.d. Clarendon’s Farming Fraternity. Arlington Heritage No. 72, Northern Virginia Sun. Verti- cal file: “Ball”. Center for Local History, Arlington County Library, Arlington, VA.

1957 Arlington’s Local and National Heritage. The Arlington Historical Magazine I(1):24-31.

1959 Arlington Heritage: Vignettes of a Virginia County. Privately published.

United States Department of Commerce 1850 Seventh Census of the United States: Population Schedule, Alexandria County. Electronic document. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1850 Seventh Census of the United States: Productions of Agriculture. Electronic document. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1860 Eighth Census of the United States: Population Schedule, Alexandria County. Electronic document. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1870 Ninth Census of the United States: Population Schedule, Alexandria County. Electronic document. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1880 Tenth Census of the United States: Population Schedules: Alexandria and Fairfax Coun- ties and the District of Columbia. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1900 Twelfth Census of the United States: Population Schedule: Alexandria County. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1910 Thirteenth Census of the United States: Population Schedule: Alexandria County. Ac- cessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

1930 Fifteenth Census of the United States: Population Schedule: Arlington County. Accessed at http://www.Ancestry.com.

Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) 2011 Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Virginia. October 2011 (http:// www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/Survey%20Manual-RevOct.2011Final.pdf)

Vote Arlington US 2018 Arlington County Election Results. Eletronic document. Accessed at https://vote.arlingtonva. us/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/09/Candidate_History.pdf. 7 Sept 2018.

Ward, Ruth 1984 Life in Alexandria County During the Civil War. Arlington Historical Magazine VII (4):3- 10.

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Wikipedia 2018 Virginia Square Shopping Center. Electronic document. Accessed at https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Virginia_Square_Shopping_Center. 21 September 2018.

Wise, Donald A. 1973 Early Land Grants in Arlington County, Virginia. The Arlington Historical Magazine V (1):23-33.

1977 Some Eighteenth Century Family Profiles.Arlington Historical Magazine VI(1):3 – 26.

56 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Acknowledgements

Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. staffs of the Virginia Rooms at the Arlington and would like to thank Ryan Nash of the Al- Alexandria County Public Libraries and the staffs Rexandria Partnership for Affordable Hous- of the Clerk of Court Offices for Arlington and ing for facilitating the project and assisting with Alexandria County for their assistance in re- project research. We also would like to thank the searching the history of the project area.

57 R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release APPENDIX I

ARLINGTON COUNTY HISTORIC AFFAIRS AND LANDMARKS REVIEW BOARD (HALRB) MEMORANDUM (JANUARY 24, 2018)

vRLINGTON DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY PLANNING. HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT VIRGINIA Neighborhood Services Division Courthouse Plaza One 2100 Clarendon Boulevard, Suite 700 Arlington, VA 22201 tel 703.228.3830 fax 703.228.3834 www.arlingtonva.us

MEMORANDUM

TO: Adjacent Properties: 1 Ith Street Development, YMCA, American Legion

Rebeccah Ballo, Historic Preservation FROM: Section DATE: January 24, 2018

SUBJECT: Archaeological context and investigations adjacent to Ball Family Burial Ground

Purpose

Because there is the potential for the presence of burials or scattered remains or coffin hardware on the three redevelopment parcels, as well as the potential for discoveries of archaeological sites or artifacts associated with the larger Ball Family plantation, this memo presents recommendations for archaeological investigations during adjacent properties' redevelopment. The intent is to create a single set of directions that can be applied to all three parcels either jointly or as individual applications. The key initial tasks are to:

• Conduct historic background/archival research to create a historic context for the Ball Family Cemetery and the surrounding parcels;

• Create a work plan or archaeological resource management plan based on the historic context to guide initial field investigations;

• Conduct any recommended and approved initial field investigations; and

• Identify next steps in consultation between the developers and Arlington County based on the results of the approved initial field investigations. Each of these tasks is discussed in greater detail below.

Historic Context. We recommend that a single historic context for an area incorporating the cemetery and all adjoining properties be prepared for use by all three redevelopment parcel applicants. This would provide a baseline understanding for all applicants as well as for County officials and staff, as well as being the most cost effective approach. Minimally, this historic context should incorporate:

/. A basic historic overview of the Ball Family landholdings including the

cemetery area; • Land use overview of the area surrounding the Ball Family Cemetery;

• All documentation on the Ball Family Cemetery;

• Identification of known individuals interred in the cemetery; • Review of primary and secondary sources that may document individuals or groups interred in or near the cemetery; and • Documentation that may indicate that family members or the enslaved were interred outside of the platted cemetery. This should include research regarding enslaved individuals owned by Samuel Ball, Horatio Ball and Ball family members from the years 1830-1863.

Work Plan/Archaeological Resource Management Plan (ARMP). This document will guide the initial field investigations and is based on the historic context. Separate plans can be created by the three applicants or, alternatively, a single plan can be created and applied to all three parcels. This plan should include:

• Historic Context, including assessment of potential for burials or scattered remains/coffin hardware • GIS-based Elevation Change Analysis, using appropriate late nineteenth century topographic map compared with modern topographic maps: o Identify areas having been significantly cut and therefore having limited potential for the presence of grave shafts; and o Identify areas that have either not changed or have increased in elevation and therefore retain a potential for grave shafts. • GPR Plan o Identify locations to be surveyed in coordination with Arlington County Historic Preservation staff; and o Determine the scope of the data to be collected. The County will require all data, including all anomalies (shafts, utilities, uninterpreted), to be submitted for review. • Unanticipated Discoveries Monitoring Plan Outline o Provide outline for review by County staff of a plan to be created for areas identified as having limited potential for the presence of grave

2 shafts based on the results of either the GPR field investigations or the elevation change analysis.

Field Investigations. This stage implements any approved initial field investigations identified in the ARMP. Presumably this will be initially limited to conducting GPR in areas identified as having either not changed or having increased in elevation. The consultant shall:

• Implement the GPR survey • Submit a short report including plan illustrations and GPR data that summarizes the results of the GPR survey and identifies any potential grave shafts, below surface utilities, or other anomalies, and includes recommendations for further investigations, if warranted for County review; and • Revise and submit final report with recommendations after County provides comments on draft.

• Historic Preservation staff must approve the scope and recording methods for all ground disturbing investigations prior to work commencing.

Identify Next Steps. Based on the results of the initial field investigations, consultation between County staff and the three applicants will define what next steps, if any, are appropriate. We can envision three scenarios based on the results of the field investigations; GPR data indicate that shafts are likely present in redevelopment areas outside of the cemetery; GPR data is inconclusive and ground disturbance is recommended for object identification; GPR data or elevation change analysis indicates that shafts are not likely to be present.

If shafts are likely to be present:

• Applicants to continue consultation with County to determine whether: o County will require/applicants to proffer modifications to redevelopment plan to avoid burials; and o If exhumations are allowed, applicants will need County and State (VDHR) approved Iwork plan and permits, including post-excavation skeletal analysis and reinterment plan.

If no shafts or anomalies are likely to be present:

• Applicants to confirm with County staff that implementation of the ARMP monitoring plan is appropriate, and if so: o Monitor during construction; and o Create report documenting results of monitoring.

If anomalies (not shafts) requiring further investigation are present:

3 • Applicants to continue consultation with County to create a work plan to investigate and document the anomalies.

Implementation of this approach will provide some certainty to the developers regarding the likelihood of burials being present (and whether the County and State will agree to exhumation and removal), or whether there is a low probability of the presence of graves, scattered remains, and coffin hardware.

Depending on the integrity and type of unidentified anomalies, these may potentially be investigated prior to construction or their investigation may be conducted in in concert with construction monitoring.

If exhumation is allowed, at this point through consultation with the County and State, the applicants would need to obtain all required permits to exhume, document, and reinter any remains encountered. One aspect would be a discussion with State officials as to whether permits should be obtained prior to undertaking monitoring in areas of low probability in case remains are encountered, with the thought that the permits may ultimately not be needed.

4 APPENDIX II

RESUMES OF KEY PROJECT PERSONNEL

KATHLEEN M. CHILD, M.A. PROJECT MANAGER / ARCHEOLOGIST

Ms.

Kathleen Marie Child, M.A., Project Manager, has served as Project Manager and Assistant Project Manager for R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. (RCG&A) since 1989. She was awarded a M.A. in Historical Archeology from The College of William and Mary (2009) and a baccalaureate from St. Mary’s College, Maryland (1989). While at RCG&A, Ms. Child has worked on numerous cultural resource surveys, archeological evaluation and mitigation/data recovery projects, and cemetery relocation projects. The geographic range of the projects under her supervision spans the Mid-Atlantic and southeast regions and she has worked for a wide range of private, state, and federal agencies, including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore and New Orleans Districts; Maryland State Highway Department; the Veterans Administration; and NASA Langley. Her experience includes investigations conducted on properties managed by the National Park Service, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Marine Corps, the U.S. Navy, the Air National Guard, the Veterans Administration, and NASA. Ms. Child has supervised cultural resources investigations at a diverse range of prehistoric and historic period sites within challenging settings that have ranged from undeveloped wilderness areas to inner-city urban sites. She has supervised Phase I through Phase III level investigations on prehistoric and historic archeological sites spanning a diverse range of temporal periods. Her expertise is in historical archeology and includes investigations on sites ranging from the early colonial period through modern period. She has served as field director for investigations undertaken in diverse settings ranging from inner-city areas of major cities such as New Orleans, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and the District of Columbia to rural sites situated within undeveloped wilderness areas. Recently, Ms. Child served as a field director for Phase II-III investigations for the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in downtown New Orleans, and as project manager for a Phase I studies conducted within the City of Alexandria, Virginia and the City of Frederick, Maryland. Ms. Child also has supervised mortuary excavations at nineteenth century historic cemeteries ranging from a single interment to 84 individuals interred within a multi- family plot. Her mortuary experience includes investigations at a prehistoric contact period site, as well as with Middle and Late Woodland period interments in isolated settings. Ms. Child has authored and co-authored many technical reports while employed with RCG&A. She has presented two original research papers at the Mid-Atlantic Archeological Conference, including one on the regional significance and research potential of two historic sites related to the early development of Leonardtown, Maryland. She also has prepared public information presentations for the Maryland State Highway Administration and for local historical and preservation societies.

MARTHA R. WILLIAMS, M.A., M.ED. RESEARCH ASSOCIATE

Martha R. Williams, M.A., M.Ed., Research Associate, holds a B.A. (1960) from Lebanon Valley College; a Master of Education, with emphasis in the Social Sciences, from the University of Pennsylvania (1965); and an M.A. in History, with emphasis in Applied History, from George Mason University (1987). She was a Coe Fellow in American Studies at SUNY Stony Brook in 1982 and 1989. While completing her internship with George Mason University, she co-authored the original Heritage Resource Management Plan for Fairfax County, Virginia. Ms. Williams’ experience in cultural resource management and in historical archeology began in 1972 with a field school at Colonial Williamsburg, under the direction of Ivor Noel Hume. From 1973 to 1987, she co-directed the Fairfax County Seminars in historical archeology for high school students, a program that investigated 15 archeological sites in Fairfax County. Her archeological experience also includes extensive volunteer work with the Fairfax County (VA) Heritage Resources Branch; the City of Alexandria, VA; the Virginia Division of Historic Resources; and the Museum of the Albemarle in North Carolina. She has been a member of the Lost Colony archeological team since its inception in 1991. Following her retirement from teaching, Ms. Williams joined the professional staff at R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. in 1989. Until her retirement from full-time employment in 2007, Ms. Williams served as historian, project archeologist, project manager, and public interpretation specialist for the company. Her historical research supported both terrestrial and underwater projects in a states ranging from Louisiana and Illinois to Maine and Florida. She also managed all types of archeological projects, including preparation of archeological predictive models and disturbance studies; Phase I and II archeological surveys and evaluations; Phase III archeological data recovery projects; and preparation of cultural resource planning documents for Federal agencies and local governments. As public interpretation specialist, she designed and executed a wide range of public information activities, including two public information and training booklets and a CRM training video for the Legacy Program of the Department of Defense. Since 2007, she has continued to support projects for Goodwin & Associates as a Research Associate. Ms. Williams has been and remains actively involved in the field of historic preservation. She has contributed articles and reviews to the Yearbook of the Historical Society of Fairfax County, Museum News, Interpretation (NPS), the Quarterly Bulletin of the ASV, American Antiquity, and the Journal of Mid-Atlantic Archaeology. She presently sits on the Board of Directors of the Archeological Society of Virginia, and serves on the Society’s Kittiewan Plantation Committee, which manages the cultural resources of the ASV’s 18th century plantation property. Williams also continues to work with the First Colony Foundation, a group committed to archeological research at the Lost Colony, and was recently appointed as its Education Coordinator. These efforts have led to several awards, including the Fairfax County History Commission’s Distinguished Service Award (1991); the Archeological Society of Virginia’s "Professional Archeologist of the Year" (1996) and “Out of State Professional of the Year” (2008); and the Society for Historical Archaeology’s Award of Merit (2001) for her contributions to archeological education. In 2011, Ms. Williams received a Ben Brenman Outstanding Professional Archaeologist award from the City of Alexandria, VA, for “her nearly 40 years of outstanding teaching, historic research, and archaeological investigations in and near Alexandria.”