Native Plants of the Northern Neck

Plant NNK Natives Go Native – Grow Native

Plant NNK Natives 1 Go Native – Grow Native Monarch Butterflies Need Your Help! Grow Some Milkweed

Monarch butterfly populations have dramatically declined over the past few years for several reasons. One very important reason is the lack of milkweed plants in their breeding areas including the Northern Neck! Why do monarchs need milkweed to survive? They lay their eggs on milkweed and that is the only food their caterpillars will eat. Monarchs face other challenges, too. They migrate huge distances, which is very risky, and when they get to their wintering grounds, they often find that habitat diminished.

So, monarchs need all the support they can get. You can help by growing milkweed and other native plants that provide nectar for the adults.

Milkweeds native to the Northern Neck are:

Asclepias incarnata, Swamp Milkweed, see page 17 Asclepias syriaca, Common Milkweed Asclepias tuberosa, Butterfly-weed, see page 17

For more information on Monarch Butterflies, see www.monarchwatch.org or http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/save-the-monarch.shtml.

2 Northern Neck Native Plants

hether you want to put in a flower garden or insects obtain valuable food and shelter from native plants and, establish the landscape around your home there in turn, often serve as pollinators. Small mammals also find are many varieties of Northern Neck native plants sustenance from and seek the protection of native plants. Wfrom which to choose. Native plants not only offer practical, Although this guide is not comprehensive, the Northern Neck cost effective, environmental benefits over non-native plants native plants featured here were selected because they are but many provide an appealing display of foliage and flowers attractive, relatively easy for the home gardener to acquire, that surpass non-native ornamentals. easy to maintain, and offer various benefits to wildlife and the environment. Join an increasing number of gardeners who Plants native to Virginia’s Northern Neck are those that have discovered that Virginia’s Northern Neck natives can be a were part of the local ecology prior to European settlement wonderful addition to gardening and landscaping plans. and are adapted to the local soils and climate conditions. Consequently, they often tolerate varying conditions found on the Northern Neck, such as drought and flooding. They A comprehensive list of native plants of the Northern Neck is available at the usually require less watering, fertilization and pesticide Northern Neck Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society website under the Plant NNK Natives button. See www.nnnps.org. application than non-native plants. Several species of orchids are also native to the Northern Neck. We have Many mutual relationships exist among native plants and local not included the orchids in our list because they are not easy to propagate or transplant. If you find native orchids growing naturally, please do not wildlife. Birds, butterflies, native bees and other beneficial disturb them.

3 This guide to Northern Neck native plants is provided through the Plant NNK The Plant NNK Natives campaign is a part of a Virginia coast-wide native plant Natives: Go Native—Grow Native campaign, supported by the Virginia Coastal Zone marketing initiative being coordinated and funded by the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program and developed with the assistance of a planning team of the Management Program. This guide to Northern Neck native plants is an adaptation of following partners “Native Plants of Accomack and Northampton Counties,” a regional native plant guide Northern Neck Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society produced by the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program for the Eastern Shore lead organization through the Plant ES Natives campaign.

Northern Neck Audubon Society Design and printing of the “Native Plants of the Northern Neck” guide were funded, Northern Neck Land Conservancy in part, by the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program (DEQ) through a federal Northern Neck Master Gardeners Coastal Zone Management Act grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Northern Neck Master Naturalists Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Additional funding was provided by Northern Neck Planning District Commission the Northern Neck Audubon Society and the Northern Neck Chapter of the Virginia Northern Neck Soil & Water Conservation District Native Plant Society. Rappahannock Wildlife Refuge Friends The Chesapeake Bay Garden Club Native plant information provided by the following sources The Garden Club of the Northern Neck Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora The Rappahannock Garden Club Flora of Virginia The Westmoreland Garden Club USDA Plants Database (United States Department of Agriculture) Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at the University of Austin Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation Division of Natural Heritage - Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation These businesses are partners in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Native Plants for Wildlife and Plant NNK Natives: Go Native—Grow Native campaign Habitat Conservation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Allison’s Ace Hardware, Lottsburg Native Plants of Accomack and Northampton produced Beale’s Landscaping, LLC, Kilmarnock by the Plant ES Natives campaign. Booth’s Landscaping Company, Kilmarnock Special thanks to Boxcroft Nursery, Reedville Down to Earth Garden Center, White Stone Paula Boundy, Barbara Brecher, Gary Chafin, Nick Ferriter, Carol Hammer, Anne Edwards Produce, Wicomico Church Olsen, Janet Pawlukiewicz and Jeff Wainscott without whom this guide would not Farm & Home Supply, Kilmarnock be so informative and attractive! Garner’s Produce, Warsaw Virginia Witmer, Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program, Judy Ripley, Landscape Design Consultant for her invaluable assistance in production of this guide. Kemper Nursery, Farnham Ted Munns, President, and the Board of Directors of the Northern Neck Chapter Miller Greenhouses, Inc., Tappahannock of the Virginia Native Plant Society for their whole-hearted support of this project. Murphy’s Hardware, Garden, Feed and Seed, Mt. Holly Ransone’s Nursery and Maintenance Inc., Kilmarnock Design/Brecher Design Group Sassafras Farm, Hayes Editing/Janet Pawlukiewicz (as of printing) Photo Selection and Editing/Carol Hammer Also thanks to our wonderful native plant photographers, Cover Photos photo credits are on inside back cover. Main Photo: Callicarpa americana, American Beauty-berry Visit us on the Web Top right: Rhododendron atlanticum, Dwarf Azalea Middle right: Packera aurea, Golden Ragwort Plant NNK Native: Go Native–Grow Native at NNNPS.org Lower right: Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, New York Aster Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program at deq.virginia.gov/Programs/CoastalZoneManagement.aspx

IRGINIA EPARTMENT OFQ Northern Neck V D DE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Audubon Society Every effort has been made to provide accurate information. Errors will be corrected in future editions. Edition Two 7/15 3M 4 Table of Contents

Partners and Acknowledgments 4

Plant NNK Natives Go Native—Grow Native Campaign 7

List of Northern Neck Native Plants 9

Highlighted Northern Neck Plants 16

Herbaceous Plants 17 Ferns 27 Grasses and Grass-like Plants 28 Vines 30 Shrubs 32 Small and Medium Trees 37 Large Trees 39

More Information Available 43

Native Plant Alternatives to Invasive Plants 44

Demonstration Gardens on the Northern Neck 46

Photo Credits 47

5 6 Plant NNK Natives: Go Native–Grow Native Campaign

he Plant NNK Natives: Go Native – Grow Native Go Native – Grow Native campaign activities will increase both campaign seeks to inspire Northern Neck residents the demand for and supply of Northern Neck native plants. and businesses to use native plants in their gardens In addition to this guide, products include: Tand protect native vegetation in the landscape. Northern Neck native plants are indigenous; that is, they were likely • New educational signage on native plants growing in one or more of the four Northern Neck Counties found in local demonstration gardens (Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond and Westmoreland) before European settlers came to the area. • Native plant identification tags and promotional banners for partner retail establishments The organizations supporting the Go Native – Grow Native to help gardeners identify native plants for campaign (listed on page 4) believe that native plants provide their gardens many ecological benefits. For example, they serve as sources of food (berries, seeds, nectar) • “Native Plant of the Month” feature articles and habitat year round for in local newspapers resident and migratory birds. • A website to provide up-to-date information on They also provide energy activities and educational materials of the Go sources and host plants for Native – Grow Native campaign. Visit nnnps.org many pollinators and their larvae, which in turn become • A table-top exhibit for use at special events bird food. Native plants need • Garden Plans for sunny and shady gardens, less watering, so they assist in water conservation efforts available at NNNPS.org important to maintaining a potable water supply on the Neck. Like most plants, they absorb nutrients and soak up • Specialized guides on Deer Resistant Northern water before it runs off the ground, helping to prevent stream Neck Native Plants, Salt Tolerant Northern Neck pollution. And, they typically require less fertilizer and Native Plants and Native Plants for Northern Neck fewer pesticides than non-native plants, thus reducing the Bay-Friendly Properties, all available at introduction of pollutants to the environment. NNNPS.org • Comprehensive List of Northern Neck Native Plants, available at NNNPS.org 7 8 Northern Neck Native Plants Herbaceous Plants (Partial List) *

Scientific Name Common Name All the plants in this list are Plant names in Green and

indigenous to the Northern Boldface are highlighted in Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Neck of Virginia, according the next section of this guide Actaea pachypoda Doll’s Eyes to the most recent research starting on page 16. Actaea racemosa Bugbane available (Flora of Virginia and They have been selected Agalinis purpurea Purple False Foxglove the Digital Atlas of the Virginia because they are likely to do Ageratina altissima White Snakeroot Flora at vaplantatlas.org). They well in your garden, have Anemone quinquefolia Wood Anemone were probably growing here special wildlife benefits prior to European colonization. Anemone virginiana Thimbleweed and are relatively easy to Antennaria plantaginifolia Plantain-leaf Pussytoes purchase or propagate. Antennaria solitaria Single-head Pussytoes Aquilegia canadensis Eastern Red Columbine (page 17) Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla Arisaema triphyllum Common Jack-in-the-pulpit (page 17) Asarum canadense Common Wild Ginger Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed (page 17) Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly-weed (page 17) Baptisia tinctoria Yellow Wild Indigo (page 18) Bidens cernua Nodding Beggar-ticks Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold (page 18) Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh Chamaecrista fasciculata Common Partridge-pea Chelone glabra White Turtlehead (page 18) Chimaphila maculata Striped Wintergreen Chrysopsis mariana Maryland Golden-aster (page 18) Claytonia virginica Spring Beauty Clitoria mariana Butterfly Pea Conoclinium coelestinum Mistflower (page 19) Coreopsis lanceolata Long-stalk Coreopsis

* For a comprehensive listing of Northern Neck Native Plants click on the Plant Desmodium paniculatum Narrow-leaf Tick-trefoil NNK Native Plants button at NNNPS.org 9 Herbaceous Plants

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name

Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Limonium carolinianum Sea Lavender (page 21) Equisetum hyemale Tall Scouring Rush Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower (page 21) Eupatorium hyssopifolium Hyssop-leaf Thoroughwort Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia (page 21) Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset Lupinus perennis Sundial Lupine (page 21) Eurybia divaricata White Wood Aster Maianthemum racemosum False Solomon’s-seal Eutrochium dubium Three-nerved Joe-pye-weed (page 19) Medeola virginiana Indian Cucumber-root Eutrochium fistulosum Hollow Joe-pye-weed Micranthes virginiensis Early Saxifrage Eutrochium purpureum Sweet-scented Joe-pye-weed Mimulus ringens Square-stemmed Monkeyflower Geranium carolinianum Carolina Geranium Mitchella repens Partridge-berry (page 22) Helenium autumnale Common Sneezeweed (page 19) Mitella diphylla Two-leaved Miterwort Helianthus divaricatus Woodland Sunflower Monarda punctata Spotted Beebalm Heuchera americana American Alumroot Nuphar advena Common Spatterdock Hexastylis virginica Virginia Heartleaf (page 19) Nuttallanthus canadensis Blue Toadflax Hieracium venosum Rattlesnake Weed Nymphaea odorata White Water-lily Hibiscus moscheutos Swamp Rose-mallow (page 20) Oenothera biennis Common Evening-Primrose Houstonia caerulea Common Bluets Oenothera fruticosa Southern Sundrops (page 22) Houstonia purpurea Summer Bluets Opuntia humifusa Eastern Prickly-pear (page 22) Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia Waterleaf Orontium aquaticum Golden Club Hypericum gentianoides Pineweed, Orange-grass Osmorhiza longistylis Aniseroot Hypericum mutilum Dwarf St. John’s-wort Packera aurea Golden Ragwort (page 22) Hypericum punctatum Spotted St.-John’s-wort Peltandra virginica Arrow-arum Impatiens capensis Orange Jewelweed Penstemon laevigatus Smooth Beard-tongue Ionactis linariifolia Stiff-leaved Aster Phlox paniculata Garden Phlox (page 23) Iris versicolor Northern Blue Flag (page 20) Physostegia virginiana Northern Obedient-plant Iris virginica Virginia Blue Flag Podophyllum peltatum Mayapple (page 23) Kosteletzkya pentacarpos Seashore Mallow (page 20) Polygonatum biflorum Solomon’s-seal (page 23) Lespedeza capitata Round-headed Lespedeza Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed (page 23) Liatris pilosa Grass-leaf Gayfeather Pycnanthemum incanum Hoary Mountain-mint Lilium superbum Turk’s-cap Lily (page 20) Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Narrow-leaf Mountain-mint

10 Herbaceous Plants

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name

Rhexia virginica Virginia Meadow Beauty (page 24) Symphyotrichum pilosum White Old-field Aster Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan (page 24) Symplocarpus foetidus Skunk Cabbage Rudbeckia laciniata Cut-leaf Cornflower Thalictrum pubescens Common Tall Meadow-rue Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan (page 24) Thalictrum thalictroides Rue-anemone Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina Wild-petunia (page 24) Trillium pusillum Virginia Least Trillium Sabatia angularis Rose-pink Uvularia perfoliata Perfoliate Bellwort Sagittaria latifolia Broad-leaved Arrowhead Uvularia sessilifolia Sessile Bellwort Salvia lyrata Lyre-leaf Sage (page 25) Veratrum virginicum Virginia Bunchflower Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot Veratrum viride Green Hellebore Saururus cernuus Lizard’s-tail, Water-dragon (page 25) Verbena hastata Blue Vervain Scutellaria elliptica Hairy Skullcap Vernonia noveboracensis New York Ironweed (page 26) Scutellaria integrifolia Hyssop Skullcap Viola cucullata Marsh Blue Violet Sericocarpus asteroides Toothed White-top Aster Viola labradorica Dog Violet Silene stellata Starry Campion Viola pedata Bird’s-foot Violet (page 26) Sisyrinchium angustifolium Narrow-leaved Blue-eyed-grass (page 25) Viola sagittata Arrow-leaved Violet Sisyrinchium atlanticum Eastern Blue-eyed-grass Viola sororia Common Blue Violet Solidago altissima Tall Goldenrod Yucca filamentosa Common Yucca Solidago caesia var. caesia Blue-stemmed Goldenrod Solidago juncea Early Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis var. nemoralis Gray Goldenrod Solidago odora Sweet Goldenrod Solidago pinetorum Small’s Goldenrod Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed Goldenrod Solidago sempervirens Seaside Goldenrod (page 25) Symphyotrichum grandiflorum Large-flowered Aster Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Smooth Blue Aster Symphyotrichum novi-belgii New York Aster (page 26)

11 Ferns Grass and Grass-Like Plants

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name

Adiantum pedatum Northern Maidenhair Fern Agrostis perennans Autumn Bentgrass Asplenium platyneuron Ebony Spleenwort Ammophila breviligulata American Beach Grass Athyrium asplenioides Southern Lady Fern Andropogon glomeratus Bushy Bluestem (page 28) Botrypus virginianus Rattlesnake Fern Andropogon virginicus Broomstraw Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented Fern Arundinaria tecta Switch Cane Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood Fern Carex crinita Long-fringed Sedge Dryopteris intermedia Evergreen Wood Fern Carex lurida Sallow Sedge Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Wood Fern Carex scoparia Broom Sedge Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern (page 27) Carex stricta Tussock Sedge (page 28) Osmunda spectabilis Royal Fern (page 27) Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Cinnamon Fern (page 27) Chasmanthium latifolium River Oats Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern (page 27) Danthonia sericea Silky Oatgrass Pteridium aquilinum Southern Bracken Fern Danthonia spicata Poverty Oatgrass Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern Dichanthelium clandestinum Deer-Tongue Grass Woodwardia areolata Netted Chain Fern Dichanthelium commutatum Variable Panic Grass Woodwardia virginica Virginia Chain Fern Distichlis spicata Saltgrass Dulichium arundinaceum Three-way Sedge Elymus hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Eragrostis spectabilis Purple Lovegrass Juncus canadensis Canadian Rush Juncus effusus Common Rush (page 28) Juncus roemerianus Black Needle Rush Leersia oryzoides Rice Cutgrass Luzula multiflora Common Woodrush Panicum amarum Southern Seabeach Grass Panicum virgatum Switchgrass (page 28) Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem (page 29) Schoenoplectus pungens Common Threesquare

12 Grass and Grass-Like Plants Shrubs

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Soft-stem Bulrush (page 29) Aralia spinosa Devil’s Walking-stick Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass (page 29) Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry (page 32) Sparganium americanum American Bur-reed Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry Spartina alterniflora Saltmarsh Cordgrass (page 29) Baccharis halimifolia High-tide Bush (page 32) Spartina cynosuroides Big Cordgrass Callicarpa americana American Beauty-berry (page 32) Spartina patens Saltmeadow Hay Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea Spartina pectinata Freshwater Cordgrass Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush (page 32) Tridens flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush (page 33) Tripsacum dactyloides Eastern Gammagrass Cornus amomum Silky Dogwood (page 33) Typha latifolia Common Cattail Epigaea repens Trailing Arbutus Zizania aquatica Southern Wild Rice Eubotrys racemosus Fetterbush Euonymus americanus Heart’s-a-bustin’ (page 33) Gaylussacia baccata Black Huckleberry Vines Gaylussacia frondosa Dangleberry Hamamelis virginiana Witch Hazel (page 33) Scientific Name Common Name Hydrangea arborescens Wild Hydrangea (page 34)

Bignonia capreolata Cross-vine (page 30) Ilex glabra Inkberry Campsis radicans Trumpet-creeper (page 30) Ilex laevigata Smooth Winterberry Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet Ilex verticillata Winterberry (page 34) Clematis virginiana Virgin’s-bower (page 30) Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire (page 34) Decumaria barbara Climbing Hydrangea Iva frutescens Marsh-elder Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina Jessamine (page 30) Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel Lonicera sempervirens Coral Honeysuckle (page 31) Lindera benzoin Spicebush (page 34) Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed Lyonia ligustrina Maleberry Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia-creeper (page 31) Lyonia mariana Staggerbush (page 35) Passiflora incarnata Purple Passionflower (page 31) Morella caroliniensis Evergreen Bayberry Wisteria frutescens American Wisteria (page 31) Morella cerifera Wax Myrtle (page 35) Morella pensylvanica Northern Bayberry

13 Shrubs Small/Medium Tree

Scientific Name Common Scientific Name Common Name Name Rhododendron atlanticum Dwarf Azalea (page 35) Alnus serrulata Smooth Alder Rhododendron periclymenoides Pinxterbloom Azalea Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry (page 37) Rhododendron viscosum Swamp Azalea Amelanchier canadensis Canadian Serviceberry Rhus copallinum Winged Sumac Asimina triloba Pawpaw Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam, Muscle Tree Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac Castanea pumila Allegheny Chinquapin (page 37) Rosa carolina Pasture Rose Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud (page 38) Rosa palustris Swamp Rose (page 35) Chionanthus virginicus Fringetree (page 38) Salix humilis Upland Willow Cornus alternifolia Pagoda Dogwood Sambucus canadensis Common Elderberry (page 36) Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood (page 38) Spiraea tomentosa Steeplebush Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur Hawthorn Stewartia ovata Mountain Stewartia Ilex opaca American Holly (page 38) Vaccinium pallidum Early Lowbush Blueberry (page 36) Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia (page 39) Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry Morus rubra Red Mulberry Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaf Viburnum Salix nigra Black Willow (page 39) Viburnum dentatum Arrow-wood (page 36) Viburnum nudum Possum-haw (page 36) Viburnum prunifolium Black Haw (page 37)

14 Large Trees

Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name

Acer negundo Eastern Boxelder Quercus falcata Southern Red Oak Acer rubrum Red Maple (page 39) Quercus marilandica Blackjack Oak Betula nigra River Birch (page 39) Quercus michauxii Swamp Chestnut Oak Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory Quercus montana Chestnut Oak Carya glabra Pignut Hickory Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin Oak Carya tomentosa Mockernut Hickory (page 40) Quercus nigra Water Oak Celtis occidentalis Common Hackberry Quercus palustris Pin Oak Diospyros virginiana American Persimmon (page 40) Quercus phellos Willow Oak Fagus grandifolia American Beech (page 40) Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak Fraxinus americana White Ash Quercus stellata Post Oak Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash Quercus velutina Black Oak Juglans nigra Black Walnut Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar (page 40) Sassafras albidum Sassafras (page 42) Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Taxodium distichum Bald-cypress (page 42) Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip-poplar (page 41) Tilia americana American Basswood (page 42) Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum (page 41) Ulmus americana American Elm Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood (page 41) Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine Pinus taeda Loblolly Pine Pinus virginiana Virginia Pine Platanus occidentalis American Sycamore (page 41) Prunus serotina Wild Black Cherry Quercus alba White Oak Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak (page 42)

15 Highlighted Northern Neck Native Plants

Key to Terms and Descriptions There are several resources that provide listings of what plants do well in particular habitats (e.g., woodlands, meadows, dunes, and wetlands) or can be used for specific purposes (e.g., control erosion, feature fall colors). So, be sure Scientific Name: Kosteletzkya pentacarpos to check the references listed on page 43.

Common Name: Seashore Mallow, Salt Marsh Mallow A note on soils

Plant Information Most soils on Virginia’s Northern Neck are loamy soils, varying from heavi- er clay loams to sandy loams (loam is a mixture of sand, clay and silt). Soil Type: Perennial means that the plant persists from year to year types influence plant selections. Clay soils hold water longer and sandy soils dry more quickly. Remember that on sandier soils, water infiltration is much Deciduous means that the plant drops it leaves each fall quicker, and more care should be taken in nitrogen fertilizer applications. Evergreen means that the plant stays green throughout Nitrogen fertilizer is very mobile and can leach to groundwater and move to the year surface water systems.

Size: Typically specifies height but may include spread For details on soil types in your area, consult your county Soil Survey, or and shape of the plant online, see USDA Soil Survey at websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoil- Survey.aspx Flowers: Describes bloom color and period, sometimes shape For a soil fertility analysis, to see which nutrients may be necessary for your Fruit: Describes fruit color, shape and time of appearance on plant soil, contact your county VA Cooperative Extension office: Lancaster 804 462-5780 Fall Color: For shrubs and trees, describes the color Northumberland 804 580-5694 that leaves turn in the fall Richmond 804 333-3420 Westmoreland 804 493-8924 Light: Describes plant’s requirements Full sun - 6 or more hrs Part shade - 2 to 6 hrs Shade - 2 hrs or less

Soil: Describes soil moisture and consistency

Habitat: Describes natural areas where plants might be found

Benefits: Describes benefits to wildlife

Other: Provides information on other benefits and characteristics

16 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 0.5-3 ft, spreads Size: Height 4-6 ft the same Flowers: Pink to purple, May-Aug Flowers: Bicolor red and yellow bloom, Fruit: Pod, Aug-Nov May-July Light: Full sun to part shade Fruit: Capsule Soil: Moist, wet rich soils, but can Light: Full sun to part shade tolerate drought Soil: Moist rich soil, but will Habitat: Found in tidal and non- grow in dry conditions tidal marshes, meadows, shrub Habitat: Grows on slopes, cliffs, ledges, swamps, woods, shores and pastures and roadside banks. ditches. Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds, Benefits: Flowers attract butterflies and Aquilegia canadensis butter flies and beneficial Asclepias incarnata hummingbirds. It is an insects. important food source and host Wild Columbine Other: Provides color for an extended Swamp Milkweed plant for the Monarch butterfly Eastern Red Columbine period in the summer. (Danaus plexippus). Spreads by seed.

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-3 ft Size: Height 1-3 ft Flowers: Striped purple or green, Flowers: Yellow-orange to bright orange, Apr-June May-Sep Fruit: Red berry clusters Fruit: Pod, Aug-Nov Light: Dappled sun to shade Light: Full sun, part shade Soil: Moist rich soil Soil: Moist or dry, well-drained Habitat: Grows in moist wet woods, sandy soils bogs and swamps. Can tolerate drought. Benefits: Birds eat seeds. Habitat: Found in open woods, clearings and roadsides. Benefits: Attracts butterflies and serves Arisaema triphyllum Asclepias tuberosa as an important host plant and nectar source for the Monarch Common Jack-in-the-pulpit Butterfly-weed butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Common Butterfly-weed Other: Butterfly-weed makes a delightful cut flower.

17 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-3 ft Size: Height 1-4 ft Flowers: Yellow pea-like flowers, Flowers: White or pink, July-Sep May-Sep Fruit: Capsule Fruit: Pod Light: Full sun, part shade, or shade Light: Full sun Soil: Light, rich, wet to moist soils Soil: Dry, loamy, sandy, acidic soils, Habitat: Found in brushy marshes, tolerates poor drainage streambanks, wet ditches, Habitat: Found in dry open woods low meadows and woodlands. and clearings. Benefits: Nectar source for butterflies. Benefits: Serves as a host plant for Other: The distinctive shape of this Frosted elfin (Callophrys irus) flower is reflected in the genus Baptisia tinctoria and Wild indigo duskywing Chelone glabra name, derived from the Greek butterflies (Erynnis baptisiae). chelone (a tortoise). Yellow Wild Indigo White Turtlehead Horsefly Weed

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-2 ft Size: Height 0.5-2.5 ft Flowers: Shiny yellow, May-June Flowers: Yellow, July-Oct Light: Part shade, shade Light: Full to part sun Soil: Wet or moist, Soil: Dry sandy soils with good humus-rich, acidic soils drainage Habitat: Grows in wet woods, marshy Habitat: Grows in woods, open fields hollows and along stream edges. and roadsides. Benefits: Nectar source for butterflies. Benefits Attractive to bees, butterflies Warning: Plant juices can cause and birds. blistering or inflammation on Other: Spreads to form ground cover. skin or mucous membranes, Good front of border plant. Caltha palustris Chrysopsis mariana and can cause gastric illness if ingested. Maryland Golden-aster Cowslip Other: Requires little care other than Marsh Marigold protection from drying winds in winter and early spring.

18 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-3.5 ft Size: 1.5-5 ft Flowers: Bright blue or violet, July-Nov Flowers: Yellow, July-Nov Fruit: Capsule Fruit: Capsule Light: Full sun, part shade Light: Full sun Soil: Moist clay, loam or sandy soil Soil: Moist clay Habitat: Found along wood margins Habitat: Found in open areas along and streambanks, also in low streams and ponds and wet woods, wet meadows meadows. and ditches. Benefits: Attracts butterflies. Benefits: Attracts late-season butterflies. Other: The common name is based Other: Spreads quickly and is good on the former use of its Conoclinium coelestinum as a groundcover or for areas Helenium autumnale dried leaves to make snuff, with poor drainage. not from the effects of its Mistflower Common Sneezeweed pollen. It was inhaled to Ageratum cause sneezing that would supposedly rid the body of evil spirits.

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 2- 5 ft Size: Height 0.5 ft Flowers: Purple, rarely white, July-Oct Flowers: Purple, brown jug-like flowers Fruit: Capsule beneath leaf litter Light: Full sun, part shade Light: Dappled sun to shade Soil: Moist, sandy acidic soil Soil: Rich moist soils with Habitat: Found in swamps, bogs, leaf cover marshes and swales. Habitat: Grows in upland woods, Benefits: Attracts butterflies, especially swamps and bogs. swallowtails and monarchs. Benefits: Attracts pollinators. Fluffy seed heads provide Other: Leaves are leathery, lustrous nesting materials for birds. and evergreen. Plants Eutrochium dubium Other: While the flower heads Hexastylis virginica can spread to form a ground last a long time, this is cover for very low to no Three-nerved one perennial that does not Virginia Heartleaf traffic areas. Joe-pye-weed re-bloom if you remove spent blossoms. Leave old flower heads on the plant and let them go to seed.

19 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 3-8 ft Size: Height 1.5-4.5 ft, spreads to 4 ft Flowers: Creamy-white, July-Sep Flowers: Light pink, June-Oct Light: Full sun, part shade Light: Full sun Fruit: Brown capsule, Sep-Mar Soil: Moist, prefers sand, will Soil: Wet or moist soil tolerate clay soils, moderately Habitat: Grows in swampy forests, salt tolerant, does best with wet meadows and freshwater high acidity marsh edges. Habitat: Grows in brackish marshes Benefits: Nectar source for and swamps. hummingbirds. Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds and Other: Plants starts growing late in the butterflies. Hibiscus moscheutos season and flower over a long Kosteletzkya pentacarpos period. (also K. virginica) Swamp Rose-mallow Eastern Rose-mallow Seashore Mallow Crimson-eyed Salt Marsh Mallow Rose-mallow

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 2-3 ft Size: Height 4-8 ft Flowers: Shades of purple, May-Aug Flowers: Red-orange or yellow-orange, Fruit: Green to brown capsule July-Sep Light: Full sun, part shade Fruit: Capsule Soil: Wet or moist, acidic soils Light: Full sun to part shade (can tolerate complete Soil: Moist, loamy, sandy, acidic soils submergence) (good drainage essential) Habitat: Grows in meadows, along Habitat: Wet meadows, swamps streambanks and in marshes and woods and swamps. Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds. Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds and Lilium superbum Other: Largest and most spectacular Iris versicolor other birds. of the native lilies; up to 40 flowers have been Larger Blue Flag Turk’s-cap Lily recorded on a single plant. Northern Blue Flag

20 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 0.5-2 ft Size: Height 1-5 ft Flowers: Lavender, July-Oct Flowers: Blue, Aug-Oct Light: Prefers full sun Fruit: Capsule Soil: Moist, rich clay, loam or Light: Full sun to full shade sandy soils Soil: Moist, rich clay, loam or Habitat: Grows in irregularly flooded sandy soils, not drought high salt marshes. Tolerates tolerant high salinity. Habitat: Grows in moist to wet wood Benefits: Provides nectar for bees. lands, meadows and swamps. Other: Makes a lovely delicate spray Benefits: Attracts birds, butterflies, in fresh or dried flower hummingbirds and beneficial Limonium carolinianum arrangements. Lobelia siphilitica insects.

Sea Lavender Great Blue Lobelia Carolina Sea Lavender

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-6 ft Size: Height 1-2 ft Flowers: Red, July-Oct Flowers: Blue, Apr-June Light: Full sun to part shade Light: Full to partial sun Soil: Moist, rich clay, loam or Soil: Dry sandy soils sandy soils, not drought Habitat: Grows in open woods, fields, tolerant roadsides and banks. Habitat: Grows in low areas, woodland Benefits: Attracts butterflies. edges, streambanks, roadsides Other: Best propagated by seed. and meadows. Benefits: Attracts birds and butterflies. Depends on hummingbirds, Lobelia cardinalis which feed on the nectar, Lupinus perennis for pollination. Cardinal Flower . Sundial Lupine

21 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: 0.5 ft, creeping Size: Height 0.5-1 ft Flowers: Pinkish-white, May-July Flowers: Yellow, June-July Fruit: Red berry, July-Dec Fruit: Purplish to deep red, fleshy Light: Part shade to shade Light: Full sun Soil: Moist or dry, humus-rich, sandy Soil: Sandy with good drainage or loamy, acidic soils Habitat: Grows in sandy and rocky areas, Habitat: Found in dry or moist woods, dry pastures and road banks. along streambanks and on Benefits: Attracts native bees. Fruits sandy slopes. attractive to turtles and birds. Benefits: Berries eaten by birds and Other: Fruit is edible and can be used mammals. for jelly. Bristles can cause skin Mitchella repens Other: Can be used as a ground cover Opuntia humifusa irritation. Plant forms large under acid-loving shrubs. clumps. Partridge-berry Eastern Prickly-pear

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-3 ft Size: Height 0.5-2 ft Flowers: Golden-yellow, May-Sep Flowers: Yellow, May-Aug Light: Full sun Light: Any sun condition Soil: Moist, acidic, well-drained Soil: Rich moist loam soils (tolerant of brackish and Habitat: Grows in moist fields, woods, lime soils) floodplains and along Habitat: Found in dry woods, roadsides. meadows and along Benefits: Attracts butterflies. roadsides. Other: This wetland plant is evergreen Benefits: Attracts birds, hummingbirds and versatile with nice foliage. It provides interest in the garden and beneficial insects. Packera aurea from bud to bloom. Can be an Oenothera fruticosa Other: This plant spreads rapidly aggressive spreader, so deadhead under favorable conditions if control is desired. Narrow-leaf Sundrops but does not usually become Golden Ragwort Southern Sundrops aggressive. Heartleaf Ragwort

22 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1.5-6.5 ft Size: Height 0.5-6.5 ft Flowers: Pink, purple, or white, June-Oct Flowers: White, Apr-June Light: Full sun Light: Partial sun to full shade Soil: Moist, organic loam Soil: Dry to moist, rich loam or Habitat: Found in open woods, sandy soil thickets and meadows and Habitat: Found in woodlands, old fields along roadsides. and clearings. . Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds, butter- Benefits: Flowers visited by humming flies and beneficial insects. birds and bumblebees. Provides fruit for birds and small mammals in late summer. Phlox paniculata Polygonatum biflorum Provides wildlife cover. Other: Slowly spreads and creates Fall Phlox, Garden Phlox Solomon’s-seal a nodding blanket of foliage that turns a golden yellow in autumn.

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-2 ft Size: 3-3.5 ft Flowers: White flowers under leaves Flowers: Purple-blue spikes, June-Nov in early May Light: Full sun to part shade Light: Dappled sun to shade Soil: Moist clay, loam or Soil: Rich moist loam with sandy soils good drainage Habitat: Found in shallow, quiet water, Habitat: Found in rich woods. fresh and brackish, tidal and Benefits: Wildlife eat the fruit. non-tidal marshes. Other: Can be used as a ground Benefits: Provides nectar for bees and cover in areas without traffic, butterflies. Good for wetland but leaves disappear in gardens and habitat. Seeds Podophyllum peltatum summer. Ripe fruit is edible Pontederia cordata eaten by waterfowl. Attracts and can be used for jelly. dragonflies. Mayapple Warning: unripe fruit, leaves Pickerelweed Other: The seeds can be eaten like and roots are poisonous. nuts and the young leaf stalks cooked as greens.

23 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-3.5 ft Size: Height 1.5-4.5 ft Flowers: Dark pink, June-Sep Flowers: Yellow, orange with dark center, Light: Full sun July-Oct Soil: Wet loam Light: Full to partial sun Habitat: Found in wet open areas. Soil: Dry to moist soils Benefits: Attracts bees, deer browse Habitat: Grows in fields, open woods the plant. and along roadsides. Other: Has a distinctive urn-shaped Benefits: Provides nectar for birds, fruit that Thoreau once butter flies and other insects as compared to a tiny well as seeds for songbirds. cream pitcher. Other: Drought and pest resistant. Rhexia virginica Rudbeckia triloba Will self seed easily and spread.

Virginia Meadow Beauty Three-lobed Coneflower Brown-eyed Susan

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: 1-3.5 ft Size: Height 1-2 ft Flowers: Bright yellow with dark Flowers: Lavender to medium center, June-Oct bluish-purple, June-Sep Light: Full sun, part shade, or shade Light: Full to partial shade (may bloom longer with some Soil: Moist clay, loam or afternoon shade) sandy soils Soil: Moist to dry, well-drained Habitat: Found in open woods, fields acidic soils (drought tolerant) and thickets. Habitat: Found in meadows, pastures Benefits: Provides nectar for bees and and woodland edges. butterflies. Serves as a host Rudbeckia hirta Benefits: Birds enjoy the ripe seeds. Ruellia caroliniensis plant for Buckeye butterfly Nectar attracts bees and caterpillars. butterflies. Other: Blossoms last a day or two, but Black-eyed Susan Carolina Wild-petunia Other: Excellent as cut flowers. new flowers form in succession. Common Wild-petunia Self seeding and easily transplanted.

24 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-2 ft Size: Height 0.5-1.5 ft Flowers: Pale violet, Apr-June Flowers: Blue, Apr-June Light: Full to partial sun Light: Full to partial sun Soil: Dry to moist, loam or clay Soil: Medium moisture, Habitat: Grows in pastures, upland well-drained clay or loam woods, thickets and Habitat: Found in grassy areas, waste areas. woodlands, fields and Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds meadows. and butterflies. Benefits: Provides cover for small Other: Leaf shaped vaguely like a lyre. wildlife and nectar for Mint family with four- pollinators. Salvia lyrata sided flower stem, but no Sisyrinchium Other: Is deer resistant. Belongs to the fragrant aroma. Tolerates angustifolium iris not grass family. Clump Lyre-leaf Sage periodic flooding and can (S. graminoides) forming andspreads. Divide take drought. every 2 to 3 years to keep Narrow-leaved plantings vigorous. Blue-eyed grass

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1.5-4 ft Size: Height 2-8 ft Flowers: White, May-Sep Flowers: Deep yellow, July-Nov Light: Part shade, shade Light: Full sun Soil: Wet, moist, muddy soils, can Soil: Moist, sandy soils be inundated up to Habitat: Found on sandy shores 4 in. deep and in dunes. Habitat: Found in still water, wet Benefits Attracts birds and migrating lowlands and stream Monarch butterflies (Danaus edges. plexippus). Benefits: Attracts birds. Other: Pinch the growing tips in June Other: Great spreading ground for a more compact plant. This Saururus cernuus cover for moist soils, shallow Solidago sempervirens goldenrod does not spread by water, and containers. Good rhizomes or become invasive. Lizard’s-tail for wetland gardens and Seaside Goldenrod Water-dragon habitat. Colonizes large areas.

25 Herbaceous Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 1-4.5 ft Size: Height 3-6 in. Flowers: Purple, blue-violet, July-Oct Flowers: Purple with orange centers, Light: Full sun Mar-June Soil: Moist loam Light: Full to partial sun Habitat: Found in freshwater and Soil: Well-drained sand or loam tidal marshes. Habitat: Found on sandy, dry forested Benefits: Attracts butterflies. A larval slopes. host to the Pearl Crescent Benefits: Provides nectar for insects. butterfly (Phyciodes tharos). Serves as larval food for some fritillary butterflies. Song birds eat the seed. Symphyotrichum Viola pedata Other: Makes a good ground cover. novi-belgii Tolerates dry soil, shallow, rocky Birds-foot Violet soil, drought and deer. New York Aster

Type: Perennial Size: Height 3.5-8 ft Flowers: Purplish-blue with yellow center, Aug-Oct Light: Full or partial sun Soil: Moist to wet loam Habitat: Found in floodplain forests, alluvial swamps, riverbanks, fens, wet meadows, low fields and freshwater marshes. Benefits: Abundant nectar source for Special Note Please take extreme care when harvesting native plants. Vernonia butterflies and other pollinators. Although one part of a plant can be harmless, another part noveboracensis Other: Tolerates deer, will spread can be poisonous or toxic. For example, the seeds of all and is tolerant of a wide Prunus species, found inside the fruits, contain poisonous New York Ironweed range of soils and substances and should never be eaten (e.g., Black Cherry). conditions. All Ilex species may be somewhat toxic if ingested (e.g., Inkberry, American Holly).

26 Ferns

Type: Perennial, deciduous Type: Perennial, deciduous Size: Height few inches to more Size: Height 6 ft than 3 ft Flowers: Non-flowering,thick spore- Flowers: Non-flowering/reproduces bearing spikes, that turn from by spores green to chocolate brown, Light: Part shade to full shade appear Apr-May. Soil: Moist to wet, loose, sandy or Light: Full sun, part shade, shade loamy, acidic soils Soil: Muddy, sandy, clay or loam, Habitat: Grows in woodlands, flood acidic soils plains, swamps and marshes Habitat: Grows in boggy areas and and along streambanks. shaded ledges. Benefits: Shelters salamanders and frogs Benefits: Fuzz that covers the young Onoclea sensibilis and attracts birds. Osmundastrum fiddleheads is a favorite nesting Other: Cut fronds are nice in flower cinnamomeum material for birds. Sensitive Fern arrangements. Fiddleheads Other: Bristly root crown, called Bead Fern appear in the spring in shades Cinnamon Fern osmunda fiber, used as a of pale red. The roots colonize potting medium for orchids. but are usually shallow.

Type: Perennial, deciduous Type: Perennial, evergreen Size: 2-5 ft high, 18 in. wide Size: Height 1-3 ft Flowers: Non-flowering/reproduces Flowers: Non-flowering/reproduces by spores by spores Light: Part shade to full shade Light: Part shade to full shade Soil: Wet, sandy, clay or loam, Soil: Moist, well-drained, acidic soils, tolerates humus-rich, sandy, acidic soils year-round shallow water (does not tolerate standing Habitat: Grows in freshwater water) wetlands and along Habitat: Found in moist to dry rocky streambanks. woods. Benefits: Provides cover for wildlife. Benefits: Provides cover for birds and Osmunda spectabilis Other: Can spread to become a Polystichum acrostichoides food for turtles. ground cover. Other: Good, evergreen border or Royal Fern Christmas Fern accent plant.

27 Grasses and Grass-like Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 2-5 ft Size: Height 1-4 ft Flowers: White, brown, Aug-Nov Flowers: Small, greenish-brown, Light: Full sun June-Sep Soil: Wet or moist, relatively Light: Full sun sterile, sandy, clay or loam Soil: Wet or moist, clay, sandy or soils, tolerates salinity loam soils Habitat: Found in low, moist Habitat: Grows in swamps and on damp grassland areas often with open ground. poor drainage. Benefits: Birds find shelter among the Benefits: Provides seed and nesting stems. Provides very good material for birds. shoreline protection. Andropogon Other: Can be a luxurious addition Juncus effusus glomeratus to a fall flower display and is ideal for wetland gardens. Common Rush Bushy Bluestem Best for large-scale gardens Soft Rush and landscapes, because the seeds are heavy and may fall over once the plant reaches maximum height.

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: 1-3 ft high, 3 ft wide Size: Height 3-6 ft Flowers: Greenish/brownish spikes, Flowers: Red-purple seed head, Aug-Oct Apr-Aug Light: Full sun, part shade Light: Full sun Soil: Dry to moist, sandy, clay or Soil: Moist clay, loam or sandy soils loam soils, tolerates Habitat: Grows in swamps, low woods poor drainage and seasonally flooded sites. Habitat: Found in open areas and along Benefits: Excellent nesting habitat for streambanks. rails and snipes. Benefits: Seeds eaten by songbirds. Other: Harvested for insulation in ice Provides cover from the wind packing houses and used for Carex stricta and nesting material. Larval rug making. Panicum virgatum host to Delaware Skipper (Anatrytone logan). Tussock Sedge Switchgrass Other: The rich, yellow-colored clumps Upright Sedge last throughout the winter.

28 Grasses and Grass-like Plants

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Very dense mounds at Size: Height 4-5 ft 1.5-4 ft high Light: Full sun Flowers: White seed head, Aug-Oct Flowers: Wooly bristles surround Light: Full sun, part shade clusters of brownish nutlets Soil: Dry, well-drained, sandy, clay atop a triangular stem, or loam soils Aug-Sep Habitat: Grows along woodland edges Soil: Moist to wet clay, loam, or on hillsides and slopes and in sandy soils open areas. Habitat: Grows in tidal and nontidal Benefits: In winter the seeds, fuzzy marshes, swamps, forested white at maturity, are of wetlands, wet meadows, Schizachyrium particular value to small birds. Scirpus cyperinus ditches, ponds and bogs. scoparium Other: Wonderful planted en masse, it Benefits: Provides food and cover for provides ranges from blue-green Woolgrass waterfowl and other wildlife. Little Bluestem stems in late summer to radiant Other: Grows in large clumps. mahogany-red with white cotton-tufted seedheads in fall. A reddish-tan color persists through winter.

Type: Perennial Type: Perennial Size: Height 4-10 ft Size: Height 2-7 ft Flowers: Stalked, reddish-brown Light: Full sun spikelets, May-June Flowers: Greenish, May-Aug Light: Full sun Soil: Wet clay, loam or sandy soil Soil: Moist or wet, usually poorly Habitat: Grows in tidal marshes, salt drained soil, tolerates a flats and overwash ponds. wide range of salinity Benefits: Provides food and cover for Habitat: Found in deep or shallow water, songbirds, waterfowl and or in muddy or marshy ground other wildlife. around lakes, ponds, streams Other: Good for shoreline and wooded wetlands. stabilization. Schoenoplectus tabernae- Benefits: Provides food and cover for Spartina alterniflora montani (Scirpus validus) fish, muskrats, otters, ducks, shorebirds and march birds. Saltmarsh Cordgrass Soft-stem Bulrush Provides erosion control from Smooth Cordgrass wind and wave action.

29 Vines

Type: Perennial, evergreen Type: Perennial, deciduous Size: Height 36-50 ft Size: 12-15 ft Flowers: Two-tone, red and yellow Flowers: Clusters of creamy white trumpets, Mar-May flowers that into showy clusters Light: Full sun, part shade. of silky seeds that glisten with Best flowers in full sun backlighting. July-Sep Soil: Moist, well-drained, acidic or Light: Full sun, part shade, shade calcareous, sandy or Soil: Moist to dry, rich soils clay soils, tolerates cold and Habitat: Found in woods, clearings and brief flooding along fence rows. Habitat: Found in floodplain forests, Benefits: Attracts hummingbirds swamps, dry upland forests Bignonia capreolata and butterflies. and rocky woodlands. Clematis virginiana Other: Lacking tendrils, the vine Benefits: An early nectar source for supports itself by means of Cross-vine butterflies and hummingbirds. Virgin’s-bower twisted stems, or petioles, Other: Claws at the end of its tendrils that wrap around other plants. allow crossvine to cling to These stems can grow 20 ft stone, bricks and fences in one year. They may be without support. pruned at any time during the growing season.

Type: Perennial, deciduous Type: Perennial, evergreen Size: Up to 35 ft high Size: 10-20 ft Flowers: Reddish orange, June-Sep Flowers: Yellow, Dec-May Light: Full sun Light: Full sun, part shade Soil: Well-drained, sandy, loam or (best in sun) clay soils, high drought Soil: Moist, well-drained, humus-rich, tolerance sandy or clay soils, adaptable to Habitat: Found moist woods or along any range of pH and tolerant of fence rows in old fields. heat and cold Benefits: Bright trumpet-shaped Habitat: Found in sandy woodlands, flowers attract hummingbirds. swamps and clearings Benefits: Aromatic, showy evergreen vine Campsis radicans Other: With its vigorous growth habits, Gelsemium sempervirens trumpet vine is a good soil whose flowers attract humming- stabilizer. Cut back branches birds and Swallowtail butterflies. Trumpet-creeper to two buds in the winter Carolina Jessamine Other: It is quite adaptable and to encourage bushier growth Yellow Jessamine tenacious, with no serious and more blooms. disease or insect problems. All parts of this plant are toxic.

30 Vines

Type: Perennial, evergreen Type: Perennial Size: 3-20 ft Size: Up to 25 ft, with sprawls Flowers: Red flowers with some yellow, on ground Mar-June Flower: Lavender, Apr-Sep Fruit: Bright-red berries Fruit: Orange-yellow berry, June-Sep Light: Full sun (best), part shade Light: Full sun, part shade Soil: Rich, moist soils preferred, Soil: Moist, rich, clay and sandy, tolerates poor drainage for non saline soils short periods Habitat: Found along roadsides, streams Habitat: Found in upland forests and and riverbanks and in woodlands, floodplain forests, meadows, woodland edges dunes and in clearings and or opens. Lonicera sempervirens disturbed areas. Passiflora incarnata Benefits: Birds eat fruit and flower Benefits: Frequently visited by humming- attracts butterflies. Coral Honeysuckle birds and butterflies. Fruits Purple Passionflower Other: Showy ornamental for arbors Trumpet Honeysuckle attract Purple Finch, American Maypop and fences, walls and columns. Goldfinch, Hermit Thrush, and Maypop refers to pop of the American Robin. berries when crushed. Other: This beautiful vine is great for arbors.

Type: Perennial, deciduous Type: Perennial, deciduous Size: 3-40 ft Size: 25-30 ft Flowers: Yellowish-green, May-June Flowers: Lilac or bluish purple, May-June Light: Full sun, part shade, shade Light: Full sun, part shade, shade Soil: Moist, well-drained, clay, Soil: Moist, rich, sandy, loam or clay, loam and sandy soils neutral to slightly acidic soils Habitat: Grows in open woodlands Habitat: Moist or wet woods, upland and shaded woods, and along thickets and along river banks. stream and riverbanks. Benefits: Attracts butterflies. Larval host Benefits: Birds eat fruit through the to Zarucco duskywing skipper winter. (Erynnis zarucco). Other: Leaves turn brilliant mauve, Other: Large, fragrant, drooping Parthenocissus red and purple in early fall. Wisteria frutescens clusters of flowers appear quinquefolia Berries turn from red to blue after the plant has leafed out. to black. A vigorous grower, it This makes it different from the American Wisteria adheres via adhesive discs more aggressive Asian species. Virginia-creeper rather than penetrating rootlets.

31 Shrubs

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: 1.5-12 ft tall Size: Height 3-6 ft Flowers: Flat-topped clusters of white, Flowers: Small pink flowers, June-Aug five-petaled flowers with red Fruit: Dense clusters of lavender anthers, Mar berries, Sep-Mar Fruit: Red berries, Sep-Dec Light: Full sun to part shade Fall Color: Dark green, glossy leaves turn Soil: Moist, rich, sandy and clay, a rich, orange-red acidic soils Light: Full sun to part shade Habitat: Found in upland forests, Soil: Dry, moist or wet, clay loam forest edges and and sandy soils disturbed areas. Habitat: Found in forested wetlands, Benefits: Seeds and berries are Aronia arbutifolia shrub bogs and upland forests Callicarpa americana important foods for many (Photinia pyrifolia) and fields. species of birds. Benefits: Berries provide winter food for American Beauty-berry Other: Useful as a screen in wet or Red Chokeberry songbirds. French-mulberry wooded locations or Other: Reddish-brown, exfoliating under shade trees in a garden bark adds color in the winter. setting. If overgrown, can be pruned to 6-18” tall. It will regain height in one season.

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 6-12 ft Size: Height and spread 6-12 ft Flowers: White to green, Aug-Oct Flowers: White or pale pink flowers Fruit: Silvery, plume-like seeds on resembling pincushions, female plants, Oct-Nov July-Aug Fall Color: Purple Fruit: Green to brown button-like Light: Full sun, part shade balls, Sep-Jan Soil: Wet to dry, clay, sandy, or Fall Color: Yellow-green loam soils Light: Part shade, shade Habitat: Found in fresh to salt marsh Soil: Wet, clay and sandy soils, es, ditches, shores and dunes. tolerates poor drainage or Baccharis halimifolia Benefits: Marsh wrens and other small Cephalanthus occidentalis standing water birds frequently nest in the Habitat: Found in fresh tidal marshes, openly branched, brittle stems. swamps, forested wetlands, High-tide Bush Other: Small gray-green oval leaves Buttonbush lakes and pond edges. Groundsel Tree create a soft look. Tolerant of Benefits: Ducks and other water birds saltwater spray, thus some and shorebirds consume the times called Salt Bush. seeds and its nectar attracts bees and butterflies.

32 Shrubs

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 6-12 ft in mounded Size: Height 2-6 ft clumps Flowers: Yellowish-green or greenish Flowers: Spike-like, upright clusters of purple, Mar-June fragrant white flowers, Fruit: Yellow rounded capsule with a July-Aug warty surface, summer-fall Fruit: Brown capsules, Sep-Feb Fall Color: Dark red leaves and fruit Fall Color: Dull yellow to orange capsules, which break open Light: Part shade, shade exposing bright red seeds, Soil: Wet to moist, acidic Sep-Oct Habitat: Grows in tidal and nontidal Light: Partial to full sun forested wetlands, swamps, Soil: Well-drained, humus-rich Clethra alnifolia woods and lakeshores. Euonymus americanus Habitat: Grows in deciduous woods, Tolerates salt spray. sandy thickets, swamps, Coastal White-adler Benefits: Attracts butterflies and other Strawberry-bush shady edges, ravines and Sweet Pepperbush beneficial insects, songbirds, American stream sides. and waterfowl. Strawberry-bush Benefits: Provides food for deer, rabbit, Heart’s-a-bustin’ wild turkey and songbirds. Other: In winter, the green twigs are attractive.

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 6-12 ft Size: Height 10-30 ft, spreading Flowers: White, May-June branches form an open crown. Fruit: Blue berry, Aug Flowers: Fragrant, yellow flowers, Fall Color: Orange, red or purple Sep-Dec Light: Full sun to part shade Fruit: Brown capsule, Oct-Nov Soil: Moist or wet, clay, loam or sand Fall Color: Gold Habitat: Found in forested wetlands, Light: Part shade, shade floodplains, stream and pond Soil: Rich, well-drained clay, loam banks and clearings. or sandy soil Benefits: High wildlife value for Habitat: Found in moist or dry woods songbirds, waterfowl and and brushy fields. Cornus amomum small mammals. Hamamelis virginiana Benefits: Birds eat the fruit. Other: The plant is very aromatic. Silky Dogwood Witch Hazel Commercial witch-hazel is an alcohol extract from the smooth, gray bark.

33 Shrubs

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 3-6 ft Size: Height 6-10 ft mound with Flowers: White, June-Aug arching branches Fruit: Brown capsule, Oct-Jan Flowers: White drooping 4-inch spires, Fall Color: Yellow Apr-June Light: Part to full shade Fall Color: Red to purple, persisting Soil: Rich, moist well-drained soils into winter Habitat: Found in rocky upland or Fruit: Brown capsule, Aug-Mar floodplain woods and Light: Full sun, part shade streambanks. Soil: Moist, acidic soils, tolerates Benefits: Provides some food for poor drainage mammals and songbirds. Habitat: Grows in forested wetlands, Hydrangea arborescens Other: Leaves are poisonous to Itea virginica shrub swamps, streambanks humans. and shallow water. Wild Hydrangea Virginia-willow Benefits: Attracts songbirds, water Smooth Hydrangea Virginia Sweetspire fowl, small mammals and beneficial insects. Other: Most effective in massed plantings. Will form thickets.

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 3-10 ft Size: Height 6-16 ft Flowers: Inconspicuous greenish- Flowers: Dense clusters of tiny, pale white flowers, June-July yellow flowers, Mar-May Fruit: Dense clusters of bright Fruit: Scarlet berry, Sep-Oct; need red berries, Aug-Feb; need both male and female plants to both male and female plants produce berries to produce berries Fall Color: Golden-yellow Fall Color: Yellow to brownish black Light: Part shade, shade Light: Full sun, part shade, shade Soil: Moist, sandy, well-drained Soil: Moist acidic soils, tolerates Habitat: Found in woods and poor drainage floodplain forests. Ilex verticillata Habitat: Found in fresh tidal swamps Lindera benzoin Benefits: A larval host for the Eastern and forested wetlands. tiger swallowtail Winterberry Benefits: Provides food for birds in Spicebush (Papilio glaucus) and the winter. Spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus) butterflies. Wood Thrushes eat the fruit.

34 Shrubs

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 0.5-6.5 ft Size: Height 1-2.5 ft, forms colonies Flowers: White, pale pink, May-June Flowers: White to pinkish, funnel-shaped Fruit: Brown capsule, Sep-Feb fragrant flowers, Apr -May Fall Color: Red Light: Part to full shade Light: Part to full shade Soil: Moist sandy soils Soil: Dry to moist, sandy soil Habitat: Found in dry to damp, sandy Habitat: Found in swamps and moist forests, pine woodlands or dry woods. and clearings. Benefits: Attracts native bees. Benefits: Attracts songbirds and bumble bees. Lyonia mariana Rhododendron atlanticum

Staggerbush Dwarf Azalea

Type: Evergreen Type: Deciduous Size: Height 6 - 15 ft, multi- Size: Height 6 - 8 ft upright trunked, wispy shrub with numerous, Flowers: Yellowish-green, Mar-June bushy-branched, thorny stems. Fruit: Pale blue berries, Sep-Apr Flowers: Dark rose-pink flowers, Light: Full sun, part shade June-Aug Soil: Wet, sandy, slightly acidic, Fruit: Red hips (berries), July-Mar tolerates poor drainage Light: Full sun, part shade, shade and drought Soil: Moist to wet, rich soils, tolerates Habitat: Found in tidal and nontidal salt and poor drainage fresh and brackish marshes, Habitat: Found in fresh tidal and non swamps, sandy dune swales tidal marshes, forested Morella cerifera and upland woods. Rosa palustris wetlands, shrub swamps and Benefits: Attracts birds and butterflies. streambanks. Wax Myrtle Other: Light olive-green foliage has Swamp Rose Benefits: Flowers provide nectar for bees Southern Bayberry spicy fragrance. Colonists and butterflies. Rose hips are made fragrant candles from eaten by birds. the waxy fruit.

35 Shrubs

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 6-12 ft Size: Height 6-15 ft with erect- Flowers: Broad, flat, conspicuous white arching stems clusters, June-July Flowers: White, flat-topped clusters, Fruit: Dark purple berry, Aug-Sep May-June Fall Color: Yellow green Fruit: Dark blue berries, Sep-Nov Light: Full sun, part shade, full shade Fall Color: Yellow to wine red Soil: Dry, moist or wet clay, loam, Light: Full sun, part shade, shade sandy or organic soils Soil: Dry to wet, acidic soils Habitat: Found in fresh tidal and and sands nontidal marshes, swamps, Habitat: Found in swamps, wet woods, wet meadows, moist woods bogs, floodplain forests and Sambucus canadensis and fields. Viburnum dentatum streambanks. Benefits: Berries eaten by many bird Benefits: Attracts Eastern bluebird, Common Elderberry species. Arrow-wood Northern flicker, Gray catbird, Other: Seeds used to make pies, jelly and American robin. and wine. Other: Plant is flood, insect and disease tolerant.

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 1.5-2 ft Size: Height 6.5-20 ft Flowers: Green-white to reddish-pink Flowers: White to cream, June-July flowers, Apr-May Fruit: Red to blue then black berry, Fruit: Dark blue berries, July-Aug Sep-Oct Light: Full sun, part shade, shade Fall Color: Red to purple Soil: Moist or dry, loam or Light: Full sun, part shade, full shade sandy soils Soil: Moist or wet acidic soils Habitat: Found in dry woods Habitat: Grows in wet woods, swamps, and barrens. margins of vernal ponds and Benefits: Sweet berries have a high heath bogs. Vaccinium pallidum wildlife value for butterflies, Viburnum nudum Benefits: High wildlife value for bees, songbirds and small songbirds, waterfowl and mammals. small mammals. Early Lowbush Southern Wild Raisin Other: Fruit is edible but very acidic. Blueberry Possum-haw Has fibrous, shallow roots and Hillside Blueberry transplants easily.

36 Shrubs Small and Medium Trees

Type: Deciduous Type Deciduous Size: Height 12-24 ft Size: Height 15-30 ft Flowers: White clusters, Apr-May Flowers: White, Mar-May Fruit: Pinkish berries turn blue-black, Fruit: Red to purple fruit, June-Aug July-Nov Fall Color: Yellow, orange, red Fall Color: Reddish purple Light: Full sun, part shade Light: Full sun to full shade (best Soil: Moist, well-drained acidic flowers and fruit with 4-5 hrs Habitat: Found in upland woodlands, of sun/day) swamps and woody Soil: Moist to dry, well-drained riverbanks. Habitat: Found in woods, thickets, fields Benefits: Important early summer food and along roadsides. for numerous bird species, Viburnum prunifolium Benefits: Fruit is eaten by songbirds. Amelanchier arborea including Cardinals, Cedar Other: Plant is durable and pest free. Waxwings and Towhees. Black Haw Will colonize and can be trained Downy Serviceberry Other: The fruits taste similar as a small tree. Prune immediately to blueberry and can be eaten after flowering. fresh or cooked in pastries or puddings.

Type: Deciduous Size: Height and spread 12-20 ft Flowers: Pale yellow, June Fruit: Dark brown nuts, Sep-Oct Fall Color: Yellow or purple Light: Sun, part shade Soil: Dry loamy or sandy soil Habitat: Found in dry open woods and old fields. Benefits: Flowers attract butter- flies. The nuts are an important food source Castanea pumila in the fall and winter for grouse, bobwhite, Allegheny Chinquapin wild turkey, squirrels and deer.

37 Small and Medium Trees

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 15-35 ft with one to Size: Height and spread 20-50 ft several trunks and a wide, Flowers: Creamy white, Apr-May umbrella-like crown of heart Fruit: Red to orange berry clusters, shaped leaves. Sep-Dec Flowers: Deep purplish-pink, Apr-May Fall Color: Scarlet red before new leaves appear Light: Part shade Fruit: Black pod, July-Dec Soil: Dry to moist loam Fall Color: Golden yellow Habitat: Found in woods, woodland Light: Part shade, shade edges and openings. Soil: Moist, fertile, well-drained Benefits: Resident and migratory birds Habitat: Found in woodlands, old fields eat the berries. Cercis canadensis and roadsides. Cornus florida Other: Virginia state tree. Benefits: Attracts butterflies, songbirds Eastern Redbud and native bees. Flowering Dogwood

Type: Deciduous Type: Evergreen Size: Height 15-35 ft Size: Height 15-50 ft, spread Flowers: Showy, fragrant, drooping 8-40 ft, pyramidal shape white clusters, May-June Flowers: White or cream, May-June Fruit: Dark blue, grape-like clusters, Fruit: Bright red berries on Sep-Oct; need both male and female plants; need male female plants to produce and female plants to berries produce berries Fall Color: Yellow Light: Full sun to full shade Light: Full sun to full shade Soil: Moist, well-drained, acidic Soil: Dry to moist, sandy or loam and sandy soils loamy soils Habitat: Grows in sandy woods. Chionanthus virginicus Habitat: Found in upland forests, on Ilex opaca Benefits: Songbirds and mammals eat moist streambanks and on the bitter berries. Fringetree ridges in sandy to deep American Holly Other: Twigs with berries often Old Man’s Beard rich soils. used for holiday decorations. Benefits: Attracts songbirds. The wood is well-suited for inlays in cabinetwork, handles and carvings.

38 Small and Medium Trees Large Trees

Type: Semi-evergreen Type: Deciduous Size: Height and spread 12-30 ft Size: Height 40-100 ft, Flowers: Velvety-white, fragrant flowers, spread 30-75 ft May-July Flowers: Small red flowers, Mar-Apr Fruit: Dark red fruits expose bright Fruit: Red-brown or yellow winged red seeds, Sep-Oct seeds, Apr-Jun Light: Sun to full shade Fall Color: Red, orange, yellow Soil: Rich moist, acidic soils Light: Full sun to part shade Habitat: Found in forested wetlands, Soil: Moist to wet clay, loamy or along seeps, stream and pond sandy soils edges and in sandy woods. Habitat: Found in swamps, rocky Benefits: Seeds are a good source of food hillsides and upland woods. Magnolia virginiana for birds in the fall. Acer rubrum Benefits: Attracts songbirds and small mammals. Sweetbay Red Maple Sweetbay Magnolia Swamp Magnolia

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 35-60 ft, spread 20-35 ft Size: Height 50 - 75 ft, spread 35-50 ft Flowers: Yellow-green fuzzy catkins Flowers: Yellow-green, Apr-May change to flowers, Mar-Apr Fruit: Green to tan cone-like fruit, Fruit: Greenish yellow cone-like fruit, Aug-Nov Apr-May Fall Color: Golden yellow Light: Full sun, part shade, shade Light: Full sun to part shade Soil: Moist to wet clay, loam or Soil: Moist loam or sandy soils sandy soils Habitat: Grows in floodplain forests and Habitat: Found in fresh tidal marshes on streambanks and swamps, forested wetlands, Benefits: Provides high wildlife value Salix nigra floodplains and wet meadows. Betula nigra for songbirds and small Benefits: Early season food for songbirds. mammals. Black Willow A larval host for the Eastern River Birch Other: The tree’s satiny, silver bark tiger swallowtail (Papilio peels to reveal a cinnamon- glaucus) butterfly. brown trunk beneath. Tree is fast growing and long-lived.

39 Large Trees

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 60-100 ft, spread Size: Height 50-100 ft, 35-50 ft spread 50-75 ft Flowers: Light green, May-June Flowers: Yellow-green, Apr-May Fruit: Light reddish-brown nut, Fruit: Orange-green nut-like fruit, Sep-Oct Sep-Nov Fall Color: Yellow Fall Color: Yellow-tan, retains leaves Light: Part sun to full shade until spring Soil: Dry, rich soils Light: Full sun to part shade Habitat: Grows on ridges, dry hills Soil: Moist loam or sandy soil and hillsides. Habitat: Grows in rich uplands and Benefits: Attracts songbirds, waterfowl lowlands. Carya tomentosa and small mammals. Fagus grandifolia Benefits: High value for songbirds, waterfowl and small Mockernut Hickory American Beech mammals. Other: Nuts are edible.

Type: Deciduous Type: Evergreen Size: Height 50-75 ft, Size: Height 35-75 ft, spread 35-50 ft spread 35-50 ft Flowers: Greenish yellow to cream, Flowers: Red purple, Mar-Apr June Fruit: Pale green to dark blue Fruit: Large orange berry, Sep-Nov berry-like cones, July-Mar; need Fall Color: Yellow or purple both male and female plants to Light: Full sun to part shade produce berries Soil: Dry to moist clay or loam Light: Full sun Habitat: Grows in open, disturbed Soil: Dry to moist, clay, loam or areas and woods. sandy soils Benefits: Attracts songbirds and is a Diospyros virginiana Habitat: Grows in dry forests, barrens host to Luna moth larvae Juniperus virginiana and old fields. (Actias luna). Benefits: Berries consumed by many Common Persimmon Other: On old trunks the dark gray Eastern Red Cedar species of birds. American Persimmon bark is thick and broken into Other: Foliage varies from gray to blue squarish blocks. to dark green. All colors tend to brown in winter.

40 Large Trees

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 70-100 ft, Size: Height 30-70 ft spread 35-50 ft Flowers: White, Lily-of-the-Valley-like Flowers: Tulip-like, green, orange and flowers, July yellow, June Fruit: Showy, pale yellow capsules Fruit: Brown winged fruit, Aug-Nov persist past leaf drop Fall Color: Yellow. Tan cone-shaped in the fall seedheads remain after leaves Fall Color: Brilliant deep red have fallen. Light: Part shade Light: Full sun to part shade Soil: Well-drained acidic soils Soil: Rich, moist well-drained loam Habitat: Grows in well-drained or sandy soils woodlands. Liriodendron tulipifera Habitat: Grows in bottomland woods, Oxydendrum arboreum Benefits: Provides nectar for upland forests and old fields. native bees. Tulip-poplar Benefits: Favorite nesting tree. Flowers Sourwood Tulip-tree attract hummingbirds. Sorrel Tree Yellow Poplar Serves as host to Eastern tiger swallowtail larvae (Papilio glaucus).

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 30 - 75 ft, Size: Height and spread 75-100 ft spread 20-50 ft Flowers: Yellow-green, Apr-Jun Flowers: Greenish white, Apr-June Fruit: Brown flat seed, Aug-Dec Fruit: Blue-black, Sep-Oct Fall Color: Yellow Fall Color: Brilliant deep red Light: Full sun to part shade Light: Full sun to part shade Soil: Moist, sandy loams or Soil: Moist acidic soils silty clay Habitat: Grows in forested seasonal Habitat: Grows along river bottoms wetlands, swamp borders, and lake shores. upland woods and dry slopes. Benefits: Plant attracts birds and is Benefits: Fruit is consumed by many resistant to deer. Nyssa sylvatica birds and mammals. Platanus Other: Showy bark. occidentalis Black Gum Sour Gum Sycamore American Sycamore

41 Large Trees

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height 40-75 ft, spread 50-75 ft Size: Height 50-75 ft by 50 ft wide, Flower: Yellow-green catkin, Mar-May slender and conical Fruit: Reddish-brown acorn, Sep-Oct Flowers: Inconspicuous purple Fall Color: Scarlet flowers, Apr Light: Full sun Fruit: Small, spherical cone, Oct-Dec Soil: Dry to moist loam or Fall Color: Terra cotta sandy soils Light: Full sun to part shade Habitat: Found in dry uplands and Soil: Moist acidic sand and loams, on slopes. can be deeply flooded for Benefits: Acorns provide food for prolonged periods squirrels, chipmunks, mice, Habitat: Grows along river, lake and Quercus coccinea deer, wild turkey, bluejays and Taxodium distichum pond margins in coastal redheaded woodpeckers. marshes, and river bottoms. Scarlet Oak Baldcypress Benefits: Provides food for birds. Other: Soft, ferny foliage with a slightly buttressed trunk at base. Knees develop in poorly drained situations.

Type: Deciduous Type: Deciduous Size: Height and spread 35-50 ft Size: Height 60-80 ft, Flowers: Yellow-green, Apr spread 50-70 ft Fruit: Dark blue, Sep-Oct; need both Flowers: Yellow, June-July male and female plants to Fruit: Tan-brown winged seeds, produce berries Sep-Oct Fall Color: Yellow, orange, purple Fall Color: Yellow or brown Light: Full sun to part shade Light: Part sun to full shade. Soil: Rich, moist, sandy loam Soil: Moist loam or sandy soil Habitat: Found in moist open woods Habitat: Grows in woods and on slopes. and old fields. Benefits: Important pollen source for Benefits: Attracts songbirds and small native bees and other pollinators. Sassafras albidum mammals. Tilia americana Insects attract nesting birds. Other: Leaves are bright green and Other: Attractive foliage casts Sassafras variably oval or three-lobed American Basswood dense shade. or mitten-shaped. Explorers shipped quantities of the bark to Europe as a cure-all.

42 More Information Available

Other Online Sources To find the most accurate information, use the scientific name when searching databases.

Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service nps.gov/plants/pubs/chesapeake

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center wildflower.org

USDA Plants Database (United States Department of Agriculture) plants.usda.gov/java

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Natural Heritage Program dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/nativeplants.shtml See the brochures on Coastal Plain Native Plants and Grasslands Native Plants

Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora vaplantatlas.org

These brochures are available on line at NNNPS.org. Go to the Plant NNK Natives page.

43 Native Plant Alternatives to Invasive Plants

Please Be Aware of Invasive Non-Natives ome non-native plants can be highly invasive or aggressive and crowd out Northern Neck natives. These non-native invasive plants may have been introduced intentionally S(as landscape ornamentals, for example) or non-intentionally (e.g., in ship ballasts or packing materials). In any case, they multiply rapidly and are difficult to eradicate. They can displace native plant species, reduce wildlife habitat, and alter ecosystem processes. The Virginia Department of Conservation’s Division of Natural Heritage and the Virginia Native Plant Society have identified 115 invasive alien plant species. The entire list of invasive alien plant species of Virginia is available on-line. To learn more, go to dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/invsppdfliss Unfortunately, many of these invasive plants are available for purchase. Please avoid planting non-native invasive plants. Use the chart, at right, to find Northern Neck native plants, highlighted in green, that serve as excellent alternatives for invasive plants. If you find invasive plants on your property, you may want to take steps to eradicate them. Find advice at invasivespeciesinfo. gov/plants/controlplans.shtml

Image used with permission of the artist, Elizabeth Gruben

44 Native Plant Alternatives to Invasive Plants Non-Native Invasive Plants/ Scientific Name Common Name Native Plant Substitutes/ Scientific Name Common Name

Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud Albizia julibrissin Mimosa Tree Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud Berberis thunbergii Barberry Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Euonymus americanus Heart’s-a-bustin’ Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Hamamelis virginiana Witch Hazel Lindera benzoin Spicebush Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive Baccharis halimifolia High-tide Bush Hedera helix English Ivy Bignonia capreolata Cross-vine Gelsemium sempervirens Yellow Jessamine Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia-creeper Lonicera sempervirens Coral Honeysuckle Hemerocallis fulva Orange Daylily Lilium superbum Turk’s-cap Lily Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet Ilex glabra Inkberry Lindera benzoin Spicebush Morella cerifera Wax Myrtle Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Gelsemium sempervirens Yellow Jessamine Lonicera sempervirens Coral Huneysuckle Passiflora incarnata Maypop Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed Melia azedarach China Berry Morella cerifera Wax Myrtle Morus alba White Mulberry Morus rubra Red Mulberry Paulownia tomentosa Princess Tree Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood Tilia americana American Basswood Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose Rosa palustris Swamp-rose Vinca major/ Vinca minor Periwinkle Vine Mitchella repens Partridge-berry Epigaea repens Trailing Arbutus Wisteria sinensis Chinese Wisteria Wisteria frutescens American Wisteria

45 Demonstration Gardens on the Northern Neck

ant a closer look at the natives featured in this guide? Visit these demonstration gardens on the Northern Neck. These 205 Wpublic sites feature Virginia native plants, many of which are indigenous to the Northern Neck, and were designed to showcase the beauty, benefits 3 and variety of native plants. More demos are 1 N planned! For more information and updates visit s the “Go Native, Grow Native” campaign website 2 s

nnnps.org/Go_Native_Grow_Native. Westmoreland W s E County s Westmoreland Old Courthouse, Heathsville S 1 State Park 7 72 Monument Place 3 Visitors’ Center Heathsville, VA 22473 3 145 Cliff Road 5 Montross, VA 22520 The Reedville Living 8 Shoreline Teaching Garden 4 Stratford Hall 360 Next to Fishermen’s Museum 360 2 (across from entrance booth) 504 Main Str 6 483 Great House Road Reedville, VA 22539 Richmond County Stratford, VA 22558 7 Indian Creek Yacht and Country Club 3 Northumberland Menokin 9 (along road before entrance) County 360 3 Visitors’ Center Park across from maintenance shed on Rt 1103 4037 Menokin Road Kilmarnock, VA 22482 Warsaw, VA 22572 Lancaster Community Library 200 8 Rappahannock River 10 3 4 Valley National 16 Town Centre Drive Wildlife Refuge Kilmarnock, VA 22482 12 Wilna Lodge Boys and Girls Club 13 11 336 Wilna Road 11 517 N. Main St. Warsaw, VA 22572 Kilmarnock, VA 22482 Lancaster County 10 9 Wild Bunch Lancaster County 3 5 Wildlife Refuge 12 Judicial Center Flight Cage 8265 Mary Ball Road 7231 Newland Rd Lancaster, VA 22503 Warsaw, VA 22572 Northern Neck Belle Isle State Park 6 Planning District 13 Visitors’ Center Commission 1632 Belle Isle Road Map not to scale. 457 Main Street Lancaster, VA 22503 Warsaw, VA 22572 46 Photo Credits

Dot Field Carol Hammer Phillip Merritt Jan Newton Virginia Witmer Asclepias tuberosa Aquilegia canadensis Acer rubrum Amelanchier arborea Page 5 Cercis canadensis Arisaema triphyllum Baccharis halimifolia Ascelpias incarnata Lonicera sempervirens, Diospyros virginiana Caltha palustris Callicarpa americana Campsis radicans Coral Honeysuckle Eutrochium dubium Cephalanthus occidentalis Carya tomentosa Chrysopsis mariana Hibiscus moscheutos Hexastylis virginica Clematis virginiana Conoclinium coelestinum Paul Servis Juncus effusus Kosteletzkya pentacarpos Clethra alnifolia Gelsemium sempervirens Page 6 Juniperus virginiana Liriodendron tulipifera Cornus florida Helenium autumnale American goldfinches Lonicera sempervirens Onoclea sensibilis Euonymus americanus Ilex opaca on Rudbeckia hirta, Magnolia virginiana Polystichum acrostichoides Fagus grandifolia Ilex verticillata Black-eyed Susan Panicum virgatum Rhododendron atlanticum Hamamelis virginiana Lindera benzoin Pontederia cordata Sisyrinchium angustifolium Hydrangea arborescens Lupinus perennis Janet Pawlukiewicz Rudbeckia hirta Iris versicolor Parthenocissus quinquefolia Page 2 Solidago sempervirens Limonium carolinianum Passiflora incarnata Monarch butterfly on Asclepias Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Irvine Wilson Lobelia siphilitica Rosa palustris syriaca, Common Milkweed Carex stricta Lyonia mariana Sambucus canadensis Gary Fleming Morella cerifera Sassafras albidum Page 8 Andropogon glomeratus Anne Olsen Oenothera fruticosa Viburnum prunifolium Eastern tailed-blue Aronia arbutifolia Wisteria frutescens Opuntia humifusa Viola pedata butterfly on Baptisia tinctoria Oxydendrum arboreum Antennaria plantaginifolia, Betula nigra Janet Pawlukiewicz Packera aurea Additional Photo Credits Plantain-leaf Pussytoes Bignonia capreolata Itea virginica Phlox paniculata Carol Hammer Chelone glabra Mitchella repens Platanus occidentalis Front Cover Chionanthus virginicus Osmunda spectabilis Podophyllum peltatum Main photo Lobelia cardinalis Osmundastrum Polygonatum biflorum Callicarpa americana Nyssa sylvatica cinnamomeum Rhexia virginica Quercus coccinea Rudbeckia triloba Nick Ferriter Saururus cernuus Ellis Squires Ruellia caroliniensis Top Insert Schizachyrium Cornus amomum Salix nigra Rhododendron atlanticum scoparium Lilium superbum Salvia lyrata Vaccinium pallidum Schoenoplectus Carol Hammer Earline Walker tabernaemontani Middle Insert Castanea pumila Scirpus cyperinus Chrysopsis mariana Spartina alterniflora Taxodium distichum Dot Field Tilia americana Bottom Insert Vernonia noveboracensis Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Viburnum dentatum : Please do not use photos in this Viburnum nudum guide without permission from the photographers.

47 Plant NNK Natives Go Native – Grow Native

Plant NNK Natives Go Native – Grow Native

48