Resilient Plants for the Beach Communities

1 | Page

Table of Contents

Native Plants for Costal Dunes...... 4 Grasses and Grass like Plants ...... 5 Ammophila breviligulata ...... 6 Panicum amarum ‘var. arnaruium’ ...... 7 Panicum virgatum ...... 8 Spartina patens ...... 9 Herbaceous Plants ...... 10 Baptisia tinctoria ...... 11 Liatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia) ...... 12 Nuttallanthus canadensis...... 13 Oenothera biennis ...... 14 Opuntia compressa ...... 15 Solidago sempervirens ...... 16 Yucca filamentosa ...... 17 Shrubs ...... 18 Baccharis halimifolia ...... 19 Myrica cerifera ...... 20 Myrica pensylvanica ...... 21 Prunus maritima ...... 22 Rhus copallinum ...... 23 Rosa carolina ...... 24 Trees ...... 25 Acer rubrum ...... 26 Diospyros virginiana ...... 27 Juniperus virginiana ...... 28 Pinus rigida ...... 29 Vines ...... 30

2 | Page

Celastrus scandens ...... 31 Parthenocissus quinquefolia ...... 32 Norfolk Master Gardener “Dunie” Favorites ...... 34 Grasses ...... 35 Ammophila breviligulata ...... 36 Panicum amarum ‘var. arnaruium’ ...... 37 Spartina patens ...... 38 Herbaceous Plants ...... 39 Artemisia stelleriana ...... 40 Cichorium intybus ...... 41 Gaillardia pulchella...... 42 Helianthus angustifolius...... 43 Iva imbricata ...... 44 Monarda punctata ...... 45 Solidago sempervirens ...... 46 Strophostyles helvola ...... 47 Shrubs ...... 48 Myrica cerifera ...... 49 Sources for Native Plants ...... 50 Reference List ...... 52

3 | Page

Native Plants for Costal Dunes

The plants presented in the following section are those recommended by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as plant combinations that can be used to mimic the natural communities of plants found in the Coastal Dunes. It should be noted that the shrubs and trees listed would occur on the inner or secondary dunes and/or on interdunal swales in the wild. For more information, please consult the source publication: “Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping - Chesapeake Bay Watershed.” Slattery, Britt E., Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan M. Zwicker. 2003. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD. 82 pp.

4 | Page

Grasses and Grass like Plants

5 | Page

Ammophila breviligulata

Common Name: American Beach Grass Type: Ornamental grass Zone: 2 - 8 Height: 1-3 feet Spread: 3 – 4 feet Bloom Time: July, August, September Bloom Description: Soft textured, golden tan Sun: Full sun Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Yellow Leaf: Narrow, gray-green with sharp tips Attracts: Birds Tolerate: Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Wet Soil

American Beach Grass is the most common dune plant along much of the Atlantic Coast and is one of the first plants to appear where sand dunes are forming on a shoreline. It is an important dune stabilizer. American Beach Grass is a tall, upright, rigid perennial grass arising from long subsurface rhizomes; the rhizome mat is both vertical and horizontal. A leaf cluster surrounds an elongated flowering spike, unlike other beach grasses. Its roots can grow to over 20’ deep beneath the sand and serve to join a dune together.

6 | Page

Panicum amarum ‘var. arnaruium’

Common Name: Atlantic Coastal Panicgrass Type: Low maintenance landscape grass Zone: 5 to 9 Height: 3 - 6 feet Spread: 2 – 3 feet Bloom Time: October Bloom Description: Sun: Full Water: Average to Dry Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: dune stabilization Flower: Panicle, or flower with many branches Leaf: bluish green Tolerate: Drought tolerant, salt tolerant

Special Value: winter cover for wildlife Attracts:

Atlantic Coastal Panicgrass is a tall, robust, warm-season, perennial grass. It grows from a thick rhizome. It is useful for long-term stabilization of critical areas such as dune and can be directly seeded on coast sand dunes. It is also well adapted to revegetating disturbed areas.

7 | Page

Panicum virgatum

Common Name: switch grass Type: Ornamental grass Zone: 5 to 9 Height: 3 - 6 feet Spread: 2 – 3 feet Bloom Time: July to February Bloom Description: Pink-tinged Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Naturalize, Rain Garden Flower: Showy, Good Cut, Good Dried Leaf: Good Fall Attracts: Birds Other: Winter Interest Tolerate: Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Wet Soil, Black Walnut, Air Pollution

Easily grown in average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Tolerates a wide range of soils, including dry ones, but prefers moist, sandy or clay soils. Tolerates occasional flooding. May flop in overly rich soils. Generally, performs best in full sun. Will grow in part shade, but begins to lose its form in too much shade, growing more openly and possibly falling over. Grows primarily in clumps, but will slowly spread by slightly creeping rhizomes.

8 | Page

Spartina patens

Common Name: Saltmeadow cordgrass, Marsh-hay cordgrass Type: Perennial grass Zone: 4 to 10 Height: 1- 3 feet Spread: Bloom Time: April, May Bloom Description: Yellow Sun: Full sun Water: High Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Leaf: Green Attracts: Birds Tolerate: Salt spray

This is a warm season, native perennial that also provides food and cover too many terrestrial and aquatic species of wildlife Cordgrass is often used for beach front stabilization. It grows much larger in freshwater environment.

9 | Page

Herbaceous Plants

10 | Page

Baptisia tinctoria

Common Name: Wild indigo Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 3 to 9 Height: 2 - 3 feet Spread: 2 -3 feet Bloom Time: May to June Bloom Description: Yellow to cream colored Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy Attracts: Butterflies Tolerate: Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil

Wild indigo is easily grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soil. It prefers full sun, but will grow in full sun to part shade. It is slow to establish and should not be disturbed once established. Wild indigo forms clumps that have deep and extensive root systems. Plants take on more of a shrubby appearance and tend to open up after bloom.

11 | Page

Liatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia)

Common Name: blazing star Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 6 to 9 Height: 1 - 3 feet Spread: 1 - 2 feet Bloom Time: August to October Bloom Description: Lavender-purple Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy, Good Cut Attracts: Birds, Butterflies Tolerate: Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil

This plant is easily grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils. It prefers full sun but will tolerates light shade. Blazing star also prefers dry, sandy or rocky soils. It will grow taller in fertile loams, but may need staking. It is also tolerant of summer heat and humidity. Plants may self-seed in the garden in open areas. When grown from seed it may take may take several years to establish.

12 | Page

Nuttallanthus canadensis

Common Name: Canada toadflax, Blue Toadflax Type: Herb, Annual, Biennial Zone: 5 to 9 Height: 1 - 3 feet Spread: 0.5 - 0.75 ft Bloom Time: Mar-Sep Bloom Description: Sun: Full Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: In a wildflower garden or meadow, because it's noticeable only when flowering. Flower: raceme, Blue-violet Leaf: 1 to 1½ inches long and very narrow Tolerate: loam, sand

Larval host to the Buckeye butterfly, (Junonia coernia). Nectar source for bumblebees and other long tongue bees, butterflies and skippers. Nuttallanthus species are often components of wildflower seed mixes

13 | Page

Oenothera biennis

Common Name: common evening primrose Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 3 - 5 feet Spread: 2 - 3 feet Bloom Time: June to September Bloom Description: Yellow Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy Attracts: Birds, Butterflies Tolerate: Drought

The common evening primrose grows best in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. It can tolerate some part afternoon shade and considered somewhat drought tolerant. The common evening primrose can also grow well in gravelly or sandy soils. It can self-seed, but in a slightly weedy fashion.

14 | Page

Opuntia compressa

Common Name: prickly-pear Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 0.5 - 1 feet Spread: 1 - 1.5 feet Bloom Time: June to July Bloom Description: Yellow (sometimes with reddish eye) Sun: Full sun Water: Dry Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy Leaf: Evergreen Fruit: Showy, Edible Other: Winter Interest, Thorns Tolerate: Rabbit, Drought

The prickly pear is the only cactus widely found in the eastern U.S. and grows as far north as southern Ontario. It grows easily in dry, sandy or gravelly, well-drained soils in full sun. It can be grown in clay soils with good drainage. Prickly pear has fibrous roots which are fibrous. Pads break off, form roots nearby and form colonies in the wild. Prickly pear is easily propagated by cuttings.

15 | Page

Solidago sempervirens

Common Name: seaside goldenrod Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 3 to 9 Height: 1 to 6 feet Spread: 18 inches Bloom Time: July to November Bloom Description: Sun: Full sun Water: Low Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Dune restoration, storm water management, roadside, habitat plantings Flower: Yellow Leaf: Dark green Tolerate: dry to damp soils, high saline soils, salt spray tolerance

Attracts: Butterflies, Insects, Songbirds Special value to native bees and honey bees.

Seaside goldenrod does not cause hay fever as is commonly believed. Pinch the growing tips in June for a more compact plant. This goldenrod does not spread by rhizomes or become invasive. It is resistant to salt spray.

16 | Page

Yucca filamentosa

Common Name: Adam’s Needle Type: succulent Zone: 5-10 Height: 2 to 3 feet Spread: 2 to 3 feet Bloom Time: April - Aug Bloom Description: white Sun: Full, will tolerate a little shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Showy, creamy white flower. A 5-8’ flowering stalk rises from the center of each rosette in late spring. Leaf: dark green Tolerate: Poor soil

Special Value: Larval host to Yucca Giant-Skipper (Megathymus yuccae) and Cofaqui Giant-Skipper (Megathymus cofaqui) Attracts: Humming birds, Butterflies, Earwigs

Yucca filamentosa is drought-tolerant and can be used as a ground cover. It is salt- tolerant, deer-proof, and rabbit-proof. It is also a good plant to use as an architectural highlight.

17 | Page

Shrubs

18 | Page

Baccharis halimifolia

Common Name: Groundseltree, Sea-myrtle, Consumptionweed Type: Deciduous shrub Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 6 - 12 feet Bloom Time: August to October Bloom Description: White Sun: Part shade Water: High Maintenance: Medium Flower: Many crowded together into heads, all very narrowly tubular, whitish, with several flowers per head Tolerate: Rabbit, Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil, Salt marshes; shores; wet, disturbed places

Attracts: Birds, Nectar-bees, Nectar-butterflies, Nectar-moths, Nectar-insects, Seeds- granivorous birds

Tolerant of saltwater spray, this handsome ornamental is one of the few eastern shrubs suitable for planting near the ocean.

19 | Page

Myrica cerifera

Common Name: Wax Myrtle Type: Deciduous shrub Zone: 3 to 7 Height: 6 - 12 feet Bloom Time: May Bloom Description: Yellowish green (male) Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: High Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Hedge, Naturalize, Rain Garden Flower: Insignificant Leaf: Fragrant Attracts: Birds Fruit: Showy

Although this wax myrtle is drought and heat tolerant, it will require constant moisture to establish its roots. It is tolerant of salt conditions and urban confinement within pavement. An excellent addition to residential landscapes, it is quite popular and can be used for screening and to help repel mosquitoes. Wax myrtle plants are either male or female. Plant at least one male and one female plant if berries are desired. Berries eaten by many species of birds.

20 | Page

Myrica pensylvanica

Common Name: Bayberry Type: Deciduous shrub Zone: 3 to 7 Height: 5 - 10 feet Bloom Time: May Bloom Description: Yellowish green (male) Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Hedge, Naturalize, Rain Garden Flower: Insignificant Leaf: Fragrant Attracts: Birds Fruit: Showy Other: Winter Interest Tolerate: Drought, Erosion, Wet Soil

Easily grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, peaty or sandy, acidic soils, but tolerates a wide range of soils and growing conditions, including poor soils, wet soils, drought, high winds and salt spray (seashore or road salt conditions). Groupings of plants need at least one male plant to facilitate pollination of the female plants and subsequent fruit set. Shrubs tend to sucker, and may form sizable colonies in optimum growing conditions. Shrubs are semi- evergreen in southern end of growing range.

21 | Page

Prunus maritima

Common Name: Beach Plum Type: Perennial Shrub Height: 6 - 12 feet Spread: 6 -7 feet Bloom Time: April, May, June Sun: Full Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Flower: White Leaf: Green

Suggested use: hedge, screen, naturalize Tolerate: Sandy or gravelly soils. Salt. Wind. Attracts: Birds, Insects, Native Bees. Special Value: Birds and other wildlife eat blue-purple fruit ripening August to October.

The beach plum is easy to grow and has beautiful fall foliage. It needs well drained soil and can tolerate a wide range of soils. The seeds and partially wilted foliage of the beach plum contain poisonous substances and should never be eaten. Therefore, this may not be a good choice in landscaping where there are small children and/or pets living in the home. Jams and jellies can be made from the fruit.

22 | Page

Rhus copallinum

Common Name: winged sumac Type: Deciduous shrub Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 7 - 15 feet Spread: 10 - 20 feet Bloom Time: July to August Bloom Description: Greenish Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Insignificant Leaf: Good Fall Attracts: Birds Tolerate: Rabbit, Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil

Winged sumac can be grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils. The tree can be grown in full sun to part shade. It can tolerate of a wide range of soils as long as there is good drainage. In the fall, the leaves turn to a brilliant reddish-orange color.

It is best for dry, informal, naturalized areas where it can be allowed to spread and form colonies. effective when massed on slopes for erosion control or in hard-to-cover areas with poorer soils.

23 | Page

Rosa carolina

Common Name: Carolina rose Type: Deciduous shrub Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 3 – 6 feet Spread: 5 – 10 feet Bloom Time: May Bloom Description: Pink Sun: Full sun Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Hedge Flower: Showy, Fragrant Attracts: Birds, Butterflies Fruit: Showy Other: Thorns

The Carolina rose is best grown in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil. Growing the shrub in full sun in full sun which allows it to produce more flowers. Growing the plant in full sun also makes it more disease resistant. Like all roses, Carolina roses are susceptible to a large number of diseases, the most common of which are black spot, powdery mildew, rust and rose rosette. This species rose has better natural resistance to the aforementioned diseases than most hybrid roses. Potential insect problems include aphids, beetles, borers, scale, thrips, rose midges, leafhoppers and spider mites.

24 | Page

Trees

25 | Page

Acer rubrum

Common Name: red maple Type: Tree Zone: 3 to 9 Height: 40 - 70 feet Spread: 30 - 50 feet Bloom Time: March to April Bloom Description: Red, sometimes yellow Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Shade Tree, Street Tree, Rain Garden Flower: Showy Leaf: Good Fall Tolerate: Wet Soil, Air Pollution

This tree is easily grown in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil. It can be grown in full sun to part shade. Although it is tolerant of a wide range of soils, it prefers moist, slightly acid conditions. It is also very cold hardy.

26 | Page

Diospyros virginiana

Common Name: persimmon Type: Tree Zone: 4 to 9 Height: 35 - 60 feet Spread: 25 - 35 feet Bloom Time: May to June Bloom Description: White to greenish yellow Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Rain Garden Flower: Insignificant Fruit: Showy, Edible Other: Winter Interest Tolerate: Drought, Clay Soil, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil, Air Pollution Special value: honey bees

This tree is easily grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soils; it can tolerate a wide range of soils but prefers moist sandy ones. It can be grown in full sun to part shade. Promptly remove root suckers unless naturalized effect is desired. Female trees need a male pollinator to produce fruit, which are edible. The fruit matures in fall and is orange to reddish-purple color. They can be made into syrups, jellies, ice creams, or pies.

27 | Page

Juniperus virginiana

Common Name: Eastern Red Cedar Type: Evergreen tree Height: 30-40 can reach 90 feet Bloom Time: Mar - May Bloom Description: Sun: Full, part shade, shade Water: Low Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Green, purple, brown Leaf: Green Tolerate: Sandy or calcareous soils, often disturbed places, mostly in grasslands or open places Attracts: Birds, Butterflies

The tree tolerates a wide range of soils, but prefers moist soils. It is easily grown in full sun, with average, dry to moist, well-drained soils. This is a dioecious species (separate male and female trees) and the berries are consumed by many kinds of wildlife, including the cedar waxwing, named for this tree. It also provides nesting material and cover. This tree has the best drought resistance of any conifer native to the eastern U.S.

28 | Page

Pinus rigida

Common Name: Pitch Pine, Torch Pine Type: Evergreen tree Height: 72-100 feet Bloom Time: Mar - May Bloom Description: Green Sun: Full Water: Low Maintenance: Low Leaf: Yellow-green Tolerate: Dry, rocky or sandy coastal swamps Attracts: Birds Special Value: Twigs, leaves and seeds are important wildlife food.

Pitch pine, a small canopy tree, has been used to reforest bare, sandy soils and worn-out land. It takes about 5 years to establish but then grows rapidly on very poor soils. Although it is used now primarily for lumber and pulpwood, it can function in a landscape as a windbreak specimen. Importantly, it is the larval host to Pine-devil Moth (Citheronia sepulcralis).

29 | Page

Vines

30 | Page

Celastrus scandens

Common Name: American bittersweet Type: Vine Zone: 3 to 8 Height: 15 - 20 feet Spread: 3 - 6 feet Bloom Time: May to June Bloom Description: Greenish-white to yellow Sun: Full sun Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy Attracts: Birds Fruit: Showy Other: Winter Interest Tolerate: Deer, Drought

This vine is easily grown in most soils, but prefers lean to average soils with regular moisture in full sun. Lean soils will help restrain its growth. Although it will grow in part shade, full sun is needed for good flowering and subsequent fruit. The plant is deciduous and dioecious and produces showy red berries when both male and female plants are present. The fruit is spherical and orange-yellow and are poisonous to humans if ingested, but are considered to be quite tasty by many birds.

31 | Page

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Common Name: Virginia creeper Type: Vine Zone: 3 to 9 Height: 30 - 50 feet Spread: 5 - 10 feet Bloom Time: May to August Bloom Description: Greenish white Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Medium Flower: Insignificant Leaf: Good Fall Attracts: Birds Fruit: Showy Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Heavy Shade, Erosion, Clay Soil, Black Walnut

This is an easy-to-grow plant with good tolerance for a wide range of soils and urban conditions. It often needs little care, but must be trimmed regularly to keep it in bounds. Although it tolerates full shade the best fall color generally occurs when it is grown in a sunny location. It should be sited in areas where it will have room to expand and not be grown up wood or shingle walls because the holdfasts are difficult to remove. It can ruin painted surfaces. If unchecked, vines can also attach to and seriously damage such objects as gutters, shutters or wiring around homes and buildings.

32 | Page

33 | Page

Norfolk Master Gardener “Dunie” Favorites

The following section presents plants that the Norfolk Master Gardeners “Dunies” have found to grow well in the Dune Demonstration Garden located at the North End of 27th Bay Street in Norfolk VA. This list is a compilation of plants based on the more than seven years of experience gardening in this harsh environment. These plants have been found to be resilient and sustainable in the beach community.

34 | Page

Grasses

35 | Page

Ammophila breviligulata

36 | Page

Panicum amarum ‘var. arnaruium’

Special Value: winter cover for wildlife Attracts

37 | Page

Spartina patens

Common Name: Saltmeadow cordgrass, Marsh-hay cordgrass Type: Grass Zone: 4 to 10 Height: 1.00 to 3.00 feet Spread: Bloom Time: April, May Bloom Description: Yellow Sun: Full sun Water: High Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Leaf: Green Attracts: Birds Tolerate: Salt spray Perennial

Grasses are herbs, rarely woody, with cylindrical, jointed flowering stems (culms), hollow between the joints, with tiny flowers aggregated into highly modified clusters. Often used for beach front stabilization. Will grow much bigger in freshwater environment.

38 | Page

Herbaceous Plants

39 | Page

Artemisia stelleriana

Common Name: Dusty Miller Type: Herbaceous perennial Height: 4 - 8 inches Spread: 12 - 14 inches Bloom Time: July - August Bloom Description: Yellow clusters Sun: Full Water: Average Maintenance: Low Flower: Yellow clusters Leaf: pale green covered on both surfaces with woolly hairs Attracts: Wildlife Tolerate: Deer, drought, salt

This plant has a lovely, silver foliage that is lacelike and is adds texture and contrast in a garden. It does best in poor, dry soils, and make a wonderful groundcover in conditions where little else will grow. The leaves are lobed and remain silver colored throughout the season. It is native to Japan and China as well and has been naturalized in many coastal communities.

40 | Page

Cichorium intybus

Common Name: chicory Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 3 to 8 Height: 2 - 4 feet Spread: 1.5 - 2 feet Bloom Time: May to October Sun: Full sun Water: Medium Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Annual, Vegetable Leaf: Colorful

This plant is easily grown in medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. It prefers neutral to alkaline soils and will grow best in cool summer climates. Although it reportedly does not grow well in the heat and humidity of the deep South, it seems to grow well on the East Beach Dune. Established plants have some tolerance for drought.

Some varieties of this species are cultivated as leafy vegetables and other varieties are cultivated for their roots which are dried and used as a coffee substitute.

41 | Page

Gaillardia pulchella

Common Name: Indian Blanket Zone: 3 to 10 Height: 1 - 3 feet Spread: 2 - 3 feet Bloom Time: May - August Bloom Description: Sun: Full, part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: Red, yellow, brown Leaf: green, semi-evergreen Tolerate: Sandy or calcareous soils, often disturbed places, mostly in grasslands or open places Attracts: Butterflies Special Value to Native Bees

Indian blanket is a major wildflower of the prairies and meadows. This species is a short- lived perennial in warm, coastal areas. It reseeds readily and is easy to grow. It needs good drainage. Rich soils will produce large, floppy plants with few flowers. Indian blanket is very easy to grow and is commonly used in roadside & meadow plantings. Deadhead and supplement water to prolong the bloom period.

42 | Page

Helianthus angustifolius

Common Name: Swamp Sunflower, Narrowleaf Sunflower, Narrow-leaved Sunflower Zone: 5 to 9 Height: 1 - 3 feet Spread: can form clusters of plant 6 feet wide Bloom Time: October Bloom Description: yellow Sun: Part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flower: 2 inches Leaf: dark green Tolerate: tolerate some salt and a bit of drought after establishment Special Value to Native Bees Attracts: Birds

This is a short-lived perennial which can be used in a landscape setting for late fall color.

43 | Page

Iva imbricata

Common Name: Seacoast sumpweed, dune marsh elder, seacoast marsh elder, beach elder Type: Perennial shrub Height: 2 - 3 feet Spread: 4 - 10 feet Bloom Time: Summer - Fall Bloom Description: Green Sun: Full Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Low, grows in nutrient poor soil; does not require any supplemental water once established. Tolerates: salt, wind, spray. Does not tolerate long-term flooding by salt/brackish water.

This plant is often use for dune stabilization and often grows interspersed with sea oats. It makes a good groundcover in coastal sandy areas as it binds sand. It is an evergreen, long lived perennial. Marsh elder roots along the stems when covered with sand.

44 | Page

Monarda punctata

Common Name: Spotted Bee Balm or Spotted or Dotted Horsemint Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 3 to 8 Height: 1.5 - 2 feet Spread: 0.75 - 1 feet Bloom Time: June to July Bloom Description: Yellow with purple spots Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Dry to medium Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Naturalize Flower: Showy, Good Cut Leaf: Fragrant Attracts: Butterflies Tolerate: Deer, Drought

Easily grown in average, dry to medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best in sandy soils with consistent moisture. Tolerates somewhat poor soils and drought. Remove spent flowers to improve plant appearance and possibly to prolong bloom. Spreads by runners to form large clumps, but is not considered to be too aggressive.

45 | Page

Solidago sempervirens

Common Name: seaside goldenrod Type: Herbaceous perennial Zone: 3 to 9 Height: 1 - 6 feet Spread: 18 inches Bloom Time: July to November Bloom Description: Sun: Full sun Water: Low Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Dune restoration, stormwater management, roadside, habitat plantings Flower: Yellow Leaf: Dark green Tolerate: dry to damp soils, high saline soils, salt spray tolerance

Attracts: Butterflies, Insects, Songbirds Special value to native bees and honey bees.

46 | Page

Strophostyles helvola

Common Name: Elliot Amberique-bean, trailing wild bean, trailing fuzzy bean Type: Annual vine Bloom Time: May - August Bloom Description: Pink Sun: Full Water: Medium Maintenance: Low

Tolerate: Man-made or disturbed habitats, coastal beaches (sea beaches), forest edges, woodlands

Annual vine with a fuzzy stem up to 3 m long. This bean grows in many habitat types, including disturbed areas, taking hold in areas where few other plants grow, and in several types of soil, especially sandy. Dry or moist conditions.

47 | Page

Shrubs

48 | Page

Myrica cerifera

49 | Page

Sources for Native Plants Note: In all cases, check the genus and species of the plant against a reference for Native Plants for the Coastal Plains of Virginia.

Local 1. Southern Branch Nursery, Inc. 1412 Benefit Road Chesapeake, VA 23322 (757) 373-7763 [email protected] At the nursery for plant sales to the public and to the landscape nursery trade on Mondays and now on Saturdays from 9:00 am - 1:00 pm or by appointment.

2. Eggleston Garden Center at Tanner’s Creek 110 LaValette Avenue Norfolk, Virginia 23504 Ph: (757) 625-2044

3. Norfolk Lowe's 1081 North Military Highway Norfolk, VA 23502, Store #1065 Phone: (757) 455-5205 Fax: (757) 455-8982 Note: Native plants are usually in a green container labeled as ‘native.’

4. Prince Landscapes 7301 Major Ave Norfolk, 23505 (757) 332-1562. Procures hard to find natives. Call for information and appointment.

Internet Sources 5. Izel Plants: https://www.izelplants.com/

50 | Page

6. Prairie Nursery https://www.izelplants.com/

7. EasyLiving Native Perennial Wildflowers http://www.easywildflowers.com/

8. Niche Gardens 1111 Dawson Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 Phone: (919) 967-0078 http://www.nichegardens.com/

9. Florida Wildflower Growers Cooperative http://www.floridawildflowers.com/ P.O. Box 776 Crescent City, Florida 32112 Telephone: (352) 988-8117 E-Mail: [email protected]

51 | Page

Reference List

1. Slattery, Britt E., Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan M. Zwicker. 2003. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD. 82 pp

2. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx

3. http://www.wildflower.org/plants

4. www.ncwildflower.org/native_plants

5. www.minnesotawildflowers.info

6. www.ecolandscaping.org

7. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org

8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org

9. https://plants.usda.gov

10. https://www.provenwinners.com

11. www.gardensoftheblueridge.com

12. www.perennials.com

52 | Page