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309 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII N° 3-4, Mei-Augustus 2020 310 309 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII N° 3-4, mei-augustus 2020 310 HETTITOLOGIE WILHELM, G. — Kleine Beiträge zum Hurritischen. (Stu- dien zu den Boğazköy-Texten, 64). Verlag Otto Harras- sowitz, Wiesbaden, 2018. (24,5 cm, X, 610). ISBN 978- 3-447-11110-2. € 98,–. If there is one scholar who has radically changed the field of Hurrian studies, it is Gernot Wilhelm. The essays col- lected in this volume, which were written over a period of thirty-six years (from 1976 to 2012), acknowledge his philo- logical rigour, intellectual honesty and brilliant style of writ- ing. Despite the scarcity of the available sources, which has limited the development of Hurrian studies, the Hurrians have, nevertheless, fascinated scholars since the early dec- ades of the 20th century. And some researchers have contin- ued to be fascinated by the Hurrians. Notably, Wilhelm – when dealing with the history of Hurrian studies in essay no. 31 – writes (p. 327): “… malgré tout le progrès des études hourrites, il faut avouer que nous sommes toujours largement incapables de comprendre les textes monolingues en hourrite. Les difficultés lexicales son toujours énormes et l’analyse grammaticale échoue assez souvent, à cause des ambiguïtés du syllabaire et des graphies, de la grammaire non encore complètement maîtrisée et surtout du vocabulaire insuffisamment connu. Il faut cependant souligner que, ces derniers temps, ont été réalisés des progrès appréciables et que les connaissances augmentent si rapidement qu’un spécialiste des études hourrites ne cesse de compléter et de 311 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — HETTITOLOGIE 312 corriger ses propres travaux, même si les résultats ne datent and a certain King Ḫida, who is not documented in other que de quelques années seulement”. texts. According to the Author, Ḫida may not refer to an The aforementioned passage, which was originally pub- unknown Mesopotamian ruler, but it could be a shortened lished in an article in 1996, reveals Wilhelm’s methodology form of the name Ḫedammu. As is well known, Ḫedammu as well as his attitude towards this highly specialised field is a character in the Myth of Kumarbi. This interpretation is of study. Indeed, he states that even though he was aware of supported by the fact that Ḫida is said to have received his the difficulties in understanding the Hurrian language, he power from Kumarbi, and this agrees with the content of the decided, nevertheless, to devote his time and energy to study narrative about Ḫedammu. Furthermore, another of Kumar- the Hurrian grammar and lexicon. He was always convinced bi’s sons, named “Silver” (Ušḫune), is mentioned in the that only a better knowledge of this language could support same text (l. 19), and he is the leading character in yet the interpretation of texts and the reconstruction of the his- another tale, which is part of the same Myth. tory of Mittani. The tablets of the “Song of Release” are among the most Furthermore, as Wilhelm points out in the introduction to important textual discoveries found in Anatolia in the few his book, what is truly necessary is the continuous collabora- last decades. And, as is well known, these texts were found tion of all researchers. Hence, he contributed to set up a so- in two temples in the Upper City of the Hittite capital called “Hurrian task force”. Wilhelm, Volkert Haas, Mirjo Ḫattuša. They preserve a long Hurrian narrative that gives Salvini, Ilse Wegner were included in this team and, at the a mythological explanation of the fall of the Syrian city of beginning, also Hans-Jochen Thiel. All these researchers Ebla, which was destroyed by either Ḫattušili I, or Muršili I. have worked in collaboration on the edition of a huge num- This narrative (documented on bilingual tablets in Hurrian ber of Hurrian texts, the majority of which were published in and in Hittite) has given us the opportunity to increase our the Corpus der Hurritischen Sprachdenkmäler (vols. 1-10, knowledge of the Hurrian lexicon, and hence, several Rome 1984-2005). researchers have pursued this matter and continue to deal Many articles assembled in this volume are devoted to the with topics related to the language and the content of the Hurrian grammar. Hurrian phonology is analysed in essay “Song of Release”. G. Wilhelm has written several articles no. 3, where the Author has put forward the distinction on the Song and two of his works appear in this book (no. 37 between voiced and voiceless stops and fricatives that should and no. 58). He deserves the merit for understanding the be interpreted as allophonic, and hence depend on positional sequence of the tablets of the Song. Only two colophons are patterns. Wilhelm’s assumption has obtained wide consent, preserved, and hence we know the first (KBo 32.11) and and has consequently led to new transcription rules for Hur- the fifth tablet (KBo 32.15) of the Song. The position of all the rian words to be adopted by researchers. other fragments is conjectural, and Wilhelm’s reconstruction Two essays (no. 30 and no. 39) deal with the suffix dupli- of the narrative differs from the one by E. Neu, who edited cation (Suffixaufnahme), an aspect of the Hurrian language the Song for the first time (Das hurritische Epos der Freilas- that also occurs in Urartian. Wilhelm demonstrates that the sung I, StBoT 32, Wiesbaden 1996). Wilhelm assumed that instrumental case -ae does not follow the standard pattern of the texts KBo 32.10 and 37 belonged to the second tablet of the suffix duplication, and this assumption is supported by the series; furthermore, he understood correctly that KBo several passages of the itkalzi ritual. Verbal valence and mor- 32.19 is the fourth tablet, and thus the narrative continues phology are studied in the article no. 17. Different suffixes with the text preserved on tablets KBo 32.16 and 15. The tale mark the verbs, in accordance with the distinction of the of the banquet organised by the goddess Allani for Teššob three sentence structures known in the Hurrian language, i.e. (KBo 32.13) does not introduce the narrative, as E. Neu sug- the transitive-ergative, the anti-passive, and the intransitive. gested; instead, it closes it. Lastly, the Author suggested that Hurrian personal names are another field which the Author the city of Ḫaššum may have played a big role in the trans- has dealt with intensively. Essay no. 41 contains a thorough mission of the Song (see his article no. 54). analysis of the linguistic structure of Hurrian names, the In this volume several articles deal with the Hurrian lexi- great majority of which belong to the typology of the so- con, a field in which Wilhelm has contributed significantly called “Satznamen”. A few Hurrian personal names, docu- by reviewing two important volumes, namely, the Hurrian mented in the tablets unearthed at Kültepe, are studied in dictionary, published by Emmanuel Laroche as a monogra- essay no. 54. Hurrian names are very rare in the texts found phy in 1980 (see essay no. 7), and the 32nd volume of the in Kaneš, and hence support the assumption that the use of series Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (Berlin 1990), where Hurrian was not widespread among the inhabitants of this the copies of the tablets of the “Song of Release” are pub- city in Old Assyrian times. Essay no. 32 analyses the Hurrian lished (see essay no. 18). These two long articles, which also names documented in the tablet kt k/k 4 that may have been deal with some aspects of the Hurrian morphology, provide written in a Syrian polity. a wealth of information and new interpretations of several The name Kešše borne by the hunter, a character in one of words. A list of some of the Hurrian words studied by the the most famous Hurrian mythological narratives, is inter- Author in the aforementioned articles, as well as in the other preted by Wilhelm as a nominalized form in -šše connected essays republished in this volume (nos. 6, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, to verbal root kev- “to set up” (see essay no. 43). Hence, this 35, 42, 44, and 50), gives an idea of his competence of name – which does not occur in other Hurrian texts – is an the Hurrian lexicon, as documented in the Mittani letter, epithet that means “the (hunter) who sets up (the traps)”. in the Nuzi texts, and in the Boğazköy tablets. We mention This name has a symbolic valence and links the protagonist here the following Hurrian words: am- “to look at”, amm- of the narrative to his profession and lifestyle. Furthermore, “to reach” (no. 18), e/irana/i “gift” (no. 22), firadi “guest” Wilhelm recognises the name of Ḫedammu in a passage of (no. 50), ḫažardennu “perfume maker” (no. 20), kebli the text KUB 27.38 Rev. iv 19-21 (see article no. 49). This “hunter” (no. 19), nari(ya) “five” (no. 6), purli “temple” Hurrian narrative mentions some of the Old Akkadian kings, (no. 42), sabli “a metal vessel” (no. 35), salamži “statue” 313 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXVII N° 3-4, mei-augustus 2020 314 (no. 23), suġrošše “meadow” (no. 20), šali “house” (no. 44), been willing to share his time and knowledge with students tabiri (no. 11) and tabli “metal worker” (no. 18), tapšaḫalže and colleagues, and who has trained almost all researchers of “office of the cupbearer” (no. 21), turoni “base” (no. 44), Hurritology. etc. The index of all the Hurrian quoted words (pp. 563-579) is a useful dictionary of Hurrian terms for which new inter- University of Torino, Stefano DE MARTINO pretations are given. Department of History The two oldest documents that mention Hurrian kings did March 2020 not remain unnoticed by Wilhelm.
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