DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Hittite Queenship: Women

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Late Bronze Age Anatolia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Michael Moore 2018 © Copyright by Michael Moore 2018 !i ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Late Bronze Age Anatolia by Michael Moore Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Elizabeth F. Carter, Chair Though scholars have long acknowledged the unusual prominence of royal women in the Late Bronze Age, few studies have examined the relationship between women and power. What were the sources of a royal woman’s power, and how did they differ from those of men? To what extent could a queen exercise control over members of the royal court? What techniques of resistance did royal women adopt to contest the will of the king, and to what extent were those tactics successful? This dissertation seeks to answer these questions. Turning first to the religious sphere, I demonstrate that festivals and religious ceremonies were arenas in which the king and queen displayed royal power and in which the social hierarchies of the Hittite court were created and reinforced. Turning next to conflicts within the royal household, one sees that royal women utilized a variety of tools to resist the will of the king. The power of the king should not be viewed as unidirectional; rather, any attempt of the king to exercise power over members of his family was frequently met with resistance in the form of violence or witchcraft. Though an examination of the life of Pudu"epa, I examine the sources of a queen’s power and how a queen was able to parlay power in some arenas, such as her responsibility for raising children, into political power. Finally, I broach the topic of shifting notions of queenship from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age by studying depictions of royal women in Anatolian monuments. !ii The dissertation of Michael Moore is approved. Kathlyn M. Cooney Gary M. Beckman H. Craig Melchert Elizabeth F. Carter, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 !iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 1 Introduction Chapter 2 11 Pomp and Power: Religious activity as royal legitimization Chapter 3 54 The Power of Poisonous Words: royal women, conflict, and resistance Chapter 4 87 Pudu"epa: a case study from the 13th century BCE Chapter 5 138 Royal women and iconography: From Hittite to Neo-Hittite royal ideology Conclusion 156 Bibliography 179 !iv VITA/BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH EDUCATION 2018 Ph.D. Near Eastern Languages & Cultures (expected) University of California, Los Angeles 2015 C.Phil. Near Eastern Languages & Cultures University of California, Los Angeles 2013 M.A. Near Eastern Languages & Cultures University of California, Los Angeles 2011 M.A. History University of Memphis 2009 B.A. Classics Duke University PAPERS DELIVERED “Festivals and social hierarchies in Hittite Anatolia.” Oxford Postgraduate Conference in Assyriology. April 21, 2017. “Puduhepa, power, and politics in the Hittite royal court.” Annual Meeting of the American Oriental Society. March 19, 2017. “Neo-Hittite to Neo-Assyrian: The sacred precinct at Tell Tayinat in the Iron II/III transition.” Graduate Conference on Religion, UCLA. May 11, 2016. “The production, use, and distribution of honey at Deir el-Medina.” Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt. April 24-26, 2015. “Tracking the Hittite annexation of Kizzuwatna.” Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Graduate Research Conference, UCLA. January 31, 2015. “The Hittite MUNUS #U.GI and Egyptian tA rxt: the function of ‘wise women’ in the Late Bronze Age.” Graduate Conference on Religion, UCLA. May 30, 2014. !v EXCAVATION EXPERIENCE 2015 Tayinat Archaeological Project (Turkey) Square supervisor 2013 Lycoming College Expedition to Idalion (Cyprus) 2012 Tayinat Archaeological Project (Turkey) Square supervisor 2007 Athienou Archaeological Project (Cyprus) TEACHING EXPERIENCE Instructor Ancient Egyptian Art I Summer 2017 Ancient Egyptian Religion Summer 2016 Teaching Assistant Ancient Egyptian Civilization I Fall 2014 Ancient Egyptian Civilization II Winter 2013, Winter 2015, Winter 2016 Ancient Egyptian Religion Spring 2014 Cinema and the Ancient World Winter 2014 Classical Mythology Fall 2013 Jerusalem: the Holy City Fall 2011, Winter 2012, Spring 2012, Fall 2012, Spring 2013 US History to 1877 Fall 2010, Spring 2011 US History since 1877 Fall 2009, Spring 2010 Visible Language: Study of Writing Spring 2015, Spring 2016 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND FELLOWSHIPS 2017-18 Dissertation Year Fellowship, UCLA 2016-17 Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) Fellowship for Middle Eastern studies 2015 Summer dissertation research grant, Department of Near Eastern Languages & Cultures, UCLA 2014 Graduate Summer Research Mentorship, UCLA 2013 Graduate Summer Research Mentorship, UCLA 2011 Steinmetz Travel Fund grant, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA !vi !vii ABBREVIATIONS CTH Catalogue des textes hittites KBo Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi KUB Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi !viii Chapter 1 A Prolegomenon on Women and Power Studies of women in the ancient Near East Beginning with the 1902 publication of Victor Marx’s dissertation on Babylonian women from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to Darius I, Assyriologists produced sporadic studies of women in ancient Mesopotamia.1 For ancient historians familiar with the limited legal and economic rights of women in classical Athens, the legal rights of women in Mesopotamia seemed remarkable. Women were, generally speaking, quite as independent in Babylonia as in Egypt: they could own property, whether in houses or slaves, and could personally plead in the courts. Also, we find there a remarkable class of honoured women, votaresses who in some ways resembled the Roman Vestals and possessed unusual rights and privileges.2 Men and women in ancient Near Eastern societies never had equal legal standing, however, nor did women did have full control over their persons. Male heads of households could have their wives executed for offenses or slights. The Middle Assyrian Laws dictate that a woman who aborts her fetus should be impaled. A ¶53 If a woman aborts her fetus by her own action and they then prove the charges against her and find her guilty, they shall impale her, they shall not bury her. If she dies as a result of aborting her fetus, they shall impale her, they shall not bury her.3 In the Old Babylonian period, men were able to sell their wives into slavery in order to pay their debts. In a letter from Mari, the official Yaqqim-Addu wrote to the king about Ili-šakim, a supervisor of irrigation works who owed the king five minas of silver. Ili-šakim had dared send 1 Victor Marx, “Die Stellung der Frauen in Babylonien gemäss den Kontrakten aus der Zeit von Nebukadnezar bis Darius (604-485),” Beiträge zur Assyriologie und Semitischen Sprachwissenschaft 4 (1902): 1-77. 2 H.R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East from the Earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 205. 3 Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1997), 174. !1 the king only two minas in payment and begged him to set the matter to rest. The king refused to accept any amount other than full payment, however, and sent Yaqqim-Addu to acquire the silver. In his report to the king, Yaqqim-Addu writes that Ili-šakim proposed selling his wife into slavery to pay for his debt. ARM 14 17 16-36 Having arrived at Saggarātum, according to the instructions my lord had given me, I confronted Ili-šakim with these words: “I spoke in your favor in the presence of my lord, and he gave me the following instructions: ‘Get him to pay 5 minas in exchange for his debt and free him!’ Now pay 5 silver minas if you want me to release you.” That's what I said to Ili-šakim. He gave me the following answer: “So take my house and my property to the palace!” I said, “Your house is worth (only) 1 silver mina.” He replied: “I want to sell my wife, a male slave, and a female slave, who belonged to me, in order to obtain two minas. Now here is my property: 7 cattle, which are worth 1 mina; 30 male sheep at 1 piece each and 60 ewes at 1/2 each, total 90 sheep, 1 silver mina. 2 silver minas of pure metal and the value of 2 silver minas, 7 oxen and 90 sheep, this makes a total of 4 minas, one in the other.” Despite the early interest in women exemplified by Marx’s study, however, Assyriological publications on the topic of women were relatively rare for much of the twentieth century. Ancient Near Eastern historians were drawn to the kings, priests, and merchants ubiquitous in the cuneiform documents excavated in the remains of cities such as Ur, Nippur, Laga", and Nineveh. Although monographs on kingship and royal ideology appeared, such as Henri Frankfort’s seminal Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature (1948) and Myth, Ritual, and Kingship: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Kingship in the Ancient Near East and in Israel edited by S.H. Hooke (1958), little attention was paid to the political, economic, and cultic activities of royal women or to the significance of the royal court and the extended royal family as the interface between the king and his subjects. !2 Assyriology began incorporating feminist theories and approaches in the 1970s. The first wave of feminist scholarship focused on finding and identifying women in the historical record, a response to the works of military and political history that focused on the activities of men.
Recommended publications
  • Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka Lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

    Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka Lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2014 Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands: Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages Gander, Max DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2014-0039 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-119374 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Gander, Max (2014). Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands: Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Klio. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, 96(2):369-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2014-0039 Klio 2014; 96(2): 369–415 Max Gander Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages Summary: The present article contains observations on the invasion of Lycia by the Hittite king Tudhaliya IV as described in the Yalburt inscription. The author questions the commonly found identification of the land of VITIS/Wiyanwanda with the city of Oinoanda on account of the problems raised by the reading of the sign VITIS as well as of archaeological and strategical observations. With the aid of Lycian and Greek inscriptions the author argues that the original Wiya- nawanda/Oinoanda was located further south than the city commonly known as Oinoanda situated above İncealiler. These insights lead to a reassessment of the Hittite-Luwian sources concerning the conquest of Lycia.
  • An Examination of Hittite Sin and Religious Sensibility

    An Examination of Hittite Sin and Religious Sensibility

    Studia Antiqua Volume 8 Number 1 Article 7 April 2010 "I Never Did an Evil Thing": An Examination of Hittite Sin and Religious Sensibility David Ferguson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua Part of the History Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Ferguson, David. ""I Never Did an Evil Thing": An Examination of Hittite Sin and Religious Sensibility." Studia Antiqua 8, no. 1 (2010). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studia Antiqua by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “I never did an evil thing”: AN EXamination of hittite sin and religious sensibility David Ferguson s early as 3000 b.c.e., a group of Indo-Europeans settled in what is now central Turkey.1 Speaking a language closer to English and German than Athe native languages of the inhabitants of that region, these people integrated into and adopted the diverse culture around them. They were the Hittites, who went on to establish a kingdom and then an empire.2 From ca. 1650–1180 b.c.e., the Hittites emerged as a major player in the world of the ancient Near East.3 In 1595 King Muršili I sent an army more than 800 miles away to sack distant Babylon,4 and later King Muwatalli II challenged Ramesses II of Egypt’s imperial expansion at the famous Battle of Kadesh in 1275.5 According to Ramesses III, the Hittite empire collapsed with the invasion of the Sea People around 1200 b.c.e.6 Remnants of the empire scattered, and some are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible among the groups in Canaan when the Israelites invaded.7 The title of this paper, “I Never Did an Evil Thing,” comes from a statement made by the Hittite king Hattušili III.
  • July 2020 - Public Version

    July 2020 - Public Version

    CURRICULUM VITAE P.M. GOEDEGEBUURE JULY 2020 - PUBLIC VERSION PERSONALIA Name Petra Marian Goedegebuure Work Address Oriental Institute 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, IL 60637 Email [email protected] ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 2014 - present Associate Professor in Hittitology, Oriental Institute, NELC, and the College, UniVersity of Chicago 2006 - 2014 Assistant Professor in Hittitology, Oriental Institute, NELC, and the College, UniVersity of Chicago 2006 - present Editor of the Chicago Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 2003 - 2006 Adjunct Assistant Professor of Anatolian languages and Cultures (part-time, fixed term), Leiden UniVersity 1997, 2001 Student-Lecturer Classical Hebrew, UniVersity of Amsterdam AWARDS & GRANTS AS OF 2006 2018 - 2019 $50,000 — ACLS fellowship, project Expressing Agency and Point of View: The Core Cases in the Ancient Anatolian Languages, 1700-300 BCE 2011 - 2012 Fellow of the Franke Institute for the Humanities, UniVersity of Chicago 2006 - 2009 €200,000 — VENI grant from the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme, awarded by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research). Awarded to research proposal “Exploring the Outer Limits: from Sentence to Discourse in Hittite”. Declined for position at the Oriental Institute EDUCATION 2003 Ph.D., Hittitology, UniVersity of Amsterdam. Degree awarded cum laude (with honors). Dissertation: Reference, Deixis and Focus in Hittite. The demonstratives ka- “this”, apa- “that” and asi “yon” 1994 Doctoraal (M.A. degree), Semitic Languages & Cultures, UniVersity of Amsterdam. Degree awarded cum laude. Thesis: Werken met Woorden in Karatepe (Working with verbs in Karatepe) 1993 Doctoraal (M.A. degree), Anatolian Languages & Cultures, UniVersity of Amsterdam. Degree awarded cum laude.
  • From Oppression to Freedom

    From Oppression to Freedom

    FROM OPPRESSION TO FREEDOM John Jay and his Huguenot Heritage The Protestant Reformation changed European history, when it challenged the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. John Calvin was a French theologian who led his own branch of the movement. French Protestants were called Huguenots as a derisive Conflict Over the term by Catholics. Protestant Disagreements escalated into a series of religious wars Reformation in seventeenth-century France. Tens of thousands of Huguenots were killed. Finally, the Edict of Nantes was issued in 1598 to end the bloodshed; it established Catholicism as the official religion of France, but granted Protestants the right to worship in their own way. Eighty-seven years later, in 1685, King Louis XIV issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, which reversed the Edict of Nantes, and declared the public practice of Protestantism illegal. Louis regarded religious pluralism as an obstacle to his achieving complete power over the French people. By his order, Huguenot churches were demolished, Huguenot schools were The Revocation of closed, all newborns were required to be baptized as Roman Catholics, and it became illegal for the the Edict of Nantes Protestant laity to emigrate or remove their valuables from France. A View of La Rochelle In La Rochelle, a busy seaport on France’s Atlantic coast, the large population of Huguenot merchants, traders, and artisans there suffered the persecution that followed the edict. Among them was Pierre Jay, an affluent trader, and his family. Pierre’s church was torn down. In order to intimidate him into converting to Catholicism, the government quartered unruly soldiers called dragonnades in his house, to live with him and his family.
  • The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

    The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

    The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Erika Weinzierl Emeritus Professor of History University of Vienna Working Paper 01-1 October 2003 ©2003 by the Center for Austrian Studies (CAS). Permission to reproduce must generally be obtained from CAS. Copying is permitted in accordance with the fair use guidelines of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976. CAS permits the following additional educational uses without permission or payment of fees: academic libraries may place copies of CAS Working Papers on reserve (in multiple photocopied or electronically retrievable form) for students enrolled in specific courses; teachers may reproduce or have reproduced multiple copies (in photocopied or electronic form) for students in their courses. Those wishing to reproduce CAS Working Papers for any other purpose (general distribution, advertising or promotion, creating new collective works, resale, etc.) must obtain permission from the Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota, 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis MN 55455. Tel: 612-624-9811; fax: 612-626-9004; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction: The Rise of the Viennese Jewish Middle Class The rapid burgeoning and advancement of the Jewish middle class in Vienna commenced with the achievement of fully equal civil and legal rights in the Fundamental Laws of December 1867 and the inter-confessional Settlement (Ausgleich) of 1868. It was the victory of liberalism and the constitutional state, a victory which had immediate and phenomenal demographic and social consequences. In 1857, Vienna had a total population of 287,824, of which 6,217 (2.16 per cent) were Jews.
  • Oxford Handbooks Online

    Oxford Handbooks Online

    The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Oxford Handbooks Online The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Trevor Bryce The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE) Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman Print Publication Date: Sep 2011 Subject: Archaeology, Archaeology of the Near East Online Publication Date: Nov DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015 2012 Abstract and Keywords This article presents data on western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, wherein it was the homeland of a wide range of states and population groups. The most important and most powerful of these was a group of kingdoms that are attested in Hittite texts as the Arzawa Lands. Most scholars associate the development of these kingdoms with Luwian-speaking populations who had occupied large parts of Anatolia from (at least) the early second millennium BCE. The most enduring link between Anatolia's Late Bronze Age civilizations and their first- millennium-BCE successors is provided by the Lukka people, one of the Luwian-speaking population groups of southwestern Anatolia. They were almost certainly among the most important agents for the continuity and spread of Luwian culture in southern Anatolia throughout the first millennium BCE. Keywords: western Anatolia, Arzawa Lands, Lukka people, Luwian culture In this chapter, the phrase “western Anatolia” encompasses the regions extending along Anatolia’s western and southwestern coasts, from the Troad in the north to Lukka in the south, and inland to the regions stretching north and south of the (Classical) Hermus and Maeander Rivers. During the Late Bronze Age, these regions were occupied by an array of states and population groups known to us from numerous references to them in the tablet archives of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša.
  • Three Conquests of Canaan

    Three Conquests of Canaan

    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.
  • First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)

    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)

    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001).
  • Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign

    Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign

    oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires
  • John David Hawkins

    John David Hawkins

    STUDIA ASIANA – 9 – STUDIA ASIANA Collana fondata da Alfonso Archi, Onofrio Carruba e Franca Pecchioli Daddi Comitato Scientifico Alfonso Archi, Fondazione OrMe – Oriente Mediterraneo Amalia Catagnoti, Università degli Studi di Firenze Anacleto D’Agostino, Università di Pisa Rita Francia, Sapienza – Università di Roma Gianni Marchesi, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Stefania Mazzoni, Università degli Studi di Firenze Valentina Orsi, Università degli Studi di Firenze Marina Pucci, Università degli Studi di Firenze Elena Rova, Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia Giulia Torri, Università degli Studi di Firenze Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi Florence, February 6th-8th 2014 Edited by Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri firenze university press 2015 Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians : proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi : Florence, February 6th-8th 2014 / edited by Anacleto D'Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2015. (Studia Asiana ; 9) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866559047 ISBN 978-88-6655-903-0 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-904-7 (online) Graphic design: Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra Front cover photo: Drawing of the rock reliefs at Yazılıkaya (Charles Texier, Description de l'Asie Mineure faite par ordre du Governement français de 1833 à 1837. Typ. de Firmin Didot frères, Paris 1839, planche 72). The volume was published with the contribution of Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze. Peer Review Process All publications are submitted to an external refereeing process under the responsibility of the FUP Editorial Board and the Scientific Committees of the individual series.
  • Ugaritic Seal Metamorphoses As a Reflection of the Hittite Administration and the Egyptian Influence in the Late Bronze Age in Western Syria

    Ugaritic Seal Metamorphoses As a Reflection of the Hittite Administration and the Egyptian Influence in the Late Bronze Age in Western Syria

    UGARITIC SEAL METAMORPHOSES AS A REFLECTION OF THE HITTITE ADMINISTRATION AND THE EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN WESTERN SYRIA The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by B. R. KABATIAROVA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2006 To my family and Őzge I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Jacques Morin Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art. -------------------------------------------- Dr. Geoffrey Summers Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences ------------------------------------------- Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT UGARITIC SEAL METAMORPHOSES AS A REFLECTION OF THE HITTITE ADMINISTRATION AND THE EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN WESTERN SYRIA Kabatiarova, B.R. M.A., Department of Archaeology and History of Art Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates June 2006 This study explores the ways in which Hittite political control of Northern Syria in the LBA influenced and modified Ugaritic glyptic and methods of sealing documents.
  • Battle of Kadesh-Warfare and Military Organization During the 13Th Century B.C

    Battle of Kadesh-Warfare and Military Organization During the 13Th Century B.C

    Department of History and Archaeology MA in Greek and Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology: From the Bronze Age Palaces to the Hellenistic Kingdoms Battle of Kadesh-Warfare and Military Organization during the 13th century B.C. MA Dissertation Liu Yan Supervisor: Konstantinos Kopanias Associate Professor in the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean Athens, 2019 Members of Committee Konstantinos Kopanias, Associate Professor in the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean Eleni Mantzourani, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology Giorgos Vavouranakis, Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology ii ABSTRACT The Battle of Kadesh in 1274 B.C is perhaps the most famous and best documented battle in the Bronze Age. Through a review of the Battle of Kadesh and the subsequent military organizations of major civilizations in 13th century B.C, this dissertation aims to synthesize our current knowledge about military history in different civilizations around the ancient world in the 13th century B.C. By employing a cross-cultural comparative method, I aim to examine the systems of military organization and the exchanging of military technologies between different ancient civilizations during this period, such a Egypt, Hittite, Yin-Shang China and Mycenaean Greece. The different system of socio-political organization is reflected in the warfare as well as the military organizations of these different civilizations. Through the comparison of the military organizations of the Egyptian, Hittite, Yin-Shang and Mycenaean civilizations, we see more similarities in the first three kingdoms, potentially due to the similar nature of the social-political system in Egypt, Hittite and Yin-Shang. The image of military organization in Mycenaean states is not very clear since their social-political system and scale were drastically different from Egypt, Hittite and Yin-Shang, making it very difficult to draw any assumptions from the archaeological record.