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The Vancouver Peretz Institute Yiddish Library: the Social History of a Jewish Community Library

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The Vancouver Peretz Institute Yiddish Library: the Social History of a Jewish Community Library THE VANCOUVER PERETZ INSTITUTE YIDDISH LIBRARY: THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF A JEWISH COMMUNITY LIBRARY by Faith Jones B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION STUDIES in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES School of Library, Archival and Information Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1999 ©Faith Jones, 1999 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. e5 Department of Libr&r^^ ArdatVa.1 O^A ^' The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Apnl 2? iW DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT This thesis examines the Vancouver Peretz Institute Library, a Yiddish language library housed in a secular humanist Jewish community centre. The organization provides supplementary schooling for children, and holds seniors' groups, adult classes, and special events. In this thesis the organization's library is placed in the context of Yiddish library history, the history of the Yiddish secular school movement, and the mainstream Jewish community in Vancouver. Attention is given to the organization's founding in 1945, and its creation of the library in 1976, as well as its relationship to the Vancouver Jewish community and other organizations in the Yiddish cultural movement, such as YIVO and the National Yiddish Book Center. The school's philosophy was highly influenced by the Holocaust and its destruction of much of Yiddish-speaking Jewry; by the left-wing affiliations of many members and much of the Yiddish cultural community; and by the emergence of McCarthyism in Vancouver's Jewish community. The library emerged from the personal vision of a member who is a Holocaust survivor, Paulina Kirman. Although never heavily used, and although financial difficulties are a constant factor in the organization, the library has been maintained due to the institute's attachment to Yiddish culture. The future of community Yiddish libraries such as this one is examined in light of technical and social factors, including cataloguing and preservation difficulties and the development of a Yiddish literary canon. Finally, the Vancouver Peretz Institute Library is placed in the context of the larger issue of the role of Yiddish in modern Jewish identities. Although usage of the Yiddish language is in decline, the continuation of this library illustrates the symbolic role which it continues to play in the imagination of Diaspora Jews. The marginality of Yiddish appeals especially to those with emotional connections to secular, left-wing, and other minority Jewish identities. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract •• ii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Previous Research 2 Methodology 5 A Note on Spelling and Transliteration 7 Chapter Two: The History of Yiddish Libraries 8 Early Yiddish Library History 8 Community Libraries in Eastern Europe 10 Birobidzhan 15 Yiddish Research Libraries 17 The Holocaust and Yiddish Libraries 20 Ghetto Libraries 20 Confiscation of Libraries 25 Post-Holocaust Libraries and Archives 28 Places Outside Eastern Europe 29 Chapter Three: The Vancouver Peretz School in Context 33 The Yiddish Secular School Movement 33 Roots in Europe 33 The United States 35 Canada 39 History of the Vancouver Peretz Institute 41 Yiddish Life in Vancouver 41 Founding the Vancouver Peretz Institute 44 McCarthyism in the Vancouver Jewish Community 58 Phase Two of the Peretz School: Ash Street 67 Chapter Four: The Library 75 The Original Library at the Peretz School 75 The New Library 77 The Life of Paulina Kirman 77 Starting the Library 82 The Library's Collection 84 Circulation & Public Service 88 Later Developments in the Library 91 Yiddish, the Library and Me 93 The Community Yiddish Library: A Dying Breed 96 Vancouver's Jewish Libraries 100 iii Chapter Five: The Future of the Yiddish Library 105 National Yiddish Book Center 105 The Canon of Yiddish 108 Preservation 115 Technical Problems in Yiddish Librarianship 117 Contemporary Destruction of Yiddish Libraries 119 The Yiddish Library Reinvents Itself 123 Chapter Six: Yiddish Marginality and Secular Identity 128 Yiddish as Contradiction 128 Yiddish Identities 131 Premature Rumours of the Death of Yiddish 135 Why a Library in Yiddish is Not a Cemetery 138 Bibliography 141 Primary Materials Consulted 155 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Polish Jewish Library Surveys, 1921-1939 LIST OF FIGURES YIVO's Reading Room, Vilna, 1935 19 Muter Fareyn, 1945 48 Board and Muter Fareyn at Ash Street site, 1961 67 Paulina Kirman, founder of the Peretz Library 84 The library, 1985 88 Card pocket: Jewish Ladies' Progressive Library, Edmonton 98 Book cover: memoirs of Peretz founder Sid Sarkin 127 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although I take full responsibility for the content of this work, thanks are due to: My thesis committee, Judith Saltman, Dr. Richard Hopkins, and Dr. Richard Menkis, and outside examiner Dr. Ann Curry; The Vancouver Peretz Institute board and staff, particularly its co-ordinator and mensh Louise Miller; Interviewees Sylvia Friedman, Paulina Kirman, and those who did not wish to be named; Librarians, archivists and library technicians who assisted in my research: Diane Rodgers, Jewish Historical Society of B.C., Joseph Jones, UBC Library Social Sciences and Humanities Division, Patrick Dunn and David Truelove, UBC Library Resource Sharing Services, Neil Zagorin, National Yiddish Book Center, Karen Corrin, Isaac Waldman Jewish Public Library, Steven Bergson, Jewish Public Library of Toronto, Doreen Papadopoulos, Vancouver Talmud Torah Library, and in particular Zachary Baker of YIVO Institute for Jewish Research; Previous researchers Josette McGregor and Naomi Katz; Translators Haya Fuchs (Yiddish), Carolyn Jones (Spanish), and Fadi Harissi Dagher (French); Readers who advised on aspects of the work-in-progress: Lynne Lighthall, Wendy Frost, and Juliet O'Keefe. I also would like to thank my family, Lenna Jones, Pat Davitt, Carolyn Jones, Toni Jones, and she-without-whom-the-author-would-not-have-eaten, Winnifred Tovey. And to Paulina Kirman, for starting the Peretz Library—I owe it all. vii Chapter One Introduction This research was undertaken to explore the historical and social construction of a small Jewish institution, the Vancouver Peretz Institute, and in particular its library, which came into being within a small Jewish community in Western Canada. The unique situation of this organization and its continuing mission to provide Yiddish culture to the few members of Vancouver's Jewish community who consider it their spiritual if not their actual mother tongue is a fascinating story. The Library is the last such community- based Yiddish repository in Western Canada, in a city with fewer than 600 people who report an ability to speak Yiddish (reading ability in Yiddish may be much smaller, for a variety of reasons).1 The organization has also suffered its ups and downs due to political pressures and financial matters—which sometimes have been intertwined. Nevertheless, this organization has been tenacious not only in managing to survive but also in continuing to provide the programs and services appropriate to its mandate as a Jewish secular humanist organization. The Vancouver Peretz Institute Library evolved from the vision of its individual creators, whose unique contributions to cultural life in Vancouver have gone almost entirely unacknowledged. The organization is in the process of building a new facility which will include a purpose-built library and is attempting to secure funding for retroactive acquisitions of reference materials from the National Yiddish Book Center. ' Statistics Canada, "Population by Detailed Mother Tongue (156) and Sex (3), Showing Age Groups (15A), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1991 and 1996 Censuses (20% Sample Data)," CD-ROM Nation Series, 1996. 1 With these improvements, the Library could become a scholarly centre of Yiddish study on the West Coast of Canada. Therefore, it seems an appropriate time to create a history of the Library; in any event, such an undertaking will be impossible within a few years when the last surviving founders, whose memories alone are the organization's history, have passed away. I hope this project will be of use to researchers across disciplines and for a variety of purposes. The Vancouver Peretz Institute itself may wish to use this study as part of its process to move the Library, and the organization as a whole, in a new direction. It may also provide a window into a little-studied aspect of local history, both in terms of the Jewish community and more generally the voluntary and non-profit organizations which have contributed to civil life. The Jewish secular school movement, which reached across Canada and the United States, has not been studied in as much depth and detail as might be wanted, and I hope this very local and particular study will illustrate at least how the variety of experiences could be dictated by local circumstance. Finally, librarians and archivists, whose work is so central to the maintenance of culture, whether in the majority language or a small immigrant group, will I hope find something inspiring in the picture which emerges of the cultural activists, of both the past and the present, who created and maintain this endangered-language library against incredible odds. Previous research The Vancouver Peretz Institute has no written history. Anniversary booklets have been published in 1952 for the fifth anniversary of the purchase of its first building; in 1985/86 for the 40th anniversary of the founding of the organization; and in 1995/96 for 2 the 50 anniversary.
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