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Gender, Memory, and Judaism Gazsi, Judit (Ed.); Pető, Andrea (Ed.); Toronyi, Zsuzsanna (Ed.)

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Gender, Memory, and Judaism Gazsi, Judit (Ed.); Pető, Andrea (Ed.); Toronyi, Zsuzsanna (Ed.) www.ssoar.info Gender, Memory, and Judaism Gazsi, Judit (Ed.); Pető, Andrea (Ed.); Toronyi, Zsuzsanna (Ed.) Preprint / Preprint Konferenzband / collection Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Gazsi, J., Pető, A., & Toronyi, Z. (Eds.). (2007). Gender, Memory, and Judaism (Studien zur Geschichte Ost- und Ostmitteleuropas, 6). Budapest: Balassi K. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-72092-0 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de (■ FEMINIZMUS ÉS TÖRTÉNELEM Gender, Memory, and Judaism Edited by J u d it G azsi • A ndrea P ető • Z su zsa n n a T o r o n y i BALASSI KIADÓ GABRIELE SCHÄFER VERLAG GENDER, MEMORY, AND JUDAISM FEMINIZMUS ÉS TÖRTÉNELEM FEMINISM AND HISTORY GENDER, MEMORY, AND JUDAISM Edited by Judit Gazsi, Andrea Pető, and Zsuzsanna Toronyi BALASSI KIADÓ ■ BUDAPEST GABRIELE SCHÄFER VERLAG ■ HERNE The publication was supported by The Rothschild Foundation (Europe) Text revised by A. T. Gane © 2007 by The authors © 2007 by The editors ISBN 978-963-506-742-8 ISBN 978-3-933337-55-9 ISSN 1586-3344 All rights reserved. No part oF this publication my be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any Form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission oF the Publishers. Printed in Hungary CONTENTS Introduction, Zsuzsanna Toronyi and Judit Gazsi................................7 PART ONE TRADITIONS—NOW ....................................................................... 15 Remembering the Past, Living the Present, Planning the Future, Alice Shalvi .................................................17 Voluntary Work and Jewish Renewal: Observations on the Situation in Germany, Lara Dämmig .................................25 Esther and her Bag, Andrea Pető........................................................35 PART TWO GENDER AND RELIGION .............................................................. 49 The Meaning of Israel in Yiddish Poetry, Esther Jonas-Märtin .......51 TransForming Traditions: Halakhah, Women, and Kriat ha-Torah, Valerie Rhein .................................................67 LiFe Stories of the Personal, Professional and Political: Orthodox Jewish Women Negotiating Work and Home, Chia Longman ..................................................................................75 5 PART THREE GENDERED REMEMBERING .....................................................87 Fanny von Arnstein and her Biographer Hilde Spiel, Eleonore Lappin................................................................................89 Jelena Kon, Edit jankov..................................................................... 105 An Untold Story about the Feminist Association, Andrea Pető....107 Finding Our/M y History: The Case of Manya Wilbushewitz Shohat, Shulamit Reinharz ............................................................121 Johanna Bischitz, Katalin Gerő, and Budapest's Jewish Women's Association (1866-1943), Julia Richers............125 The Work of Ilka Gedő (1921-1985), István Hajdú ........................145 The Female Progressive Workshop: An Attempt at a Collective Biography, Borbála Juhasz ..............173 "You're the exception.. The First Jewish Women Psychoanalysts, Anna Borgos.......................................................179 The Jewish Woman as an Allegory: The Portrayal of Jewish Women in Hungarian Literature at the Turn of the Century, Miklós Komád..................................195 Centropa and Women's Stories, Eszter Andor and Dóra Sárái......217 Contributors ..................................................................................... 251 6 INTRODUCTION Zsuzsanna Toronyi and Judit Gazsi Background "Diversities"—this was the title of the Fourth Bet Debora ConFerence For Female rabbis, cantors, academics and activists, held in Budapest by the EszterTáska Foundation between 23-27 August 2006. The Bet Debora Initiative Group was Founded by Lara Dämmig and Elisa Klapheck in Berlin in 1998. Both women are academics and Reform Jews; they are rightly regarded as the Founders of their coun­ try's Reform community. Klapheck, who studied to be a rabbi, is the author oF a biographical work about Regina Jonas, the First Female rabbi. Dämmig wrote a book about the liFe of Bertha Falkenberg, pres­ ident of the Berlin chapter of the Jewish Women's League. Held every two years, the Bet Debora ConFerence received a new venue in Budapest when EszterTáska Foundation agreed to organise the Fourth conFerence. The success of the event was due to the joint eFForts of Judit Gazsi, Andrea Pető and Zsuzsanna Toronyi—all members of the EszterTáska Foundation. The Conference The Budapest conference was attended by hundred registered con­ Ference participants, in addition to the invited speakers and present­ ers. The Female academics attending the conference came From many difFerent countries—from Austria to Bulgaria and from Italy to Israel. 7 In their papers, the speakers addressed issues with relevance to female identity, Jewish identity and life as Jewish women. In Hungary, the general public still tends to be distrustFul of Femi­ nism and gender issues—especially in the Jewish dimension. For this reason, it was particularly encouraging that participants were greet­ ed at the opening of the conference by the Former chief rabbi of Hun­ gary, József Schweitzer, and that the president of the Association oF Jewish Congregations in Hungary, Péter Feldmájer (a member of the Supervisory Board of the EszterTáska Foundation) sent a letter wel­ coming conference participants to Budapest. In his letter—which was read out at the opening of the conference—Feldmájer emphasised the importance of the issues that were to be raised at the conference. The Hungarian participants included almost all "interested par­ ties"—the Sim Shalom Community, which employed the first female rabbi in Hungary, the modern Orthodox Pesti Shul Association, WIZO Hungary, the Haver Foundation for Social Tolerance, the rabbi of the conservative Frankel synagogue, the director of the Bálint Jewish Community Centre and her staFF, and the Centropa Foundation— which has also contributed to this volume, etc. The opening lecture was given by Alice Shalvi, oFten reFerred to as the "mother of Israeli Feminism". This volume too begins with her paper, because Bet Deborah could never have been established with­ out her intellectual support. Shalvi was born in Germany. In 1950, she moved to Israel where she Founded several organisations and became one of the First women rectors. In 2007, she was awarded the Israel Prize for her life's work. In her lecture, she demonstrated how Jew­ ish women can obtain full equality based on universal human rights and without abandoning their traditional roles. The Collection The papers in this collection are a selection of the lectures given at the conFerence as well as relevant articles From the catalogue of an exhi­ bition entitled The Jewish Woman (Hungarian Jewish Museum and Archives, 2002), which was curated by Zsuzsanna Toronyi and which sought to promote a more democratic approach to history-writing. 8 The connection between the two is that the organisers of the conFer­ ence were keen on incorporating some aspects of the 2002 exhibition into the programme of the 2006 conference. In the exhibition, which addressed the two forms of emancipation, we presented portraits and biographies of thirty Jewish women who lived and worked at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. In Hungary, and particularly in Budapest, Diversities is perhaps the best word to express local Jewish history. Hungary has always been at the crossroads between East and West, and Budapest was, at the turn of the century, a city where the Full diversity of Europe's Ashke­ nazi communities could be observed within a single district or even within a single block. This reflected Hungary's historical tradition, since under Ottoman rule, Buda's Jewish community had worshipped according to Four diFFerent rites and had included Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews, and even Syrian Jews. Indeed, ever since the sixteenth century, Hungary has been characterised by diversity (and divi­ sions)—among Jews and non-Jews. Often Hungarian society has been divisible into two almost equal and irreconcilable halves—this even applies in respect oF people's attitudes towards Jews. In the final third of the nineteenth century, diversity and divisions also became a Fea­ ture oF Hungary's Jewish community, which broke into three "denom­ inations"—Neolog, Orthodox and Status Quo Ante. In Budapest, the Neologs constituted the largest group; they were slightly more con­ servative than Germany's Reform Jews. The Hungarian capital was also Fertile ground For rabbinical orthodoxy as well as Eastern Euro­ pean Hasidism. The western and eastern models exhibited differences with respect to modernisation and emancipation. Jewish communities in the West, most of which were middle class, encountered and accepted the notion of legal equality. Meanwhile Jews in the East Formed part of a tradi­ tional and conservative social model, where middle-class values were barely known. The Jewish community in Hungary found itself at the crossroads between these western
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