Le Conducător, Le Parti Et Le Peuple Le Discours Nationaliste

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Le Conducător, Le Parti Et Le Peuple Le Discours Nationaliste Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PO Programme doctoral Europe CERI Doctorat de science politique Convention de cotutelle avec l’Université de Bucarest Le Conducător, le Parti et le Peuple Le discours nationaliste comme discours de légitimation dans la Roumanie de Ceauşescu (1965-1989) Alina Tudor Pavelescu Thèse en cotutelle dirigée par M. Dominique COLAS, professeur des universités et M. Dinu C. GIURESCU, professeur des universités Soutenue le 10 février 2009 Jury : M. Dominique Colas, professeur des universités à l’IEP de Paris Mme. Catherine Durandin, professeur des universités à l’INALCO (rapporteur) M. Dinu C. Giurescu, professeur des universités à l’Université de Bucarest Mme. Rose-Marie Lagrave, directrice d’études à l’EHESS M. Michael Shafir, professeur des universités à l’Université Babes-Bolyai de Cluj-Napoca (rapporteur) 1 2 A la mémoire de mon père et de mon beau-père, deux hommes qui ont vécu le même communisme de manières bien différentes 3 4 Remerciements Ma reconnaissance s’adresse à M. Dominique Colas, qui a encadré cette thèse avec compréhension et confiance. Ses encouragements et ses critiques m’ont aider de mener jusqu’au bout un travail de rédaction parfois très difficile. Je remercie à Mme Rose-Marie Lagrave et à l’Ecole Doctorale en Sciences Sociales de Bucarest, membre de l’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie. Sans leur générosité envers les étudiants de l’Europe de l’est, cette thèse, comme beaucoup d’autres, n’aurait été possible. Je remercie à Mme Catherine Durandin, qui a su trouver les bons mots pour me redonner la confiance en mes forces. Je dois aussi remercier à M. Dinu C. Giurescu, qui a accepté d’assumer la co-direction de la thèse à l’Ecole doctorale de la Faculté d’histoire de Bucarest. Mes remerciements les plus chaleureux sont adressées à Antoine Heemeryck, qui a été, avec l’humour et l’esprit critique qui lui sont propre, le premier lecteur de cette thèse. A mon mari, Şerban, je dois la pacience des longues discussions qui m’ont aidé de préciser les directions de ma recherche. Je remercie à mes colègues des Arhives Nationales de Roumanie, dont les suggestions et les informations ont contribué à l’enrichissement de cette recherche. Le fait de travailler au quotidien dans les archives m’a offert le privilège d’une compréhension approfondie de mon sujet. Enfin, avec le regret de ne pas pouvoir inscrire tous les noms, je remercie à mes amis et collègues qui ont accepté de lire des fragments de cette thèse et de me communiquer leurs observations. 5 6 Table des matières Liste des annexes p. 11 Liste des tableaux p. 13 Introduction p. 15 Ie Partie. Les avatars du communisme roumain p. 43 I.1. Prémisses historiques : le Parti Communiste Roumain en quête d’une identité roumaine p. 45 I.1.a. Les premières années : aux sources d’un impossible internationalisme p. 46 I.1.b. Patriotes ou bolcheviques : la route vers la clandestinité p. 49 I.1.c. Le parti polycentrique et la question nationale p. 53 I.1.d. Communisme d’occupation et internationalisme de circonstance p. 60 I.1.e. L’antisoviétisme comme realpolitik : le communisme national de Gheorghiu-Dej p. 68 I.2. Le régime Ceauşescu – les cadres politiques du nationalisme communiste p. 74 I.2.a. La succession Dej-Ceauşescu p. 75 I.2.b. Les années 1970 – Personnalisation du pouvoir et articulation du « socialisme dynastique » p. 88 I.2.c. Les années 1980 – Crise et dissolution du régime Ceauşescu p. 100 IIe Partie. Le Parti et la Nation : enjeux de la production du discours nationaliste du régime Ceauşescu p. 111 II.1. Acteurs et stratégies de production du discours nationaliste p. 114 7 II.1.a. Acteurs et réseau de production du discours nationaliste p. 116 II.1.b. Les instances officielles de la production du discours nationaliste p. 123 II.1.c. Le rôle de la Securitate dans la production du discours nationaliste p. 134 II.1.d. Les groupes d’attitude p. 137 II.2. Parti, Nation, Leader – Idéologie et discours officiel du communisme nationaliste p. 170 II.2.a. Le Parti et la Nation – légitimer la voie roumaine vers le socialisme p. 173 II.2.b. La Nation socialiste – un hybride idéologique et ses enjeux politiques p. 190 II.2.c. Le Conducator, le Parti et la Nation – un cas de substitution p. 205 II.3. Au-delà de l’idéologie – thèmes et stratégies de production du p. 218 discours nationaliste implicite II.3.a. Recomposer la Nation – les pièges du passé récent p. 220 II.3.b. Thracisme et protochronisme – les angoisses récurrentes de l’identité nationale p. 240 II.3.c. L’antisémitisme dans la guerre des propagandes p. 259 II.3.d. La Nation autarcique – le discours nationaliste des années 1980 p. 267 IIIe Partie. La Nation contre le Parti. Le discours anticommuniste aux temps de Ceauşescu p. 287 III.1. Les protagonistes du discours anticommuniste roumain p. 291 III.1.a. L’exil roumain et l’anticommunisme comme devoir envers la nation p. 296 III.1.b. Avatars et dilemmes de la dissidence roumaine p. 306 8 III.2. Construire l’ennemi en miroir – Le discours anticommuniste sur la Nation kidnappée p. 322 III.2.a. Le « corps étranger ». La relation Nation et Parti dans le discours anticommuniste roumain p. 329 III.2.b. L’Age d’or de la Nation : la nostalgie de la Grande Roumanie p. 337 Conclusion p. 361 Bibliographie p. 369 Annexes p. 425 9 10 Liste des annexes 1. 1966, 7 mai – Fragments du discours de Nicolae Ceauşescu devant e l’assemblée solennelle organisée à l’occasion du 45 anniversaire de la création du Parti Communiste Roumain p. 427 2. 1971, 3-5 novembre – La mini-révolution culturelle : Discours de Nicolae Ceauşescu devant le plénum du Comité Centrale du Parti Communiste Roumain (fragments) p. 443 3. 1971, 3-5 novembre – La mini-révolution culturelle : la Décision du plénum du Comité central du Parti Communiste Roumain concernant la nouvelle orientation idéologique de la vie culturelle et de l’éducation des masses p. 473 4. 1974, novembre – Réinterprétation de l’histoire nationale : Fragments du nouveau Programme du Parti Communiste Roumain, adopté à l’Xie congrès p. 479 5. 1976, mars – La une de la revue Noi, Tracii, no. 19/1976 : « La formation du peuple roumain », par Constantin C. Giurescu p. 507 6. 1977 – Célébration du centenaire de l’indépendance roumaine : Reconstitution des luttes des Daces contre l’Armée romaine p. 509 7. 1983, 1 décembre – Exposé de Nicolae Ceauşescu à l’assemblée solennelle consacrée au 65e anniversaire de la constitution de l’État national unitaire roumain p. 511 11 Liste des tableaux 12 1. Renouvellement de la composition du Comite central du PCR, du p. 96 Xème au XIIème Congrès. Situation numérique et pourcentage des membres qui n’ont pas été réélus dans les organes dirigeants du parti. 2. Le réseau de production du discours nationaliste dans le régime p. 120 Ceauşescu. 3. L’audience du Cénacle « Flacăra » pendant les 13 années de son p. 153 existence. 4. Schéma d’intercommunication des acteurs du discours p. 291 anticommuniste roumain. 13 INTRODUCTION 14 Dans la Roumanie de l’année 2008, nouveau membre de l’Union Européenne, le rapport problématique au passé communiste reste un enjeu fondamental de la vie politique et sociale.1 Les mêmes conflits qui divisaient la société roumaine au lendemain de la chute du régime Ceauşescu semblent structurer aujourd’hui encore un clivage qui se perpétue dans la vie publique du pays : celui entre communistes/néo-communistes et anticommunistes. Un clivage qui fournit d’importantes ressources de légitimation aux acteurs politiques2 et qui maintient la société roumaine dans un cercle vicieux de réflexion inachevée sur sa propre identité. Les polémiques violentes autour du passé récent ont resurgi avec une force renouvelée au premier plan de la scène publique avec la décision du Président Traian Băsescu de procéder à la récrimination politique du régime communiste roumain. En effet, le 18 décembre 2006 le Président de la République lisait, devant un Parlement ressemblant à un champ de bataille, une déclaration qui condamnait les crimes de l’Etat-Parti. Cette date marque la consécration officielle de « l’anticommunisme postcommuniste »3 dans la compétition des mémoires inaugurée en 1990 par la manifestation de la Place de l’Université, suivie de sa répression par les mineurs de la vallée du Jiu (les minériades). La déclaration du président Băsescu a été précédée par la constitution d’une commission dont la mission était d’apporter « des preuves scientifiques »4 des crimes du communisme pour condamner officiellement ce régime politique. Il s’agit de la Commission Présidentielle pour l’Analyse de la Dictature Communiste en Roumanie placée sous la 1 Comme le montre la littérature déjà très vaste sur le sujet de la mémoire dans les sociétés sorties des régimes politiques autoritaires, il s’agit d’un phénomène répandu. De ce point de vue, le cas de la Roumanie est loin d’être singulier. Voir, par exemple Alexandra Barahona de Brito, Carmen Gonzalez- Enriquez, Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory. Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, Oxford University Press, 2002. Voir aussi Antoine Marès, eds., Histoire et pouvoir en Europe Médiane, Paris, Editions L’Harmattan, 1996. 2 Voir à ce propos l’analyse d’Alexandru Gussi, « Quelques remarques sur les conséquences de l’usage politique du passé communiste dans la structuration du champ politique roumain après 1989 », In Alexandra Ionescu, Odette Tomescu-Hatto, Politique et société dans la Roumanie contemporaine, Paris, Editions l’Harmattan, pp. 349-370.
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