STUDIA I MATERIAŁY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS

Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XII Kraków – Sanok – Wrocław 2016, s. 121-134 Miroslav Huťka

SALLET IN SLOVAKIA*

Abstract:

M. Huťka 2016, helmets in Slovakia, AMM XII: 121-134

At the end of the 15th c., a specific type of armour was widespread in Europe, that modern science commonly referred to as Gothic. It was characterised by imitating the civil fashion and use of slender, vertical lines and narrow profile. It originated probably in Southern Germany. A commonly associated , was the sallet, the subject of this article. The main aim of this paper is a survey of its spread in Slovakia. There are comparatively few sources for our research, however both quantitatively and qualitatively they are much more numerous than in earlier periods. We will focus on museum collections, iconographic sources, mainly effigies and panel paintings from various places in Slovakia, such as Banská Bystrica or Spišská Kapitula. We will also compare the acquired knowledge to the preserved elsewhere in Europe.

Key words: Middle Age, Warfare, Helmet, Sallet, Slovakia, Banská Bystrica

The events of Maundy Thursday taking place was characterised by slender lines, a slim waist, in the Gethsemane garden are depicted on a sculpture flutes and tapering plates (Kybalová 2001, of Christ on the Mount of Olives from the facade 124-220).2 of the parish church in Banská Bystrica (Neusohl).1 This very popular type of helmet probably There is a scene where the angel appears to Christ originated in Italy and appeared in Central Europe while Judas with a group of men and soldiers are in the early 15th c. (Oakeshott 1980, 111). The entering the garden. One lone soldier is seen German variant probably developed from the climbing over the wicker fence, one is chasing kettle (Müller, Kunter 1984, 31). Most likely Mark the Evangelist and another is leaning on the first reference to the sallet (“celata”) appeared his halberd. The soldiers’s late 15th c. clothes are in the so-called Gonzaga inventory of the year complemented by sallets (Fig. 1). Popularity of this 1407 (Nowakowski 1990, 46). In Central Europe kind of helmet is confirmed by few preserved it is found for the first time in the documents museum objects and iconographic sources from from 1425-1426 from the Innsbruck archive, where Slovakia. The aim of this article is a detailed analysis the helmet of the “tschëleden” (“tschaladen”) type of the spread of the sallet helmets in Slovakia (see is mentioned (Blair 1958, 105).3 also Huťka 2008). There are few differences between German The 2nd half of the 15th c., in terms of and Italian salltes. The German was characterised armament, is referred to as the so-called beautiful by strong horizontal lines. It was often designed armour era (Klučina 2004, 472-480). This kind with an elongated or laminated nape. In contrast, of armour is a specific type of that the Italian sallet is generally of an onion-shaped reflects contemporary fashion. At that time it skull (Klučina 2004, 377). The smooth lines of

* Editoral Board doesn’t agree with some thesis of the Author. 1 Decoration of Banská Bystrica parish church is studied by G. Endrődi (2003, 462-474; 2006, 37-38). The sculpture related issues can be found in the works of P. Kajba (1996, 26-29) and J. Fiľo (1996; see also Homolka 1972, 83-84). 2 For remarks on the civilian’s clothes with military equipment; see G. Embleton (2007). 3 In the Kingdom of Bohemia, the first mention of sallet was discovered in 1441 in the testament of Prokop Paly from Zderaz in Nove Město (Wagner, Drobná, Durdík 1956, 63). 122 Miroslav Huťka

Fig. 1. Christ on the Mount of Olives from the parish church in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 1. Chrystus na Górze Oliwnej z kościoła parafialnego w Bańskiej Bystrzycy, Słowacja. Fot. M. Huťka. the skull continue towards the nape with a concave or half protected only the lower part of bend. The nape itself is less elongated than in the the face and ended around the nose. After the German sallet. The Italian type, especially of the was lowered a gap remained between the so-called Venetian style, is also referred to as upper rim and the skull, forming the vision (Zarnóczki 1992, 51-52; Pyhrr 2000, 7-8). slit. There were also helmets with massive, Some other subtypes, especially of the French- strengthened visors, which resembled the kettle Burgundian and the Spanish style, are derived (Müller, Kunter 1984, 135; Pyhrr 2000, 11).4 from the Italian type (Dufty 1968, Figs. 77-79; The surface of the helmets was often decorated Pyhrr 2000, 9-10). However, these did not appear with fluting or decorative rivet-heads. A sharp in Central Europe. medial line ran along the skull from front to back Very important part of this kind of helmet (Müller, Kunter 1984, 138).5 Sallet were worn by is visor, which was fixed to the skull by means both infantry and . of two rivets. It was sometimes large, covering the Only two sallets preserved in Slovakia. They entire face, extending over the forehead to provide are kept in Stredoslovenske museum (Middle additional protection with the upper edge forming Slovakian Museum) in Banská Bystrica. These a point. The vision was limited to a narrow gap in helmets are of a different construction.6 One of the middle of the visor and the lower edge was them (Inv. No. H-1557) has a large movable visor often strengthened with a turned edge. Reduced with a gap in the middle with noticeably strongly

4 A nice example of the sallet with fixed visor is helmet by Jörg Treytzer in Innsbruck from the period of 1470-1480 (Thomas, Gamber 1954, 14; Dufty 1668, Fig. 79:b) that is kept in Bayerisches Armeemuseum. There are other examples, such as the helmet from Rhodes from around 1450 (La Valetta collection). 5 The holes were probably used to attach decorations. 6 For the first time the helmets were published by J. Kalmár (1971, 267-268; see also Sklenka 2006, 131). Sallet helmets in Slovakia 123

a b

c

Fig. 2. Sallet from Banska Bystrica, Inv. No. H-1557. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 2. Salada z Bańskiej Bystrzycy, nr inw. H-1557. Fot. M. Huťka. turned edge. The visor is connected to the skull elongated nape is made of two movable lames by two rivets with quatrefoil-shaped heads. The connected by decorative large-headed rivets. There visor only protects the lower part of the face and the are six of them along the circumference of the forehead. The skull of the helmet is oval – it is the helmet, three on each side and are of a twisted thickest on the top of the skull and has a noticeable pyramidal shape. Holes on the top of the skull ridge. There are three holes in the ridge that were indicate that some rivets are probably missing probably used for fixing a decorative crest. The (Fig. 2-3). 124 Miroslav Huťka

a

Fig. 3. Sallet from Banska Bystrica, Inv. No. H-1557: a-b – upper and back parts of helmet; c – the armourer mark (Landshut?). Photo by M. Huťka. b Ryc. 3. Salada z Bańskiej Bystrzycy, nr inw. H-1557: a-b – górna i tylna część hełmu; c – marka płatnerska (Landshut?). Fot. M. Huťka.

There is an armour mark on the left side of the visor (Fig. 3:c). It is damaged by corrosion and hardly legible except for the lower part. It is stamped just above the lower edge of the visor and it is possible that is a stylised M-shape, but it is unlikely to be of the Missaglia armourers of Milan.7 The letter mark may also be a plant motive. Furthermore, the mark is placed on a convex hemispherical shield. The only analogy among the published marks is the guild mark of the town of Landshut published by D. Gyngell (1959, 29). c An analogous helmet is kept in the collections of the Royal Castle of Wawel in Cracow (Szabłowski 1975, Fig. X). This helmet similarly has a large visor, elongated neck laminated of made in Innsbruck for Maximilian I, dating around three lames, with four decorative rivet. on each 1495, now in the Waffensammlung Vienna. from side. The helmet is considered erroneously to be the period. It has a three-piece nape and a narrow, of Italian make. Some presumably analogous movable reduced visor, with plain edges. Another features are also to be found on the helmet comparable visor can be seen on the helmet made published by L. Boccia (Boccia, Coelho 1967, by Lorenz Helmschlied, dating to ca. 1480, for the Fig. 92 and description on p. 123). More analogies Maximilian, in the Waffensammlung Vienna. The to the H-1557 helmet from Banská Bystrica can Augsburg helmet also has a three-piece nape, and be found in German circle. For example the helmet the visor is exactly the same. There are however

7 Compare Italian armaments marks published by L. Boccia in the text between chapters (Boccia, Coelho 1967, 551 ff). Sallet helmets in Slovakia 125

Fig. 4. Sallet from Banska Bystrica, Inv. No. H-1558. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 4. Salada z Bańskiej Bystrzycy, nr inw. H-1558. Fot. M. Huťka. no large decorative rivets around its circumference dated to 1450-1460 (Kajzer 1976, 154; Nadolski (Blair 1958, 200-201). Similar sallets are also to 1979, Fig. 4 /colour/) and the sculpted grave effigy be found on the territory of present-day Poland. of Jan of Kruzlow in Mogiła, dated to the turn of The helmets depicted in the works of Wit Stwosz the 15th and 16th c. (Kajzer 1976, 75-76,80). A sallet (Vit Stoss) in Cracow have visors extending over with a large complete visor and a laminated nape the forehead (Kajzer 1976, 175-176; Nowakowski is also placed by the feet of the lying warrior on 1990, Fig. 100). Similar depictions can be seen in the late 15th c. grave effigy of Paweł Czarny from the scene of St. George fighting the dragon from the Franciscan church in Cracow (Nowakowski the Coronation of Madonna triptych from Wieluń, 1990, Fig. 105:b). 126 Miroslav Huťka

The second sallet from Banská Bystrica (Fig. 4; Inv. No. H-1558) is of simple construction (Sklenka 2006, 131). The skull is also oval, but less elongated than in the case of the H-1557 sallet, and with a pronounced ridge, extending from the forehead to the nape. The ridge has been pierced with three holes. The lower edge is rolled. There are numerous openings in the helmet, however, only some of them are filled with rivets. The movable visor has a narrow eye-slit with a small peak in the centre. There is a metal strip riveted inside the helmet to the lower right by the cheek. However its function remains unknown. Two analogous helmets are kept in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest (Kalmár 1971, 267-269); one with a movable and the other with a fixed visor. Both helmets from Bystrica are of the German style and are notable because of their high qulity. It is likely that H-1557 was probably part of a complete armour. The large visor and laminated tail are the defining features of this helmet, which can be dated to ca. 1480-1490, whilst the second helmet (H-1558) is probably earlier, dating to the 1470s. Apparently, both Fig. 5. Master Thomas of Cluj, “The Passion” altar from Hronský were originally kept in the town armoury. Benadik, 1427, collection of the Christian Museum Esztergom, Eventually they ended up in the collection of Hungary (after Cséfalvay 1993, 17). the Stredoslovenske museum. Ryc. 5. Mistrz Tomasz z Clużu, „Pasja” z miejscowosci Hronský Several sallet helmets can be found in Benadik, 1427 r., zbiory Muzeum Chrześcijaństwa w Muzeum Sztuki iconographical sources from Slovakia. For example, Religijnej w Ostrzyhomiu, Węgry (wg Cséfalvay 1993, 17). those known from the representations of armed soldiers frequently occuring in the Christological cycle scenes. The oldest depiction is to be found on the ca. 1427 “Passion” altar by Thomas of obsolete sallets with pointed brims. They can be Cluj in Hronský Benadik (Cséfalvay 1993, 16-17 described as the Burgundian sallets, from which and descriptions on pp. 172-174).8 There is a soldier subsequently the so-called „“ originated standing behind the centurion; he is wearing an (Oakeshott 1980, 214). The third soldier standing obsolete type of the sallet.9 It has a conical skull at the back to the right is obviously wearing a sallet with the sharply profiled flared brim. Its shape with an open visor (see analogous sallets in: resembles a or a barbute. The vision is Blair 1958, 105-107; Klučina 2004, 375-376). made by the cut in the brim (Fig. 5). The helmet All helmets in the aforementioned paintings have does not have a visor that gained popularity from the onion-shaped skulls. J. Bakoš (1982, 80) dates the 60s of the 15th c. (Blair 1958, 106). A helmet the Hlohovec tables back to the 40s of the 15th c. of an analogous shape, dated to the beginning of Onion-shaped skulls were quite common in the the 15th c. can be found in Italy, for example in case of the type called the French sallet; one such the Museum Poldi Pezzoli in Milan (Beneš 1992, helmet is to be found in Vienna’s Waffensammlung 60, Fig. 10:f). That type of helmet is called the (Thomas, Gamber 1976, 84-85, Fig. 28). Italian sallet. The Altar of “Crucifixion” in Hronsky Benadik Other helmets are depicted in the so called is dated to ca. 1470. In the “Resurrection” scene “Tables” from Hlohovec stored in the Bojnice there is sleeping guard wearing a sallet with an Castle Museum. In the “Resurrection” scene open visor (Cidlinská 1989, 38, Fig. 12; Cséfalvay there are four helmeted soldiers guarding the 1993, 22). The flaring of the lower edge of the Holy Sepulchre. Two of them are wearing brim is interesting. A helmet with a movable visor

8 The shape of the helmet is similar to the barbute or the iron hat (compare in Żygulski jun. 1975, 102-103). 9 V. Čepela (2010, 20) identifies it as an iron hat (lat. „ ferreus“, ger. „eysenhut“). Sallet helmets in Slovakia 127

Fig. 6. The Epitaph of Imrich Zápoľskí (Szápolay), Spisska Kapitula. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 6. Epitafium Imricha Zápoľskiego (Szápolay), Spiska Kapituła. Fot. M. Huťka.

Fig. 7. The Epitaph of Stephen Zápoľskí (Szápolay), Spisska Kapitula. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 7. Epitafium Stefana Zápoľskiego (Szápolay), Spiska Kapituła. Fot. M. Huťka. 128 Miroslav Huťka

Fig. 8. The Epitaph of Thomas of Torysa (Tárczay), Lipany (after Homolka 1972, 176).

Ryc. 8. Epitafium Tomasza Tárczaya, Lipiany (wg Homolka 1972, 176). is also depicted on the head of a soldier in the Strazky. On the scene of “Christ Carrying the “Passion cycle” (the “Massacre of the Innocents” Cross” there is a soldier wearing a Gothic style scene) on the main altar of St. Elizabeth of sallet. Interestingly, its nape does not extend to Thuringia Cathedral in Kosice (Cidlinská 1989, the shoulder blades but conforms to the anatomy 42-43, Fig. 24). of the head and the neck (Dvořáková, Krása, We can recognise the sallet with a fixed visor Stejskal 1978, Fig. 178). on the Passion altar from Lucky near Kremnica The sallet is often represented in sculptures. dated to 1470-1480. The depicted helmet resembles The discussed helmets are usually depicted in an iron hat (kettle hat) with a large and sharply funerary effigies of prominent men of the Corvinus slanting brim (ibid. 58, Fig. 19).10 There is an eye and anti-Corvinus periods (see Zarnóczki 1992).12 slit in the brim.11 One of them is representation of Imrich Zápoľskí This kind of helmets is represented in the (Szápolay, †1487) from the grave slab in St. Martin Christological scenes from the wall paintings in cathedral in Spišská Kapitula13 who is wearing

10 M. Mojzer (1984, Fig. 55) dated the painting to 1480-1490. 11 In foreign literature the helmet was also recognised rather as an iron hat, “kettle hat” in English (Blair 1958, 91-92, 199; Tarassuk, Blair 1982, 295-296; Oakeshott 1980, 113), German – „Eisenhut“ (Funcken, Funcken 2001, 38-40). There are several helmets of this type in Slovakia. Mainly, soldiers in the Passion scene from the altar of St. Anne from Radocova, published by M. Mojzer (1984, 27). However, here is wrongly located to Bzenova, corrected by D. Buran (2003, 701-702). Another similar helmet is to be found in Presov urban book (Kalmár 1971, 51; Klučina, Marsina, Romaňák 1985, 338). A helmeted man fighting a bear is painted on the ceiling of the Purifying of St. Mary church in Smrečany, Slovakia (e.g. Smoláková 2004, 283-296). Another example can be found on an ivory seat in the Hungarian National Museum. It depicts St. George’s fighting the dragon and was published e.g. by F. Temesváry (1992, 24-25). 12 Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus ruled in 1458-1490 and after his death there was a decline of royal power during the reign of The Jagiellonian dynasty (after-Corvinus period 1490-1526). 13 For the grave of Imrich Zápoľskí (Szápolay) see remarks of J. Homolka (1972, 175), L. Varga and P. Lővei (1990-92, 147-149) and I. Hlobil (2002, 111-117). His epitaph, as well as his brother,s (cousin’s) Stefan were probably sculpted in the workshop of Buda royal court (similarly Luxová 2003, 332; about Zápoľskí family see e.g. Chalupecký 2005, 37-53). Sallet helmets in Slovakia 129

Fig. 10. The Epitaph of Christpher Warkócz, Kežmarok. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 10. Epitafium Krzysztofa Warkócza, Kieżmark. Fot. M. Huťka.

lilies decorate the upper edge. The upper edge of the visor is pierced with three quatrefoil clovers (Fig. 7). A whole group of epitaphs can be associated with the aforementioned ones (Varga, Lővei 1990- 92, 150-151). This is partly in the case of the grave-slab of Tomas of Torysa (Tárczay), dated to ca. 1493, from the church of St. Martin in Fig. 9. The Epitaph of Stephen of Markusovce (Máriássy), Lipany (Homolka 1972, 176 – here misidentified Markusovce. Photo by M. Huťka. as Tomáš of Torysa; Varga, Lővei 1990-92, 150; Ryc. 9. Epitafium Stefana z Markusoviec (Máriássy), Markusovce. Zarnóczki 1992, 44; Hlobil 2002, 119; Luxová Fot. M. Huťka. 2003, 332). The sitter is in armour and wearing the Italian-type sallet, similar to the one from the altar by Thomas of Cluj, which is less frequent a German style armour and a sallet with an open in Hungary. It has strong vertical lines, a conical visor. The visor is extended and protects the or an onion-shaped skull with a smoothly curved forehead. Its upper edge terminates with a peak brim. The upper edge of the visor is cusped creating pointing towards the top of the head and is a tooth-like pattern. The visor pivot points are decorated with two grooves. There are eight rivets embossed with volutes (Fig. 8). on the sides of the helmet with large decorative In contrast, the German sallets are depicted heads, four on each side. The nape is not visible, on the grave-slab of: Imrich of Perin (Perényi, but behind the helmet there is a decorative feather †1519) from the church of Navštívenie Panny probably fixed to a plume holder (Fig. 6). Márie (Church of the Visitation of St. Mary) in Another sallet is represented in the epitaph Trebisov (briefly Chovanec 1990, 394; see also of Stephen Zápoľskí (Szápolay, †1499) in Spišská Homolka 1972, 176; Varga, Lővei 1990-92, 150); Kapitula (Homolka 1972, 175-176, 412; Varga, Stephen of Markusovce (Máriássy, †1516) in Lővei 1990-92, 149-150; Zarnóczki 1992, ill. inside church of St. Michael in Markusovce (Homolka the cover; Hlobil 2002, 119; Luxová 2003, 332).14 1972, 176; Varga, Lővei 1990-92, 150; Luxová His helmet is decorated more than his brother. 2003, 333); or Krištof (Christopher) Warkócz The extended visor has richly decorated edges. (†1520) in the church of St. Cross in Kezmarok The lower part, which is probably covered with (Homolka 1972, 176; Varga, Lővei 1990-92, 150).15 brass, is decorated with small lilies. Five larger All these helmets are depicted en face (see Fig. 9)

14 I. Chalupecký supposes that epitaph of Stephan Zápoľskí (Szápolay) was ordered by his wife Hedviga of Cieszyn (Jadwiga Cieszyńska) shortly after his death (Chalupecký 2005, 51). 15 Photography of grave is published by I. Chalupecký (2006, 18). 130 Miroslav Huťka

a

Fig. 11. Christ on the Mount of Olives from the parish church in b Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. Photo by M. Huťka.

Ryc. 11. Chrystus na Górze Oliwnej z kościoła parafialnego w Bańskiej Bystrzycy, Słowacja. Fot. M. Huťka. and are not easy to identify except for the significantly damaged sallet of Krištof Warkócz, depicted in semi-profile, similarly to Thomas of Torysa (Tárczay) (Fig. 10).16 A lot of German sallets are also represented on the main altar of St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Kosice, mainly in the scene of the farewell of St. Elizabeth with her husband or on in the scene of “Christ in front of Pilatus” from the “Passion Cycle” from the period 1474-1477 (Suckale 2003, 368, 371). In conclusion we would like to mention the relief depicting Christ on the Mount of Olives from Banská Bystrica, where we started our discussion on the sallets (Fig. 1, 11). It is located on the facade of the parish church and is dated to the beginning of the 16th c. (compare Fiľo 1996, 64; see also Homolka 1972, 83-84). The soldiers from the relief are wearing sallets of several types. There is a man with a lantern in his hand, walking behind Judas, in the group of soldiers entering the gate of the garden. He is wearing a sallet without a visor. c

16 This fact may be an evidence of a new art work expression and means of dynamic art expression as opposition to static figures by family Zápoľskí (Szápolay), Imrich of Perína (Perényi) or Stefan of Markusovce (Máriássy). In case of Tomas of Torysa (Tárczay) new elements are present also in two putti, which view is a gap on the both sides of the grave. Importance of this epitaph in art was pointed by I. Hlobil (2002, 119). Sallet helmets in Slovakia 131

It is a transitional form of the helmet between (Fig. 11:c). Similar shape of the edge of the visor the iron hat and the type discussed in this paper. can be observed in a 15th c. sallet of the French- The man with a candle in his hand and the man with Burgundian style in the Metropolitan Museum of an unusually shaped beard are wearing sallets Art in New York (Pyhrr 2000, Cat. 7). similar to the above-mentioned one. Their sallets Overall, in the scene of “Christ on the Mount have a medial ridge with decorative rivets along of Olives”, there are five or six sallets without the edge, which is also in the case of three other visors, one with a fixed and two with movable men in the back row.17 On the basis of the shape we visors. It is the largest concentration of sallets in can say that these helmets are of Italian (Spanish?) Slovakia, which confirms their popularity at the manufacture (Oakeshott 1980, 112; Pyhrr 2000, end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th c. Two Cat. No. 9). helmets preserved in the local museum belong The cearest depicted helmet wearing man in to this collection. complete Gothic armour in the scene with remaining There are few written accounts referring to of polychrome. His sallet is represented en face sallets. From the inventory of the citizens of and has a fixed visor with a narrow gap. A sharp Bardejov (1493) we learn that there were 17 ridge extends from the forehead together with helmets in the arsenal. They are referred to as the six flutes resembling the splashes of water. The “scull” but it is possible that they could be sallets. lower edge of the helmet extends smoothly Apart from them, only one iron hat (“cappalin”) towards a reduced bent brim. There are large semi- is mentioned in Bardejov inventory (Grabarczyk circular decorative rivets along the circumference 2007, 467). Helmets of unspecified types are (Fig. 11:b). mentioned in the inventory of private arsenals of Another sallet is depicted on the head of the the citizens of Banská Bystrica (Graus 2000, 9). man who holds the cloak of Mark the Evangelist. As we stated in our article, the sallet was quite He is wearing a Gothic half-armour without metal popular at in the end of the 15th and the beginning arm guards and . This is the only case where of the 16th c. in northern Hungary – present day the sallet is represented in profile and its back part Slovakia. It was popular among the noblemen and is visible. Although the large visor with an eye non-noblemen. Its depictions can be found not slit is lowered, the man is looking from beneath its only on magnificent grave slabs but also on the lower edge. The visor is typically cut and fixed altars in parish churches in towns. They were even with a rivet with a large semi-circular head. The recorded in the inventories of the Townsmen’ skull of the helmet continues towards the sharply private arsenals.18 profiled flared brim and is decorated with large rivets. The long non-laminated nape is acutely Miroslav Huťka PhD. angled. The described sallet is of the German style Catholic University in Ružomberk

Bibliography Bakoš J. 1982 Príspevok k problematike vzťahov rakúskeho a slovenského tabuľového maliarstva v druhej štvrtine 15. storočia, Ars 1982/1, pp. 56-85. Beneš C. 1992 Zbroj, Stráňavy. Blair C. 1958 European Armour circa 1066 to circa 1700, London. Boccia L. G., Coelho E. T. 1967 L’arte dell’ Armatura in Italia, Milano. Buran D. (ed.) 2003 Gotika: Dejiny slovenského výtvarného umenia, Bratislava. Chalupecký I. 2005 Zápoľskí na Spiši do roku 1526, Z minulosti Spiša XIII, pp. 37-53. 2006 Huncovce v stredoveku, [in:] Huncovce v zrkadle času, ed. V. Labuda, Huncovce, pp. 15-19. Chovanec J. 1990 Odev na renesančných kachliciach z hradu Trebišov, AH 15, pp. 385-396.

17 The helmet of a man in ring shirt on the left from the garden gate pole is also interesting. It is made of scales that overlap like fish scales. Similar helmet is also on the altar of “Crucifixion” by Thomas of Cluj (Čepela 2010, 20). 18 Translated by Ivana Stykova. 132 Miroslav Huťka

Cidlinská L. 1989 Gotické krídlové oltáre, Bratislava. Cséfalvay P. (ed.) 1993 Christliches Museum Estergom, Budapest. Čepela V. 2010 Pašiový oltárny triptych z Hronského Beňadika vo svetle vývoja militárií, Vojenská história 2010/1, pp. 12-32. Dufty A. R. 1968 European Armour in the Tower of London, London. Dvořáková V., Krása J., Stejskal K. 1978 Stredoveká nástenná maľba na Slovensku, Bratislava. Embleton G. 2007 Oděv a zbroj vojáka ve středověku: znovuzrozené v barevných fotografiích, Praha. Endrődi G. 2003 Niektoré aspekty sochárstva v Banskej Bystrici a okolí na prelome 15. a 16. storočia, [in:] Gotika: Dejiny slovenského výtvarného umenia, ed. D. Buran, Bratislava, pp. 462-474. 2006 Grosse Kunst „aus Hass und Neid“. Überlegungen zu Bauarbeiten und zur Ausstattung der Neusohler Pfarrkirche um 1500, Acta historiae artium 47/1-4, pp. 37-78. Fiľo J. 1996 Dialógy so starými majstrami, Banská Bystrica. Funcken L., Funcken F. 2001 Historische Waffen und Rüstungen: Ritter und Landsknechte von 8. bis 16. Jahrhundert. Mittelalter und Renaissance, Niedernhausen. Grabarczyk T. 2007 Uzbrojenie mieszczan bardiowskich w świetle spisów z lat 1493, 1521 i 1536, AH 32, pp. 465-475. Graus I. 2000 Vývoj fortifikácie Banskej Bystrice do konca 16. storočia v podmienkach špecifík pasívnej obrany stredoslovenských banských miest, Vojenská história 4/1, pp. 3-22. Gyngell D. S. H. 1959 Armourers Marks: Being a compilation of the known marks of armorers swordsmiths and gunsmiths, London. Hlobil I. 2002 Rytířské náhrobky rané renesance na Slovensku a Moravě, Ars 40/1-3, pp. 111-117. Homolka J. 1972 Gotická plastika na Slovensku, Bratislava. Huťka M. 2008 Prilby typu šalier na Slovensku, Ružomberský historický zborník II, pp. 67-78. Kajba P. 1996 Súsošie Krista na Olivovej hore, Pamiatky a múzeá 44/1, pp. 26-29. Kajzer L. 1976 Uzbrojenie i ubiór rycerski w średniowiecznej Małopolsce w świetle źródeł ikonograficznych, Wrocław. Kalmár J. 1971 Régi magyar fegyverek, Budapest. Klučina P. 2004 Zbroj a zbraně: Európa 6.-17. století, Praha–Litomyšl. Klučina P., Marsina R., Romaňák A. 1985 Vojenské dejiny Československa. I. diel: do roku 1526, Praha. Kybalová L. 2001 Dějiny odívaní: Středověk, Praha. Luxová V. 2003 Memento mori: formy náhrobnej skulptúry, [in:] Gotika: Dejiny slovenského výtvarného umenia, ed. D. Buran, Bratislava, pp. 325-334. Mojzer M. 1984 A Magyar Nemzeti galéria: régi gyűjteményei, Budapešť. Müller H., Kunter F. 1984 Europäische Helme: aus der Sammlung des Museums für Deutsche Geschichte, Berlin. Nadolski A. 1979 Broń i strój rycerstwa polskiego w średniowieczu, Wrocław. Nadolski A. (ed.). 1990 Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1350-1450, Łódź. Nowakowski A. 1990 Uzbrojenie ochronne: Hełmy, [in:] Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1350-1450, ed. A. Nadolski, Łódź, pp. 38-57. Sallet helmets in Slovakia 133

Oakeshott E. 1980 European Weapons and Armour: from the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, London. Pyhrr S. W. 2000 European Helmets, 1450-1650: Treasures from the Reserve Collection, New York. Sklenka V. 2006 Chladné zbrane a zbroj zo zbierok Stredoslovenského múzea v Banskej Bystrici, Banská Bystrica. Smoláková M. 2004 Šablónové maľby neskorogotických drevených stropov, AH 29, pp. 283-296. Suckale R. 2003 Maľby retaula hlavného oltára v Dóme sv. Alžbety v Košiciach, [in:] Gotika: Dejiny slovenského výtvarného umenia, ed. D. Buran, Bratislava, pp. 364-372. Szabłowski J. 1975 Zbiory zamku królewskiego na Wawelu, Warszawa. Tarassuk L., Blair C. (eds.) 1982 The Complete Encyclopaedia of Arms and Weapons, London. Temesváry F. 1992 Arms and Armour: The Treasures of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapešť. Thomas B., Gamber O. 1954 Die Innsbrucker Plattnerkunst, Innsbruck. 1976 Katalog der Leibrüstkammer I.: Der Zeit raum von 500 bis 1530, Wien. Varga L., Lővei P. 1990-92 Funerary Art in medieval Hungary, Acta Historiae Artium Hungariae 2, pp. 115-167. Wagner E., Drobná Z., Durdík J. 1956 Kroje, zbroj a zbraně doby předhusitské a husitské, Praha. Zarnóczki A. 1992 Mátyás király katonái: fegyvert, s vitézt éneklek, Budapest. Żygulski Z. (jun.) 1975 Broń w dawnej Polsce: na tle uzbrojenia Europy i Bliskiego Wschodu, Warszawa.

Miroslav Huťka

SALADY NA SŁOWACJI

Streszczenie

Na fasadzie kościoła farnego Wniebowzięcia Marii mi, a niekiedy miały też gruszkowate dzwony. Panny w Bańskiej Bystrzycy znajduje się kamienna W zbiorach słowackich zachowały się jedynie rzeźba z końca XV w. ze sceną ukazujacą Chrystusa dwa takie hełmy, przechowywane w kolekcji Stredo- na Górze Oliwnej. Obok Judasza przedstawiono na slovenskego múzeum w Bańskiej Bystrzycy. Oba za- niej żołdaków noszących popularne w tym czasie bytki należą do grupy salad niemieckich i zostały salady. O ich powszechności na terenie Słowacji wykute z jednego kęsa żelaza. Ze względu na wysoki świadczą zarówno zabytki, jak i ikonografia. poziom wykonania pierwszego z hełmów możemy W Europie Środkowej salady pojawiają się przypuszczać, iż salada była komponentem większego w początkach XV stulecia. Ich geneza związana jest kompletu uzbrojenia. Charakterystycznym jej elementem najpewniej z Włochami, skąd zaczęły przenikać na jest duża zasłona oraz złożony z kilku części nakarczek, sąsiednie tereny, aby w końcu stać się ogólnoeuro- a przy jednej z krawędzi widoczna jest marka płat- pejską ochroną głowy. Wyróżnia się dwie ich główne nerska (Landshut?). Oba zabytki możemy odnieść do odmiany – niemiecką i włoską. Salady typu niemiec- l. 1480-1490. Hełmy były najpewniej przechowywane kiego miały wyraziste poziome linie, często też wy- w miejskim arsenale, a następnie trafiły do zbiorów dłużone lub złożone z kilku segmentów nakarczki. Ich muzealnych. ronda były najczęściej oddzielone od dzwonu hełmu Hełmy tego typu znane są też z przedstawień ostrą krawędzią. Z kolei salady typu włoskiego cha- ikonograficznych z terenu Słowacji. Najstarsze przed- rakteryzowały się przede wszystkim pionowymi linia- stawienie salady (1427 r.) pochodzi z ołtarza z „Pasją” 134 Miroslav Huťka autorstwa Tomasza z Klużu, znajdującego się w Hron- niekiedy zdobione kanelurami, a na krawędziach duży- skim Beňadiku. Za postacią centuriona widoczny jest mi nitami. Salada typu włoskiego została natomiast żołdak z hełmem typu przejściowego. Widać tutaj, przedstawiona na głowie Tomasza Tárczaya na epita- że salada rozwija się z formy żelaznego kapalina, fium z kościoła św. Marcina w Lipanach. Inne salady poprzez usunięcie ronda z części twarzowej. Kolejne typu niemieckiego widnieją na płytach nagrobnych przedstawienia salad pochodzą z tzw. „Tablic” z Hlo- Imricha z Perína (Perényi, †1519) z kościoła Nawie- hovca (l. 40. XV w.), z ołtarza z „Ukrzyżowaniem“ dzenia Panny Marii w Trebiszowie, Stefana z Mar- z Hronského Beňadiku (ok. 1470 r.), malowideł na- kušoviec (Mariássy, †1516) z kościoła św. Michała ściennych ze scenami chrystologicznymi ze Strážiek, w Markušovcach lub Krzysztofa Warkócza (†1520) głównego ołtarza św. Elżbiety w Koszycach i innych. z kościoła św. Krzyża w Keżmaroku. Salady typu Często hełmy te wyobrażane są w rzeźbie. Tutaj do- niemieckiego zostały też wyobrażone na wspomnianej minują hełmy przedstawione na figuralnych epitafiach wyżej rzeźbie ze sceną „Chrystusa na Górze Oliw- znaczących osobistości z czasów panowania Macieja nej” z kościoła w Bańskiej Bystrzycy. Ukazano na Korwina i jego następców. Pierwszym z całej serii niej pięć lub sześć salad bez zasłon, jedną ze stałą oraz epitafiów jest nagrobek Imricha Zápoľského (Szápolay, dwie z ruchomymi zasłonami. Liczba przedstawionych †1487), a także epitafium jego brata Stefana hełmów wskazuje na popularność salad także wśród Zápoľského (Szápolay, †1499), oba z katedry św. mieszczan w końcu XV i początkach XVI stulecia. Marcina w Spiskiej Kapitule. Ukazano na nich po- złacane lub mosiądzowane salady typu niemieckiego, Tłumaczył Piotr N. Kotowicz, Lech Marek