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Paul Robeson & Freedom

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Paul Robeson & Freedom PUBLISHING FREEDOM: AFRICAN AMERICAN EDITORS AND THE LONG CIVIL RIGHTS STRUGGLE, 1900-1955 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Rhone Sebastian Fraser Department of African American Studies August 2012 Examining Committee Members: Heather Thompson, Ph.D., Advisory Chair, African American Studies Anthony Monteiro, Ph.D., African American Studies Edward Lama Wonkeryor, Ph.D., African American Studies Joyce Ann Joyce, Ph.D., English, External Reader © Rhone Sebastian Fraser 2012 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT The writings and the experience of independent African American editors in the first half of the twentieth century from 1901 to 1955 played an invaluable role in laying the ideological groundwork for the Black Freedom movement beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The anti-imperialist writings of Pauline Hopkins who was literary editor of the Colored American Magazine from 1900 to 1904 celebrated revolutionary leaders, and adopted an independent course that refused partisan lines, which prompted her replacement as editor according to a letter she writes to William Monroe Trotter. The anti-imperialist writing of A. Philip Randolph as editor of The Messenger from 1917 to 1928, raised the role of labor organizing in the advancement of racial justice and helped to provide future organizers. These individuals founded the Southern Negro Youth Congress an analytical framework that would help organize thousands of Southern workers against the Jim Crow system into labor unions. Based on the letters he wrote to the American Fund For Public Service, Randolph raised funds by appealing to the values that he believed Fund chair Roger Baldwin also valued while protecting individual supporters of The Messenger from government surveillance. The anti-imperialist writing of Paul Robeson as chair of the editorial board of Freedom from 1950 to 1955 could not escape McCarthyist government surveillance which eventually caused its demise. However not before including an anti-fascist editorial ideology endorsing full equality for African Americans that inspired plays by Alice Childress and Lorraine Hansberry that imagined a world that defies the increasingly fascist rule of the American state.This thesis will argue that the Black Freedom Struggle that developed after the fifties owed a great deal to Hopkins, Randolph, and Robeson. The work that these three did as editors and writers laid a solid intellectual, ideological, and political foundation for the later and better known moment when African American would mobilize en masse to demand meaningful equality in the United States. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I was able to complete this dissertation with a lot of help. I’d first like to thank my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ for health, strength, and continued spiritual guidance and protection. I thank my dissertation adviser Dr. Heather Thompson for being the best dissertation adviser a graduate student can ask for, in terms of being incredibly prompt, thoughtful and compassionate inresponse to emails and phone calls. Your attention to me and my dissertation inspires me and I hope to show the same to a scholar in African American Studies. God Bless you. Next I’d like to thank my biological parents Anserd and Yvonne for the incredibly loving and supportive upbringing they allowed me. I truly thank my Grandmother Maudlin Young for her demand that I communicate with her regularly throughout my writing and, most of all, her unconditional love. I thank my sister Marilyn and her husband Quincy for their support especially in my last semester. I thank my sister Denia for her loving communication and her prayers. I thank my Grandfather Joscelyn Frazer for instilling in my father in Jamaica the importance of education which was passed down to me. I thank my loving Aunt Jasmine for her constant encouragement. I thank my Aunt Sonia for her supportive phone calls. I especially thank my Aunt Iona Burke Watson for wanting to provide shelter and food for me while I was researching at the Schomburg Center. I thank the loving community in Philadelphia I have found which includes but is not limited to: David Agum, Nashay Pendleton, Valerie Harrison, Saundra Gilliard-Davis, Roger Cobb, Anthony Thomas, Chantay Bailey, Abdul-Aliy Muhammad, Allison Malcolm, Pam Austin, Professor Sonia Sanchez, Peggy McGraw, Yvonne Hylton, Christopher D. Weaver, Pastor Donte Jones, Carlos Forbes, Renee McBride-Williams, Elaine Terry, Donja Love, Adia Garrick, Brenda Aldridge, Yvonne Davis, Wanda Staples, the faith communities of Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church, Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, and the God Environment. Regarding my dissertation research, I thank iii Beth Howse for her help in my reading the Pauline Hopkins Papers at the Franklin Library Special Collections. I especially thank Dean Sheila Riley and Jason Harrison of Fisk University for allowing me lodging while I was doing my research at Fisk in 2010. I thank Joellen El-Bashir and Amber Junipher of the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University for access to Hopkins’ New Era Magazine. I thank Kathy Shoemaker for emailing material from the Louis Burnham Papers of the Emory University Manuscripts and Rare Books Library Collection. I thank Genette McLaurin of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture for access to the issues of the Freedom periodical that were not on microfilm. I thank Justin Hill of the Interlibrary Loan services of Temple University for access to several books. I thank Tanean Kinning- Robinson from Temple’s Student Financial Services in my very last semester. I thank Cecelia Antoinette for connecting me with Starletta DuPois. I thank all those that consented to my interviews for the dissertation: Glen Ford, Thelma Dale Perkins, Esther Cooper Jackson, and Dorothy Burnham. I thank Ian Rocksborough-Smith and Erik McDuffie for helping to make my interview with Esther Cooper Jackson possible. I thank friends and family for allowing me lodging while I traveled to research the papers I needed to read for this dissertation: Claudine Wilson, Alvincent Hutson, Marcus Gardley, Markeysha Dawn Davis, Anthony McDonald, Joycelyn Barnett, Calvin Nicholson, my Aunt Barbara Sheriffe, my Aunt Segenie Reid, Uncle Bibbs (Clinton), Stephanie Brown, Donnette French, Patrick Reid, and Deanroy Reid for their support. I am grateful for meeting my relative Jason Latty in Philadelphia. This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to the memory of a dear family member who always loved unconditionally without hesitation, Aunt Florence Edwards Maragh (1946-2012). It is also dedicated to the journalism of another radical editor Alexander Cockburn (1941-2012) whose fearless critique helped make the world better for my nieces and nephews. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 Definition of Terms .....................................................................................................................1 Literature on the Black Freedom Struggle ...................................................................................4 Literature on the Black Press .....................................................................................................14 Theory and Methodology ...........................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 2: PAULINE HOPKINS & THE COLORED AMERICAN MAGAZINE ...............27 Introduction ................................................................................................................................27 Biographical Sketch of Pauline Hopkins ...................................................................................28 Editorial Ideology of Pauline Hopkins ......................................................................................32 Barries to Pauline Hopkins' Editorial Ideology .........................................................................64 How Hopkins Overcame Barriers to Her Editorial Ideology ....................................................81 CHAPTER 3: A. PHILIP RANDOLPH & THE MESSENGER ................................................109 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................109 Biographical Sketch of A. Philip Randolph .............................................................................110 Editorial Ideology of A. Philip Randolph ................................................................................113 Barriers to Randolph's Editorial Ideology ...............................................................................140 How Randolph Overcame Barriers to His Editorial Ideology .................................................167 CHAPTER 4: PAUL ROBESON & FREEDOM ........................................................................202 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................202
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