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Home , Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Khmelnytsky Uprising, Subotiv, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Sich

Chronology of Major Events Associated with the and the Depiction of Amelia M. Glaser and Frank E. Sysyn

Late 1400s–early 1500s. arise on the Slavic-Turkic borderland. Zaporozhian emerges on the River. 1492. Expulsion of from Spain and Italy. A small number of them settle in . 1495. Archduke Alexander expels Jews from Lithuania. Many settle outside the Lithuanian border in Poland. Alexander later becomes king of Poland and allows Jews to return. 1569. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is established through the Union of Lublin. The central Ukrainian lands are transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Kingdom of Poland. 1587–1632. Reign of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. 1595 (?). Bohdan Khmelnytsky is born in the village of , near . 1595–1596. The Metropolitan, some of the hierarchs, and part of the Orthodox Metropolitanate of accept the supremacy of the at the . 1598–1613. Time of Troubles in Muscovy. Polish-Lithuanian intervention with the participation of . 1610s. Khmelnytsky attends Jesuit Academy (in Jarosław or ). xiv Chronology of Major Events

1613–1645. Mikhail I of , the first Muscovite of the house of Romanov. 1619–1621. War between the and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Bohdan Khmelnytsky and his father Mykhailo take part in the Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Ţuţora). Khmelnytsky’s father is killed. Khmelnytsky is captured and spends two years in Ottoman captivity. 1625–1630 and 1637–1638. Major Zaporozhian Cossack uprisings against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, culminating in Cossack defeat and a harsh ordinance restricting Cossack self-governance in 1638. 1632–1648. Reign of Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1637. Khmelnytsky becomes military chancellor of the Zaporozhian Host. 1638. Khmelnytsky participates in Cossack delegation to King Władysław IV. 1645. Khmelnytsky may have served in Cossack detachments in France. 1645–1676. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich rules Muscovy. 1646. Władysław IV Vasa solicits Cossack aid in the campaign against the and the planned war against the Ottoman Empire. Khmelnytsky is one of the Cossack envoys to the king. 1647. The Chyhyryn Daniel Czapliński evicts Khmelnytsky from his estate. 1648. Khmelnytsky, assuming the post of of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, allies with the Crimean and leads a Cossack revolt, igniting a general Ukrainian insurrection. The Cossacks defeat the armies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1648. The uprising involves massacres of Jewish communities, including in Nemyriv on the twentieth of Nisan, a fast-day in honor of the martyrs of the Crusades. Rabbis later declare it a day of mourning for the Jewish victims of the Cossack uprising as well. 1648. Shabetai Tsevi first proclaims himself Messiah. Chronology of Major Events xv

1648. The Cossack troops, led by Kryvonis and Hanzha, conquer Tul’chyn. Many Jews are killed in the process. Winter 1648–49. Khmelnytsky enters Kyiv and is acclaimed by the local clergy and populace as “Moses,” liberator of his people from Polish bondage, and de facto ruler of the nascent . 1648–1668. Jan Kazimierz is the last of the Vasa dynasty to rule Poland. He permits those Jews who were forcibly baptized in 1648 to return to Judaism. 1649. The Peace of recognizes Hetman Khmelnytsky’s and the Cossacks’ control of much of . 1651. The Cossack army is defeated at Berestechko by the Polish- Lithuanian forces. Khmelnytsky accepts Ottoman . 1652. Khmelnytsky arranges the marriage of his son Tymish to the ruling family of . 1653. Natan Hanover publishes Yeven metsulah, about the Jewish casualties of the 1648 uprising. 1653–1654. Khmelnytsky seeks the protection of the Tsar, enlisting Muscovite support against Poland-Lithuania. January 1654. The Treaty of is concluded between Khmelnytsky with the Cossack leaders and representatives of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of Russia. 1656. Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy declare a truce in . Khmelnytsky seeks Swedish and Transylvanian support to preserve the Hetmanate. 1657. Khmelnytsky dies on July 26. 1665. Shabetai Tsevi, who already had a strong Jewish following, declares himself the Messiah. 1667. The Treaty of Andrusova divides the Ukrainian and Belarusian territories between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy, and divides the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnipro River. xvi Chronology of Major Events

1681. ’s great epic Wojna domowa (Civil War) is published. 1700s–1730s. The Cossack histories of Hryhorii Hrabianka and Samiilo Velychko are penned. 1708. Hetman breaks allegiance to Peter I and sides with Charles XII of in the . 1709. The Swedish army is defeated at the Battle of , and Charles XII and Mazepa flee to the Ottoman territories with the surviving Swedish and Cossack troops. 1768. Gonta and Zalizniak lead the rebellion against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1772, 1793, 1795. Austria, Russia, and Prussia partition the Polish- Lithuanian state. 1775. The is destroyed under Catherine II of Russia. 1783. The Cossack Hetmanate is abolished. 1791. Catherine II of Russia establishes the Pale of Settlement in the western borderlands of the . 1812. Napoleon invades Russia. 1825. Decembrist revolt. 1830–31. Polish against the Russian empire. 1847. Imperial police arrest members of the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius. 1857. Mykola Kostomarov publishes his historical study about Bohdan Khmelnytsky; Maksymovych proposes a monument to Khmelnytsky in Kyiv. 1861. Tsar Alexander II liberates the serfs in the Russian empire. 1863. Valuev Circular: ban of publications in Ukrainian. 1863–64. Polish . 1878. Solomon Mandelʹkern publishes his Russian translation of Hanover’s Yeven metsulah. Chronology of Major Events xvii

1881. Members of the revolutionary group “the People’s Will” assassinate Tsar Alexander II. Anti-Jewish follow this event, and many connect them to the massacres of 1648–49. 1884. publishes a historical novel, Ogniem i mieczem ( ), in Polish, about the Khmelnytsky uprising. 1888. Mikeshin’s Monument to Khmelnytsky, which Mikhail Yuzefovich commissioned, is unveiled on Kyiv’s St. Sophia Square in commemoration of nine hundred years since the Baptism of Rusʹ. 1898, 1904, 1905, 1907. The 250-year anniversaries of major events of the Khmelnytsky uprising are marked differently by , Jews, , and . 1904. Haim Nachmann Bialik publishes his poem “Be’ir ha Harega” (In the City of Slaughter), about the 1903 Kishinev . The first version is called “Ma’asa Nemirov” (A Tale of Nemirov) to satisfy the censors, thereby suggesting that the poem is about historical (rather than recent) events. 1905. Russian Revolution. A wave of anti-Jewish pogroms breaks out. 1906–1909. Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński publishes his negative biography of Khmelnytsky. 1912–1920. Viacheslav Lypynsky publishes works on Khmelnytsky as a Ukrainian statesman. 1917. The Bolshevik Revolution. 1917–1921. Ukrainian governments (the Ukrainian Central Rada, the Hetman state, and the Ukrainian National Directory) struggle to establish and maintain Ukrainian independence. 1917–1922. Civil and international wars involving Ukrainians, Russian White armies, Poles, Germans, and Bolsheviks. The fighting is accompanied by a renewed outbreak of anti-Jewish pogroms. 1917–1931. Ukrainian historian publishes his monumental study of the Khmelnytsky era, as part of his -Rusʹ. xviii Chronology of Major Events

1919. publishes his Yiddish novel Kiddush ha-Shem: An Epic of 1648. The branch of the Vilna Troupe has great success with Asch’s dramatization of his novel the following year. 1920s–1930s. Soviet Marxist historiography negatively evaluates Khmelnytsky. 1922. The USSR is formed with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as one of its constituents. 1923. League of Nations recognizes Polish control of . 1929. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) emerges in Western Ukraine with the goal of establishing a Ukrainian nation state. In the 1940s Stepan Bandera will lead a radicalized faction of this group. 1932–1933. Soviet collectivization policies give rise to a massive famine, known as the “” (extermination by hunger), in the Ukrainian territories. 1933. The Warsaw-based journal Globus serializes Isaac Bashevis Singer’s Yiddish novel Satan in Goray, set just after the Khmelnytsky uprising. The novel garners unprecedented success and is republished in 1935 in its entirety without a subvention. 1939. occupies Western Ukraine after Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. 1941–1944. Nazi Germany occupies Ukraine, creating Reichskommissariat Ukraine. 1943. The Soviet Military “Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky” is established. 1943. The town of Pereiaslav is renamed Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky. 1948. Founding of the State of Israel. 1954. Three hundredth anniversary of the Pereiaslav Treaty celebrated as the “eternal reunification” of Ukraine with Russia. The Ukrainian town of Proskuriv is renamed Khmelnytsky. ’s biography of Khmelnytsky, the only scholarly biography of a Ukrainian hetman permitted under Soviet rule, is published. Chronology of Major Events xix

1991. Ukraine declares independence. The USSR is dismantled. 1996. The banknotes enter circulation in Ukraine. Khmelnytsky’s image appears on the five-hryvnia note. 2005. Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s mace, on loan from Poland, is part of the ceremony to swear Viktor Yushchenko into the office of .