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Le Roi Et Le Temps, Le Kongo Et Le Monde: Une Histoire Globale Des

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Le Roi Et Le Temps, Le Kongo Et Le Monde: Une Histoire Globale Des École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Institut des Mondes Africains Thèse de doctorat en Histoire et Civilisations Thiago C. SAPEDE LE ROI ET LE TEMPS, LE KONGO ET LE MONDE Une histoire globale des transformations politiques du Royaume du Kongo (1780-1860) sous la direction de Catarina Madeira-Santos (directrice) et Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga (co-directeur) Jury (27/11/2020) Catarina MADEIRA-SANTOS, Directrice d’études, EHESS/IMAF (directrice de thèse) Rémy BAZENGUISSA-GANGA, Directeur d’études, EHESS/IMAF (co-directeur de thèse) John K. THORNTON, Professeur, Boston University (pré-rapporteur) Marina de MELLO E SOUZA, Professeur, Universidade de São Paulo (pré-rapporteuse) Jean-Frédéric SCHAUB, Directeur d’études, EHESS Cécile FROMONT, Professeur, Yale University 1 Crédit de l’image : « Príncipe D. Nicolau, filho do rei D. Henrique 2o do Congo », huile sur toile, Museu dos reis do Kongo, Mbanza Kongo, Angola. 2 À ma fille Bella, née en même temps que cette thèse… 3 Le roi et le temps, le Kongo et le monde. Une histoire globale des transformations politiques du Royaume du Kongo (1780-1860) Résumé : Cette thèse porte sur le royaume du Kongo dans une période qui va de l’apogée de la traite des esclaves (1780) à l’occupation militaire portugaise de la cour du Kongo et de l’imposition d’un traité de vassalité au Kongo en 1860. Certaines caractéristiques fondamentales de la configuration politique décentralisée de ce royaume sur cette période sont dévoilées dans ce travail, afin de constituer un cadre général (bien que partiel) de l’organisation politique et de mieux comprendre ses transformations. En outre, notre intention est d’aborder la mise-en-marche, la perpétuation et la légitimation (plus ou moins efficace) de ce régime décentralisé par des acteurs (tels que les rois, les conseillers, les missionnaires, les chefs de province et de village, etc.) et des institutions (la royauté, le conseil, les clans, les tribunaux, les diasporas commerçantes, entre autres), prêtant une attention privilégiée aux rapports de force à l’intérieur du Kongo et à leurs liens avec les réseaux globaux, ainsi qu’à leurs transformations dans la durée. Le processus long et complexe de mise en dépendance du Kongo entre 1780 et 1860 est dévoilé au long de cette thèse, à partir, à la fois, d’une Histoire interne du royaume Kongo et d’une Histoire globale du Kongo pour la période mentionnée. En d’autres termes, nous tenons compte du rôle historique des acteurs dans leurs contextes politiques internes, mais aussi dans les réseaux globaux des circulations politiques, diplomatiques et commerciales. Mots clés : Kongo, Histoire globale, XVIIIe siècle, XIXe siècle, Histoire politique. The King and Time, the Kongo and the World. A global History of Kongo Kingdom political transformations (1780-1860) Abstract : This thesis deals with the kingdom of Kongo in a period which goes from the height of the slave trade (1780) to the Portuguese military occupation of the court of Kongo and the imposition of a vassalage treaty on Kongo in 1860. Our goal is to unveil certain characteristic and features of the decentralized political configuration of this kingdom over this period, in order to constitute a general framework (although partial) of the political organization and better understanding of its transformations. We will study the perpetuation and legitimation of this decentralized system by its actors such as kings, councilors, missionaries, provincial and village leaders, etc. , and its institutions (royalty, royal council, clans, courts, trading diasporas, among others), paying special attention to the balance of power within Kongo and their links with global networks, as well as than their transformations over time. The long process of making Kongo dependent between 1780 and 1860 is unveiled throughout this thesis, starting from both an internal history of the kingdom and a Global History of the Kongo. We analyze the history and contexts in the scope of internal politics, but also in its connection to the Atlantic and global political, commercial, and diplomatic networks, and the internal consequences of those connections. Key words: Kongo, Global History, Political History, 18th century, 19th century. 4 Remerciements Sans le soutien de nombreuses personnes et institutions, cette thèse n’aurait pas pu voir le jour. En premier lieu, je tiens à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à ma directrice de thèse, Catarina Madeira-Santos, dont la générosité, l’attention, le soutien et l’infatigable travail ont été essentiels à la réalisation de cette thèse dans toutes ses étapes ; son expérience, érudition, encouragement ont été déterminants non seulement pour ce travail, mais aussi pour ma formation générale en tant que chercheur et historien. Je voudrais aussi remercier énormément Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, pour avoir co-dirigé cette thèse et grandement collaboré par le biais d’indications, de corrections, de critiques et de conseils, enrichissant cette thèse et ma formation avec un point de vue de l’anthropologie et de la sociologie politique. Je remercie Elikia M’Bokolo et Jean-Frédéric Schaub d’avoir intégré mon comité de suivi de thèse pendant ces années, de m’avoir encouragé et d’avoir enrichi ce texte avec de nombreuses indications, précisions et critiques. Au cours de ces années de recherche, j’ai bénéficié de différents soutiens financiers qui m’ont permis de me consacrer complètement à mes recherches et de réaliser des voyages de terrain et d’archives. Je remercie notamment la fondation gouvernementale brésilienne CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pour l’octroi de la bourse (bolsa de doutorado pleno no exterior) qui a permis mon maintien à Paris pendant quatre ans. De nombreuses institutions et projets m’ont attribué des soutiens pour des voyages d’archives et de terrain. Je remercie le projet Mobilisation et Défis Africains (FMSH) pour son aide pour un voyage d’archives au Portugal ; la bourse de terrain de l’Institut de Mondes Africains de l’EHESS et la bourse de terrain de la CAPES qui m’ont donné un soutien financier pour mon séjour en Angola ; le projet IRIS études globales (Paris Sciences et Lettres) pour le voyage et le séjour d’archives en Italie ; enfin, la bourse Aires Culturelles et la bourse de trois mois de l’EHESS pour avoir co-financé un échange universitaire et un séjour d’archives au Brésil. J’ai eu le privilège d’intégrer des projets internationaux, desquels ma thèse a beaucoup bénéficié, et dont certains m’ont aussi financé des voyages pour la participation à des colloques et workshops. Je tiens à remercier le projet Labor, Coercion, and Rights 5 in Africa and the Indian Ocean World in the 19th and 20th Centuries Stanford Global Studies (coordonné par Richard Roberts et Alessandro Stanziani) pour un voyage de workshop à Stanford. Le projet Angola Resgate Group (Université de York, Canada, cordonnée par José Curto) a aussi considérablement contribué avec des sources numérisées et des indications archivistiques pour cette thèse. Je remercie aussi d’intégrer le projet « Production Cultu(r)elles de l’Atlantique sud » (de l’IRD cordonné para E. Kadya Tall) ; je remercie également l’Université de Lorraine pour le financement d’un voyage qui m’a permis de participer au colloque « Art Chrétien en Afrique Centrale ». J’ai aussi intégré le projet Arquivos Coloniais Nativos: Micro-histórias e comparações (ICS-Université de Lisbonne /Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia1, cordonné par Ricardo Roque) ; ce qui m’a permis de participer à un workshop à Lisbonne. Je remercie immensément John Thornton du généreux dialogue des plusieurs années et de m’avoir généreusement donné accès à de précieuses ressources documentaires, informations et indications qui ont été fondamentales pour cette thèse. D’autres chercheurs ont aussi grandement collaboré avec des documents, des conseils et des indications archivistiques : José Curto, Natalia Tamone, Cécile Fromont, Jelmer Vos, Mariana Candido, Bernard Clist, José Horta, Marina de Mello e Souza, Lia Laranjeira, et Eduardo Januário. Aux personnels des archives et bibliothèques (que je ne peux malheureusement pas citer nominalement) sans le travail de qui mes recherches archivistiques n’auraient été pas possibles. Et tout particulièrement, au personnel des archives où j’ai le plus travaillé : l’Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, l’Archive National d’Angola, la Bibliothèque nationale de Paris, l’Archivio Storico de Propaganda Fide, la Bibliothèque da l’Ajuda, l’Archivio Segreto Vaticano. En ce qui concerne tout particulièrement la mission pour l’Angola, je tiens à remercier de nombreuses personnes sans le soutien desquels, mon séjour et mes recherches n’auraient été pas possibles. Je remercie d’abord chaleureusement Allan et Julia Cain pour leur généreuse accueil à Luanda, et qui ont rendu possible mon séjour de trois mois dans cette ville. Pour leur disponibilité et leur soutien (de différentes matières), je tiens aussi à remercier : Alexandra Aparício, Antonio Phukuta Morais, Miriam et 1 Projet INDICO (PTDC/HAR-HIS/28577/2017) Arquivos coloniais nativos: micro-histórias e comparações ; financé par FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, basé à l’Instituto de Ciências Sociais de l’Universidade de Lisboa. 6 Marcio Ngombe, Gabriele Bortolami, Casimiro Costa, Sobreano Capitão, Honoré Mbunga, M. Januário, Dr. Sá, Faustino Kusoka, Vela Ngaba, Toko Kadiatimoto, Benjamim Castelo, ainsi que les membres du Lumbu (conseil des chefs traditionnels de Mbanza Kongo). Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude à de nombreux professeurs dont j’ai suivi les séminaires à Paris pendant ces années d’études et qui m’ont donné directement ou indirectement de précieuses ressources pour cette thèse et, plus généralement, pour ma formation doctorale : E. M’Bokolo, J.F. Schaub, Serge Gruzinski, E. Kadya Tall, Alessandro Stanziani, Eloi Ficquet, Jean-Paul Zuñiga, François Hartog, Pierre-Antoine Fabre, Sanjay Subrahmaniam, Roger Chartier, Laura de Mello e Souza, Claudia Damasceno, Claire Bosc-Tiessé, Marie-Laure Derat et Anaïs Wion, entre autres.
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