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Remapping the Affordances of Russian Language in Tbilisi, Georgia QUALITY, COMFORT, AND EASE: REMAPPING THE AFFORDANCES OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN TBILISI, GEORGIA by Perry Maxfield Waldman Sherouse A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Alaina Lemon, Chair Professor Michael Makin Professor Bruce Mannheim Associate Professor Paul Manning, Trent University Acknowledgments This dissertation would not been possible without funding from the International Institute at the University of Michigan. From the University of Michigan, I also received grants from the Center of Russian and East European Studies, Rackham Graduate School, and the Department of Anthropology. Thank you to my Georgian teachers: Tamriko Bakuradze, Dodona Kiziria, Ramaz Kurdadze, Nestan Ratiani, and Nana Tevzaia. For language study, I am grateful to have received Title VIII grants and FLAS grants for both Russian and Georgian. Thank you to Svitlana Rogovyk at the University of Michigan for an engaging Russian class. Without my Georgian friends and contacts none of this would have been possible. Thanks to the coaches at GEOWF, especially Giorgi Asanidze, Avtandil Gakhokidze, Ramaz Gurgenidze, Temur Janjgava, Gela Makharashvili, Aleko Nozadze, and Guram Parulava. To the weightlifters, keep training hard. Thank you to my amazing research assistant, Elene Chumburidze. Thank you to those who provided me with conversation, ideas, contacts, and inspiration: Rusiko Amirejibi-Mullen, Nargiza Arjevanidze, Tinatin Bolkvadze, Hans Gutbrod, Lamara Kadagidze, Ani Kurdgelashvili, Neli Melkadze, Manana Tabidze, Natia Tananashvili, and Lika Tsuladze. Thanks to Dato and Lika for your hospitality, and to Vakho for hypnotizing me so I could learn Georgian. ii Thank you to my mentors, Alaina Lemon and Paul Manning, for providing feedback and encouragement at every stage of this project. Thank you to Bruce Mannheim for guidance. Thank you to other scholars working in Georgia for putting up with me: Timothy Blauvelt, Elizabeth Dunn, Jeremy Johnson, Erin Koch, Hulya Sakarya, and Gavin Slade. Thank you to the members of the Linguistics Laboratory at the University of Michigan Anthropology department for excellent feedback. Thank you to the Eurasian Collective Workshop at University of Michigan. Thanks also to those who provided feedback on earlier versions of these chapters, including: Erika Alpert, Casey Barrier, Ruth Behar, Will Benton, Carrie Brezine, Nishaant Choksi, Craig Colligan, Nick Emlen, Eli Feiman, Katherine Fultz, Krista Goff, Jodi Greig, Jessica Hill, Gabi Koch, Scott McLoughlin, Michael Lempert, James Meador, Mike Prentice, Stuart Strange, Nik Sweet, and Chip Zuckerman. Thanks to the KNC consultants for helping with formatting issues. Thanks to the Interlibrary Loan program at the University of Michigan. Thanks to the members of the Michigan Powerlifting Club, and to my training partners over the years in Ann Arbor. Special thanks to Zaza Abzianidze, Lesya Tavadze, and Nino Sanikidze for encouragement, inspiration, and friendship. Without you this would be meaningless. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Note on Transliteration and Translation ............................................................................ vi CHAPTER 1. The ideology of replacement: lingua franca and the expectations of Empire ................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. Revaluing Russian: Linguistic Code as Infrastructure ............................. 43 CHAPTER 3. The Threat of Law: Real and Imagined Bans on Russian Language Songs and Films ........................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4. Russian Presence in Georgian Film Dubbing: Scales of Inferiority ....... 124 CHAPTER 5. Hazardous Digits: Telephone Keypads and Russian Numbers ............... 152 CHAPTER 6. Skill and Masculinity in Olympic Weightlifting: Coaching Cues and Cultivated Craziness ....................................................................................................... 183 CHAPTER 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 209 Works Cited .................................................................................................................... 213 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Movie-Goers by Age (Rustaveli/Amirani) ........................................................ 54 Figure 2: Movie-Goers by Age (Rustaveli/Amirani) ........................................................ 54 Figure 3: Knowledge of Russian by Settlement Type, 2011 ............................................ 57 Figure 4: Knowledge of Russian by Age Group, 2011 ..................................................... 57 Figure 5: "Mission: Impossible 4" .................................................................................. 100 Figure 6: Announcement on May 2, 2012 ...................................................................... 102 Figure 7: June 20, 2012 Announcement ......................................................................... 103 Figure 8: Comment from June 20, 2012 Announcement ................................................ 103 Figure 9 : "Rustaveli / Amirani /Apollo Batumi" ........................................................... 129 v Note on Transliteration and Translation For transliteration of Russian, I have followed the Library of Congress system, using the ALA-LC Romanization Table. For transliteration of Georgian, I have followed the Shukia Apridonidze's system, which marks abruptives with an apostrophe to differentiate them from aspirates. In Georgian proper names I have omitted the apostrophe marking. Unless noted otherwise, all translations are my own. I am solely responsible for any errors. vi CHAPTER 1. The ideology of replacement: lingua franca and the expectations of Empire How can we describe the ways that the influence of empire is perceived, registered, or rebuffed? Is there a concept of "influence" that can reveal more than it occludes about the reciprocal, shifting networks of empire? To cultivate such a concept, we must take seriously the ways that interfaces of various kinds are constructed, negotiated, or dismissed. Signs of influence are shaped through interaction that is bodily, material, and social. What I will demonstrate in this dissertation is that Russian has become engrained in a variety of contexts as a medium considered ideal for interfaces involving technical instruments and human bodies, whether in sports training, cellular telephone communication, or film dubbing. Through habitual use, speakers channel "influence" through infrastructures and material forms naturalized as proper, easy, and comfortable for specific social practices. The central contention of this thesis is that we approach languages as consisting of a multiplicity of interfaces– between bodies and technologies, physical settings and psychological states– that cross in habitual, regularized ways in social practice. It is these interfaces, points of contact, frictional edges, and transitional zones through which the 1 qualities and affinities of objects are thrown into relief.1 Indeed, it is only through these edges, borders, and interfaces that separate internalities are understood or imputed. I draw inspiration from this observation by M.M. Bakhtin: ...a domain of culture should not be thought of as some kind of spatial whole, possessing not only boundaries but an inner territory. A cultural domain has no inner territory. It is located entirely upon boundaries, boundaries intersect it everywhere, passing through each of its constituent features [...] Every cultural act lives essentially on the boundaries, and it derives its seriousness and significance from this fact. (Bakhtin 1995 [1924]: 274) In other words, this study privileges points of contact, boundaries, and borders as most active in determining the significance of phenomena, in contrastive and relational terms. In contemporary Tbilisi there is a widespread view that the English language is "replacing" Russian as the predominant secondary national language.2 This view is 1 Note that by "transitional zones," I am not referring to liminality or an "interstructural situation" in Victor Turner's sense (1967:93). Victor Turner, owing to van Gennep, advanced the concept of liminality with respect to a stage in rites de passage ritual in which the state of the subject is ambiguous with respect to fixed social structure. Without tarrying in the details, or later elaborations of Turner's concept of liminality, I stress here that by "transitional zones," I have in mind spaces of connection, passage, and union that are not special inversions or margins of social structure, but instead are located at the very center of it. 2 What I term secondary national languages are those languages used in the capacity of lingua francas, former state languages, or codes recognized as alternatives to the official state languages, used in a variety of capacities, functions, and with various degrees of speaker competence. These languages are not officially identified as national
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