A CHINESt WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS 3

3 ^^^^

VOL. 34, NO. 21 May 27^^J-yne 2, 1991 L

*

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Beijing'^nr

VOL. 34, NO. 21 MAY27-JUNE2,1991

Party Chief Addresses Soviet Pubiic CONTENTS

EVENTS/TRENDS 4 6 • While in Moscow, Jiang Zemin, general secretary of Jiang Winds Up His Soviet the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Tour Li: No Haggling on Status of Party, introduced China's policy of reform and open• Tibet ing to the outside world, its development plans and Bush's Remarks on MFN foreign policy to the Soviet public in a lengthy speech Commented (p. 7). Also published is the full text of the Sino-Soviet Death in Coalpit Raises Cry for Safety Joint Communique signed during Jiang's visit (p. 13). China Joins Tripartite Narcotics Operation

INTERNATIONAL

Tibet's Human Rights Today and Yesterday China on Its March Towards the 21st Century 7 Sino-Soviet Joint Communique 13

• The Dalai Lama and some people abroad have in CHINA recent years been saying that old Tibet was "a heaven Tibet: Human Rights Today of peace" and new Tibet a place without human rights. and Yesterday 16 Is this true? An article on Tibet's human rights today The Autonomous Rights of and yesterday provides readers with a wealth of facts Tibet 20 which show that old Tibet was a barbarous and briital Ancient Civilization Brought to feudal serf society and new Tibet a place where people Light 23 enjoy the right of democracy and freedom. Published BOOKS 26 also in this issue is an article on the autonomous rights Tibet enjoys today (pp. 16 and 20). TOURISM 27 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28 BUSINESS/TRADE 29 31 Discovery Sheds Light on Civilization CULTURE/SCIENCE 32 34 COVER: A variety of cultural rel• ics such as this bronze pot were • The discovery of a 2,000-year-old tomb in central discovered in the tomb of a king China places the history of China's iron metallurgy one hurried 2,800 years ago. century earlier than had been formerly believed (p. 23). Photo by Wang Gangfa

General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia A.$ 33.60 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of China New Zealand NZ.$45.00 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK 18.00 English' Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA US$33.80 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can.$33.80 EVENTS/TRENDS Jiang told his hosts at the sum• mit that China, as a true friend of the Soviet Union, hoped the so• Jiang Winds Up His Soviet Tour cialist cause will thrive in the So• viet Union. "We wish to see a united Soviet Union with social border pact and better mertnykh. stability and economic prosperi• mutual understanding Sources say that the agreement, ty," he said. A achieved during Chinese which also dealed with a maxi• He stressed that reform is a pro• Party leader Jiang Zemin's visit to mum reduction of armed forces cess to optimize and develop the the Soviet Union made another on both sides of the border, was socialist system with its superiori• Sino-Soviet summit a "success." It symbolizes "a new chapter in hamfnered out after Gorbachev's ty. He reiterated the Chinese peo• Sino-Soviet relations," as Soviet 1989 visit to China. ple's determination to build a so- leader Mikhail Gorbachev des• cribed it. As a reciprocation to the China visit by Gorbachev in 1989, Jiang's official visit during May 15-19 was designed, as the Chinese leader said, to "further develop the relationship of good- neighbourliness, friendship, mu• tual benefit, co-operation and long-term stability with the Soviet Union." Jiang attributed the healthy and steady progress in Sino-Soviet relations in the past two years mainly to the 1989 Beijing sum• mit between Deng Xiaoping and Gorbachev, which "ended the past and opened up the future." Since then, Jiang said, the rela• tions between the two countries LIU 5HA0SHAN have stood the test of time despite volatile world situations. Mikhail Gorbachev feasts Chinese leader Jiang Zemin and his party on May 15. He told his Soviet hosts that he believed the development of the bilateral relations had great po• tential and a bright prospect. Gorbachev agreed that the trust and open co-operation between the two neighbouring countries are becoming one of the strong pillars of stability, security and development in Asian and the whole world. He noted that the new develop• ment in Sino-Soviet relations is not directed against any third party. During the summit, an agree• ment on the eastern sector of the 7,500-km Sino-Soviet border was signed by the Chinese Foreign WANG XINQIMG Minister Qian Qichen and his So• Jiang Zemin sings Chinese and Russian songs with his compatriots and Soviet viet counterpart Alexander Bess- friends at the Chinese Embassy on May 16.

4 «WII«<3J»EVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 EVENTS/TRENDS cialist system with Chinese char• Dalai Lama has raised a hue and wantonly interfering in China's acteristics despite difficulties and cry over "Tibet independence." internal affairs. problems ahead of them. "How can this create the atmos• "Under no circumstances will Gorbachev said an important phere necessary for contact?" Li the Chinese people, Tibetans in• aspect of contacts of his country asked. cluded, tolerate this," he said, ad• with China is to enrich the exper• He urged the Dalai Lama to set ding that such rumour-mongering ience in reforms of the two coun• store by the integrity of the moth• constituted a violation of es• tries. erland and the unity of all nation• tablished principles governing in• While calling for renovating so• alities, take a correct attitude and ternational relations. cialism, Gorbachev said he stood make the correct choice. When asked about the changes for constructive and evolutive Asked about the central govern• that have taken place in Tibet in methods while keeping the revolu• ment's policy towards Tibetans the past 40 years, Li cited the tionary essence of the process. living abroad, the premier said abolition of the dark and back• He expressed thanks to the that the central government, al• ward feudal serf system and the Chinese side for its support to his ways solicitous about the plight of noticeable economic and cultural country's reform, and voiced his the Tibetans living abroad, adopts development. He also said that the understanding of the Chinese the policy that "all patriots belong fine traditional Tibetan culture leaders' efforts to build socialism to one big family, whether they has been carried forward and de• with Chinese characteristics. come forward early or late." veloped. Educational, scientific, He believed that social and pol• "All patriots belong to one big cultural and public health facili• itical stability is one important family" means national unity on ties have been expanded. condition for ensuring success in the basis of patriotism, Li said. The premier said that from deepening the reform. And "whether they come forward 1952 to 1990, the central govern• During his visit, the Chinese early or late" means that even ment allocated and invested 17.77 Party leader also visited Lenin• those who were engaged in separ• billion yuan ($3.4 billion) in cap• grad and the Likhachev Automo• atist activities in the past will be ital construction in Tibet but has bile Plant in Moscow, which was still considered as patriots so long never levied a single yuan on the Jiang's intership site and helped as they mend their ways and relin• Tibetans. China build its first auto plant in quish their stand for "Tibet inde• In the future, Li pledged, the the 1950s. pendence." central government will continue • In recent years a small number to carry out policies beneficial to of separatists residing abroad took the development of Tibet's econo• advantage of free entry into and my and culture and to the better• Li: No Haggling exit from Tibet to conduct activ• ment of the life of the Tibetan On Status of Tibet ities of splitting the motherland people. • and even plotted and instigated hinese Premier Li Peng riots in Tibet. This is absolutely Bush's Remarlcs on stressed that Tibet is an in• impermissible, Li said. C alienable part of China and During the interview, Li refut• IMFN Commented this is a fundamental principle ed overseas allegations that there that leaves "no room for hag• are "human rights" problems in hina hopes the United States gling." Tibet, pointing out that the Tibe• will consider the long-term In an interview with Xinhua tan people had no real democracy C interests of the two coun• News Agency on May 19, on the and freedom until the Democratic tries and settle the most-favoured• eve of the 40th anniversary of Ti• Reform in 1959. nation (MFN) issue in a prudent bet's peaceful liberation in 1951, "Which system guarantees hu• and proper manner, said Duan Li also reiterated that the Chinese man rights, the past feudal serf• Jin, a spokesman for the Foreign government's policy' towards the dom or the present socialist sys• Ministry. Dalai Lama is consistent. "The tem, the Tibetan people with their American President George central government is always personal experience are most eligi• Bush said on May 15, "I want to ready to talk to the Dalai Lama, ble to say. It is not difficult for see MFN for China continue, and but he must quit his activities to anyone without bias to arrive at I am making a strong pitch for it." split the motherland and change the correct conclusion by compar• "I look at the importance of his position for 'Tibet independ• ing new Tibet with the old," he China as a country. We don't want ence.' Any question except 'Tibet noted. to isolate China," he continued. independence' can be discussed," Li accused some foreign forces China and the United States Li said. for fabricating the so-called "hu• have granted MFN to each other He pointed out that of late, the man rights" problem in Tibet and since 1980. Under the American

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JIJNB5; »»1 5 EVENTS/TRENDS

law, the president has to make a Death in Coalpit cur with alarming frequency, decision on the extension of Chi• causing heavy losses of lives and na's MFN every year, and then Raises Cry for Safety property," the official said. Congress votes on his decision The ministry urged the 7 mil• within 60 days from July 3, when safety campaign will be lion miners across the country to the annual term of MFN expires. launched later this month join in the safety campaign. • The MFN status gives Chinese A following an explosion in a goods exported to the United Shanxi coal mine. China Joins Tripartite States the same tariff treatment as The gas explosion on the after• those received by the 180 other noon of April 21 killed all 147 Narcotics Operation countries. workers in a mining shaft of San- Revoking the status will lead to jiaohe Coal Mine, Shanxi Prov• hina will co-operate with a dramatic rise in the prices of ince. The disaster is regarded in Myanmar (Burma) and the Chinese exports to America. China as the worst mining acci• C United Nations Interna• Products from China now ac• dent in three decades. tional Drugs Control Programme count for one-third of the Ameri• An initial investigation shows (UNIDCP) to stamp out the ille• can toy market, 10 percent of the that a lack of dust-removing gal Narcotic trafficking. footwear market and 15 percent equipment was the main cause Chinese Premier Li Peng, of the imported clothing market. of the accident, according to Hu UNIDCP executive director Gior• A price rise will hurt local comsu- Fuguo, vice-minister of energy re• gio Giacomelli, and Myanmar's mers. sources. Vice-Foreign Minister U Ohn Ending the MFN status will Ninety percent of those who Gyaw signed the agreement for a also close Chinese markets to were killed in the coalpit were joint anti-drug operation on May American exports. Last year, US pooly trained labourers. And the 14 in Beijing. exports to China totalled US$4.8 mine was poorly managed, Hu Giacomelli and Ohn Gyaw ar• billion. Am^ong those to be ad• said, adding that 30 lives had been rived in Beijing in early May for versely affected would be Ameri• claimed by a similar accident in talks on the fight against drug can wheat growers, whose 1990 the same mine in 1980. trafficking. It is known that most sales approached US$1 billion; Those who are responsible will refined narcotics come from the commercial aircraft manufactur• be punished according to relavent "Golden Triangle" area adjoining ers, for whom China has become laws and regulations and the fam• Thailand, Myanmar and Laos. a dependable US$500 million a ilies of the deceased will be com• The premier was glad to learn year market; and phosphate fer• pensated. that China, Myanmar and the tilizer manufacturers who consis• Industrial accidents in Chinese UNIDCP had a broad and fruit• tently sell one-sixth of their entire coal mines, especially in those run ful discussion. annual output to China. by local governments and indivi-' He said that shortly after New At the same time, it will deal a duals, are kown to be serious des• China was founded in 1949, heavy blow to Hong Kong. About pite the unavailability of casualty China eliminated drug abuse and 70 percent of American imports figures. drug trafficking. from China are shipped through These mines, less equiped "Unfortunately, in recent years Hong Kong. than their central-government- drug trading and drug abuse has Therefore, the Chinese Foreign run counterparts, turn out about begun to appear again in China. It Ministry spokesman urged the 500 million tons of coal a year. is a threat to the people's health United States to handle the issue But working conditions and man• and social security and it flies in prudently for a long-term point of agement are poor, resulting in a the face of the fundamental policy view. higher rate of mining accidents. of China." As for future Sino-American The safety campaign, to be or• Li said that the Chinese govern• relations, he said, so long as China ganized by the Ministry of Energy ment attached great importance to and the United States abide by Resources, may result in the close• drug control. Recently the Stand• the principles as stipulated in the down of many coal mines with ing Committee of the National three communiques between the inadequate safety measures. People's Congress worked out a two countries, bilateral ties can be The vice-minister noted that new law which imposes harsh pen• improved and developed. safety in coal mines, along with alties on drug traffickers. China has been doing this and railway transport and civil avia• "We hope to achieve satisfacto• will continue to do so, the spokes• tion, has been top priority in the ry results in the fight against drug man said, adding that he hopes government's effort to improve in• trafficking and to halt drug abuse the United States will do the dustrial working conditions. with the support of the people," same. • "But serious accidents still oc• said Li. •

6 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 INTERNATIONAL

China on Its March Towards the 21st Century On May 17, 1991, visiting General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin delivered a speech in the Kremlin in Moscow to the Soviet public. Following is the full text of the speech.—Ed.

t gives me great pleasure to visit the Soviet Union at the invita• I tion of Comrade Mikhail Gor• bachev in May, when spring is very much in the air. I feel especially warm and happy to have the oppor• tunity to meet you here today, be• cause many of you not only care for China but also have an intimate knowledge of it. I am visiting your country with the friendly sen• timents and good wishes of the Chinese people of all nationalities towards the Soviet people of all na• tionalities. In the past two days, we have been accorded a warm wel• come by the Soviet leaders and peo• ple of various circles and deeply impressed by the sincere affection of the Soviet people for the Chinese people. Yesterday my colleagues LIU SHAOSHAN and I held talks with Comrade On May 15, Soviet President Mikliail Gorbachev iiolds a ceremony welcoming Gorbachev and also met with oth• General Secretary Jiang Zemin's visit. er leading comrades of the Soviet state and the Soviet Communist two sides in the past two years fresh friendship between the two peoples. Party. We exchanged views exten• progress has been made in various Facts show that the establish• sively on the development of bila• fields in Sino-Soviet relations. State ment and development of a long• teral relations and on the current and Party leaders of the two coun• standing and stable relationship of international situation and interna• tries have maintained their con• good-neighbourliness and friend• tional issues of common concern tacts and links; our economic and ship between China and the Soviet and briefed each other on the trade relations have further devel• Union, the two great socialist coun• domestic situation and the reforms oped; exchanges in science, tech• tries, conform to the fundamental under way in our respective coun• nology, education, culture, sports interests of the two peoples and the tries. We were satisfied with the and other fields have increased interests of peace and stability in results of the talks. steadily; and mass organizations, the world. We hold that owing to Comrades, you. may still remem• non-governmental institutions, aca• their difference in historical back• ber that at about this time two demic bodies and the general publ• ground, social conditions and the years ago a historic meeting took ic of the two countries have grad• level of economic and cultural de• place between Comrade Deng ually increased their interchanges velopment, it is natural and normal Xiaoping and Comrade Gorbach• in all forms. The norinal progress for the two'countries to differ in ev, which opened a new chapter in and healthy development of the views and opinions on some issues. the annals of Sino-Soviet relations contacts between the two Parties, The important thing is that such by ending the past and opening up in particular, have given an im• differences and divergences should the future. petus to the development of the not be allowed to affect the devel• We are pleased to note that friendly relations of co-operation opment of normal state-to-state re• thanks to the joint efforts of the between the two countries and the lations. Sino-Soviet relations have

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 21-JIJNE 2,1991 7 INTERNATIONAL been able to develop in a normal development. China's socialist modernization and healthy manner in the past two I. Adhere to the Path of Building is an entirely new undertaking. In years, because both sides have trea• Socialism with Chinese Character• the course of our progress, we have sured and attached great import• istics experienced both successes and set• ance to our normalized relations, It is known to all that China backs. An important lesson we because both sides have followed was once a semi-feudal and semi- have drawn from it is that socialist the principles of mutual respect for colonial country with a backward construction must proceed from sovereignty and territorial integr• economy and culture. In the 100 the realities in China. We have also ity, mutual non-aggression, non• years from the mid-19th century, it realized keenly that the fundamen• interference in each other's in• was subjected to all kinds of bully• tal task of socialism is to develop ternal affairs, equality and mutual ing and aggression by imperialism social productive forces. The super• benefit, and peaceful co-existence and suffered from great misery and iority of socialism lies in the fact in handling state-to-state relations humiliation. In their struggle to that the productive forces inherent and abode by the principles of in• save and revitalize the country, in the system are bound to grow dependence, full equality, mutual many people with lofty ideals faster and become more developed respect and non-interference in groped in the dark, advanced wave than those under capitalism. Re• each other's internal affairs in han• upon wave, and even laid down form is the only way to develop dling Party-to-Party relations. The their lives for the cause. Unfortun• productive forces; it is by nature improvement and development of ately, none of them succeeded. The the self-refinement and develop• relations between China and the salvos of the October Revolution ment of socialism and is aimed at Soviet Union is not directed at any brought China Marxism-Leninism accelerating the growth of produc• third party, nor at any other coun• which, once integrated with the tive forces and all-round social pro• try. In our future contacts, we will Chinese workers' movement, gave gress to constantly add to the vi• continue to follow these principles. birth to the Chinese Communist gour and vitality of socialism. Our We are convinced that the develop• Party. Following a protracted and reform should always be socialist- ment of Sino-Soviet relations has a arduous struggle under the lead• oriented. It is our most important broad prospect. We will work ac• ership of the Chinese Communist experience that reform and open• tively to further develop the friend• Party, the Chinese people at last ing to the outside world must be ly and co-operative relations be• overthrew the "three big integrated organically with contin• tween the two countries and the mountains"—imperialism, feudal• uous consolidation and perfection two Parties and further consolidate ism and bureaucratic capitalism of the socialist system. and enhance the great friendship —and founded the New China. Upon the suggestion of Comrade between the two peoples. Tremendous achievements have Deng Xiaoping, our Party summed The approaching steps of the been scored in all fields since the up our past and more recent pract• new century are already distinctly founding of the People's Republic ical experience at the Third Plen• audible. Mankind will enter into more than 40 years ago. Under the ary Session of the 11th Central the 21st century in a decade. This leadership of the Chinese Com• Committee and then at the Party's is an important historical period. munist Party, the Chinese people 12th and 13th national congress• The last decade of the 20th century of all nationalities have made con• es. And upon this basis, we have is a very crucial period in the his• certed efforts in overcoming var• drawn the scientific thesis that torical course of China's socialist ious difficulties and succeeded in China is in the primary stage of construction for modernization. turning a poor and backward socialism, and formulated the basic The Seventh Plenary Session of China into a socialist country with line of taking economic construc• the 13th Central Committee of the initial prosperity. Through our tion as the central task, upholding Chinese Communist Party and the hard work for more than 40 years, the four cardinal principles and ad• Fourth Session of the Seventh Na• we have solved the problem of in• hering to reform and opening to tional People's Congress of China adequate food and clothing for a the outside world, and worked out have charted the course for China's population that accounts for one a series of principles and policies economic and social development fifth of the world's total, built an that have proved effective. To in the coming ten years and drawn independent and rather compre• combine the universal truth of up a magnificent blueprint towards hensive system of industry and na• Marxism-Leninism with China's the end. This is of great and far- tional economy and developed actual conditions, go our own way, reaching significance for ensuring science, technology, education, cul• and build socialism with Chinese the progress of our country and ture, public health and sports, thus characteristics—that is our basic nation in the 21st century. Under enhancing China's overall national conclusion. the leadership of the Chinese Com• strength. The Chinese people have II. China's Tremendous Achieve• munist Party, the Chinese people come to realize from their own ex• ments in Construction and Reform are striving for the realization of perience that only socialism can China's reform started from the their second-step strategic objective save China and only by building countryside and then proceeded for national economic and social socialism can China prosper. into urban areas to cover all sec-

8 BSWIt^j REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 On May 16, Jiang Zemin holds talks with Gorbachev. WANG XINQING tors. While it took only a few years able progress was also made in the current level of productive for the rural reform to produce the science and technology, education forces in China and conducive to desired result, an all-round reform and culture, and the overall nation• the development of the socialist of the economic system has proved al strength grew further. The av• planned commodity economy. to be much more complex and ar• erage level of consumption of the 2) The single-mode system of duous. Reform is a great practice, rural and urban residents went up distribution of the past was grad• and we are exploring our way by 80 percent after adjustment due ually changed to a system which is ahead. to the price factor. mainly "to each according to his To achieve our Party's goal, we We made these tremendous work" and supplemented by other have combined reform with devel• achievements in the 1980s mainly modes. This change is of great im• opment and worked out a three- because we carried out the reform portance for eliminating egaiitari- step strategy for economic and so• of the economic system and open• anism and bringing into play the cial development: ing to the outside world. The re• enthusiasm of working masses and — First, to take ten years to dou• form has brought about significant various sectors of society. We allow ble the 1980 gross national prod• changes in the fabric of the econo• and assist some people and areas to uct in terms of constant prices and mic system: get well-off before others through solve the problem of inadequate 1) The single-sector system of honest labour and lawful oper• food and clothing. We have accom• public ownership of the past was ations; at the same time, we en• plished this task ahead of schedule. gradually transformed into a sys• courage those who have become — Secondly, to quadruple the tem containing diverse economic well-off first to provide assistance 1980 GNP in terms of constant sectors with public ownership as to those still in poverty so as to prices by the end of the century so the main body. Over the past de• achieve common prosperity and that the people nationwide could cade, we upheld the socialist public prevent a wide gap between the live a relatively comfortable life. ownership as the mainstay and in poor and the rich. Common pros• We are now working hard towards the meantime encouraged an ap• perity and prevention of the polar• this end. propriate development of indi• ization of society is an important — Thirdly, to make China's per vidual economic activities and the principle of the socialist system; it capita GNP reach in general the private sector in the urban and rur• also demonstrates the immense su• level of moderately industrialized al areas as well as enterprises with periority of this system. nations by the middle of the 21st sole foreign investment and joint 3) The excessively centralized century, basically realizing the so• ventures. We gave the public own• system of planned economy of the cialist modernization. ership a principal part in the econ• past was gradually transformed During the 1980s, China's GNP omy, while giving other economic into a system and an operational increased by 136 percent and its elements a role that is supplemen• mechanism that combine a planned national income by 131 percent in tary and beneficial to the socialist economy with market regulation terms of constant prices. Consider• economy. Such a policy is suited to and are suited to the development

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-jUt*t6-i; 9 IHTERNATIONAL of a planned commodity economy ple of all nationalities. Therefore, At present, numerous contradic• based on public ownership. This is we have always adhered to and tions and problems are still in store the important content of as well as tried to improve the leadership of for us on our road of advance. To the basic orientation towards dee• the Party. We have strengthened name a few: the deficiencies of the pening the reform of the econo• and improved, and will continue to original economic system have not mic system. We have accumulated strengthen and improve, the system been eliminated completely, the some experience in this respect, but of the National People's Congress economic results of some enter• continued efforts are still needed to and the system of multi-party co• prises remain poor, the industrial explore specific ways and forms of operation and political consul• structure is still irrational, the state restructuring in the course of prac• tation under the leadership of the is confronted with financial diffi• tice. Chinese Communist Party, while culties, and there still exist certain We have made big strides in establishing and improving the pro• elements of instability in an over• opening to the rest of the world on cedures and rules of democratic all political situation marked by the basis of self-reliance, with the decision-making and democratic stability and unity. result that our foreign trade and supervision, establishing a system The achievements of the 1980s economic and technological ex• of leadership that is conducive to have further strengthened the faith changes and co-operation with for• improving work efficiency and fir• of the Chinese people of all na• eign countries have expanded rap• ing the enthusiasm of all quart• tionalities in socialist moderniza• idly. China's total volume of im• ers, and restructuring institutions tion and enhanced their will and port and export in 1990 more than of state administration in line with confidence in overcoming difficul• trebled that of 1980. We have es• the process of economic restructur• ties. tablished five special economic ing. III. 1990s—a Crucial Decade for zones, opened 14 coastal cities, in• China's socialist modernization China's Socialist Modernization cluding Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai and reform is a protracted and ar• The last decade of the 20th cen• and Guangzhou, set up 13 econo• duous undertaking. We have made tury is one of utmost importance to mic and technological development great achievements in socialist China. During the period, China is zones, as well as the economical• modernization and reform over the to achieve their objective for the ly open zones in the deltas of the past 12 years, but some shortcom• second step of socialist moderniza• Yangtze River and the Zhujiang ings and faults have also emerged tion. We will continue to carry out River, the triangular region in the in our practical work. They are the Party's basic line steadfastly southern part of the Fujian Prov• chiefly: and in an all-round way and adhere ince, the Shandong Peninsula and — Neglecting political and ideo• to the socialist road and the policies the Liaodong Peninsula. Last year, logical education for a time. While of reform and opening to the out• we made a decision to open and working hard for material progress, side world. China's economic and develop the new Pudong area of we failed to pull our weight in social development will be promot• Shanghai. As a result, a nationwide making cultural and ideological ed through reform and opening to pattern of opening to the outside progress. the outside world, while reform world is taking shape by gradually — Being eager to score a quick will deepen and the work of open• advancing along the line of "special success in economic development ing to the outside world will furth• economic zones—coastal open ci• and reform, which resulted in eco• er expand in the course of develop• ties—coastal economically open nomic overheating. ment. zones—the interior." — Excessive decentralization in China's goal for deepening the While carrying out an all-round some sectors of the national econo• reform of the economic system in reform of the economic system, we my, which resulted in a weakening the 1990s is to preliminarily esta• have also conducted a reform of of the state's power of macroecon- blish a system of socialist planned the political system with a view to omic regulation and control. commodity economy. We hold that ensuring the stability and unity of The Party made a timely and both planning and market are the society, strengthening and perfect• conscientious summing-up of our inherent requirements of the so• ing socialist democracy and legal experience and lessons, streng• cialized mass production and the system, and bringing the socialist thened the state's power of ma- development of commodity econo• initiatives of the masses of people croeconomic regulation and my. The planning we talk about into play. The Chinese Communist control, promoted ideological here is not one dominated by ad• Party is the force at the core for and political education among the ministrative means to the exclusion leading the Chinese people in their broad masses, improved the econo• of a role played by market mechan• socialist modernization effort. The mic environment, rectified the eco• ism, but one that is suited to the leading position of the Chinese nomic order and deepened the re• demand of the development of Communist Party in the country form. Thanks to concerted efforts, commodity economy and respects came into being in history, and is we have brought the excessively the law of value; the market we stipulated by the constitution and high speed in industrial develop• speak of is not one marked by free- acknowledged by the Chinese peo• ment and inflation under control. wheehng and anarchism, but an or-

10 Bia«Ne.««VIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 INTERNATIONAL derly one that is guided by state China has started to implement IV. China Is in Need of a Peace• planning and subjected to the the 10-Year Programme and the ful International Environment state's macroeconomic regulation Eighth Five-Year Plan for Nation• In carrying out socialist moder• and control. We will continue our al Economic and Social Develop• nization, China is in need of a long• exploration in this field and endea• ment. Experience in the past 40 standing and stable international vour to create an operating me• years and more tells us that the environment of peace. We have chanism of socialist commodity development of economy requires, always regarded it as our sacred economy that combines planned first of all, a political situation of cause to maintain world peace. economy with market regulation stability and unity. We maintain In the world today, political and conforms to China's actual that stability is an overriding fac• winds are ever changing and vola• conditions. tor. Without a stable political situa• tile and the international situation An important principle guiding tion, construction would be out of is marked by turbulence and in• China's economic construction is to the question, and so would be re• stability. The old pattern of the maintain a sustained, stable and co• form. The Chinese people have world, which shaped up at the end learned from historical experience of World War II, has disintegrated, ordinated development of the na• but a new one is yet to take shape. tional economy. Because China has what would result from social tur• The whole world is in a transitional a poor foundation to start with moil in a big country like China. In period in which the old structure is and is thickly populated, a com• case of turmoil, people would not being replaced by the new one. The paratively fast economic develop• be able to live and work in peace international situation is character• ment is required to achieve the and contentment, the economy ized by relaxation at one time or in strategic objectives of the second would collapse, a civil war would one place, but tension at another and third steps of socialist moder• break out and the country would time or in another place. In a word, nization. On the other hand, how• break up. Stability and unity are the world is far from being trouble- ever, in order to avoid violent eco• the prerequisite as well as the guar• free. nomic fluctuations and an unstable antee for economic development People all over the world ardent• development, we must not be impa• and reform, while economic devel• ly hope for peace and aspire for tient for quick results and set an opment will, in return, promote development. Despite the host of excessively high demand on the and further develop a political si• problems facing the world today, economic speed. In the next de• tuation of stability and unity. we are deeply convinced that world cade, China will maintain its eco• In the new decade, we are still peace can be maintained and the nomic growth at a moderate aver• faced with the task of ultimately cause of development of mankind age annual rate of about 6 percent, reunifying our motherland. Hong• will eventually be carried forward and consistently centre its econo• kong and Macao will return to through the common efforts of the mic work on the improvement of China in 1997 and 1999 respective• people of all countries in the world. economic results. By so doing, we ly. We will firmly adhere to the China pursues an independent will be able not only to achieve our policy of "one country, two sys• foreign policy of peace. No matter second-step objective and leave tems" and work hard to advance how the world situation changes, some leeway, but also to avoid the cause of peaceful reunification. China will, at all times and un• violent economic fluctuations and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the der all circumstances, uphold in• maintain the co-ordination of the territory of the People's Republic dependence, refrain from entering ratios among the major sectors of of China, and the government of into alliance or establishing strateg• the national economy. the People's Republic of China is ic relations with any big powers, Agricultural development re• and decide on its own position and mains our top priority in the 1990s. the sole legitimate government re• policy on any international issue Agriculture is the foundation presenting the whole of China. according to the rights and wrongs of economic development, social We resolutely oppose any attempt of the issue itself. China firmly stability and national independ• aimed at creating "two Chinas," supports whatever is conducive — ence. The problem of providng en• "one China, one Taiwan," "one and resolutely opposes whatever is ough food for a population of over country, two governments" or "in• detrimental — to the maintenance 1.1 billion can only be solved by dependence of Taiwan;" we firmly of world peace, the development of ourselves through a correct policy oppose the so-called "elastic diplo• friendship and co-operation among plus unremitting efforts. To devel• macy" and "substantial diplomacy" nations, and global economic pros• op agriculture, we will continue tp pursued by the Taiwan authorties; perity. China is willing to develop deepen the rural reform and popu• and we firmly oppose any attempts friendly and co-operative relations larize advanced science and tech• by countries having diplomatic re• with all countries in the world on nology in agriculture, increase agri• lations with the People's Republic the basis of the Five Principles of cultural input by the state, the lo• of China to develop official ties Peaceful Coexistence. We make it calities, the collective units and the with Taiwan or to conduct any con• the basic foothold of our foreign individual peasants. tacts and exchanges of an official policy to strengthen and develop Since the beginning of this year. nature with Taiwan. unity and co-operation with third

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 11 INTERNATIONAL world countries. sive, just and reasonable. With pro• ficulties of many developing coun• China attaches great importance gress made in the political settle• tries are deteriorating. Without eli• to developing good-neighbourly re• ment of the Cambodian question, mination of the old international lations with its surrounding coun• Sino-Vietnamese relations will also economic order, which is unjust tries. Sino-Soviet relations have be normalized step by step. China and inequitable, and without eco• further developed since the nor• will continuously strive for the im• nomic development in the develop• malization of bilateral ties two provement and development of its ing nations, world peace and stabil• years ago. We support the Demo• relations of friendship and co• ity can hardly be safeguarded. cratic People's Republic of Korea operation with its surrounding I stayed in your country for in its proposal for promoting the countries and make positive contri• some time in the 1950s, which left self-determined and peaceful reu• butions to maintaining peace and me a fine impression. The Soviet nification of Korea. We will con• stability in Asia and the world as a Union is a great country, and the tinue to work actively with parties whole. Soviet people are a great people. concerned for a relaxation of ten• In order to foster normal inter• It is blessed with a vast territory, sion and stability on the Ko• national relations and ensure world abundant resources, a long history, rean Peninsula. Relations be• . peace in the 21st century, there is a an excellent cultural tradition, adv• tween China and India have seen need to establish a new internation• anced science and technology, and a notable improvement; a steadily al order. China stands for the esta• a solid industrial foundation. Your stable good-neighbourly relation• blishment of a new international beautiful land has nurtured gener• ship between the two nations not order on the basis of the Five ations of revolutionaries, thinkers, only conforms to the fundamental Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. scientists, inen of letters and artists. interests of the two peoples, but These principles are interrelated, The Soviet Union is the homeland also contributes to peace and stabil• but the most important one is non• of Lenin and the home of the Octo• ity in Asia as a whole. China's interference in each other's inter• ber Revolution. During World War friendly and co-operative relations nal affairs. While not seeking for II, the Soviet people made prodi• with Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, hegemony itself, China is opposed gious national sacrifices and, along Sri Lanka and Myanmar are con• to hegemonism and power politics with the people of other countries, stantly expanding. China's friendly in any form and is opposed to any protected mankind from greater ties with Thailand, Malaysia and country that wantonly interferes in catastrophe. People in the world the Philippines have made consi• the internal affairs of other coun• will forever remember this great derable progress. China has always tries and forces upon them its own contribution made by the Soviet attached great importance to enh• political and economic systems and people to the history of world civil• ancing its friendship and relations concept of values. There will be no ization. The tremendous achieve• of co-operation with Japan, and the tranquility in the world so long ments made by the Soviet people peoples of the two countries share as hegemonism and power politics of all nationalities in their socialist a common desire to live in peace have not stepped down from the construction in the past 70 years and frinedship from generation to stage of history. China maintains and more are undeniable. generation. China has restored di• that all countries in the world, big The friendship between the plomatic relations with the Republ• or small, rich or poor, strong or ic of Indonesia and established di• Chinese and Soviet peoples goes weak, are equal; China is ada• back to ancient times. A normal plomatic ties with the Republic of mantly against the big bullying the Singapore, thereby opening up vast development of Sino-Soviet re• small, the rich oppressing the poor, lations is not only in keeping with vistas for the development of and the strong lording itself over friendship between China and the common desire and fundamen• the weak. The internal affairs, of a tal interests of the two peoples, but these two nations. China is also country should be managed by expanding its exchanges and co• also beneficial to peace and stabili• its own people, and world affairs ty in the Asia-Pacific region and to operation with the People's Re• should be handled through consul- public of Mongolia and Laos. the betterment of international re• taions among all countries. A new lations as a whole. The relations Thanks to the common efforts of international political order is the international community, the between our two countries have closely linked with and inseparable now entered upon a new stage. Let work for the political settlement of from a new international economic the Cambodian question has made us make joint efforts to main• order. Many years have passed tain and consolidate the good- a major progress. China is willing since the idea of establishing a new to work along with the internation• neighbourly relations between the internaional economic order was two countries not only in this cen• al community and within the put forward, but the economic gap framework of relevant United Na• tury but continuously in the 21st between the developed and devel• century. tions documents for a political set• oping countries is still widening, tlement of the Cambodian question with the rich getting richer, the May the great friendship be• at an earliest possible date, a settle• poor poorer, and the economic dif• tween the Chinese and Soviet peo• ment that should be comprehen• ples develop steadily. •

12 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JlINE 2,1991 INTERNATIONAL

Sino-Soviet Joint Communique

Moscow, May 19,1991

1. Jiang Zemin, general secretary of the Central and experience in the party work under present Committee of the Communist Party of China and conditions. Contacts between the two Parties in the chairman of the Central Military Commission of the future will be conducted continuously in accordance People's Republic of China (PRC), paid an official with the principles of independence, full equality, visit to the Soviet Union on May 15-19, 1991 at the mutual respect and non-interference in each other's invitation of Mikhail S. Gorbachev, president of the internal affairs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and 4. Both China and the Soviet Union appraise general secretary of the Central Committee of the positively the expanding scopes and diversifying Communist Party of the USSR. forms of bilateral economic and trade ties. There Jiang Zemin and M. S. Gorbachev exchanged exist mutual-complementarity and remarkable po• views in a friendly, candid and business-like manner tential for co-operation in the economic sphere be• on Sino-Soviet relationship in all its aspects and on tween the two countries. They will endeavour con• pressing international issues of common concern. tinuously to fulfil their long-term programme for In the course of his visit, Jiang Zemin also met economic, scientific and technological co-operation with Anatoly I. Lukyanov, president of the Supreme and other agreements in this field, expand compos• Soviet of the USSR, and Valentin S. Pavlov, prime itive co-operative undertakings of mutual benefit, minister of the USSR. The distinguished Chinese develop direct and cross-the-border ties between the guest visited Leningrad. provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and 2. The current meeting between the Chinese and enterprises in China on the one hand and the republ• Soviet leaders is a continuation of the high-level ics, territories, regions and enterprises in the Soviet meeting between Deng Xiaoping and M. S. Gor• Union on the other, and assure them of support bachev in May 1989. Both sides make a high ap• from the central organs. Cash-based trade will be praisal of the great significance of the normalization developed, and support will be given to all trade of Sino-Soviet relations and reaffirmed that they forms taken in worldwide practice. Both sides will will continue to abide by the agreements reached at make an active search for new ways and methods of the Beijing meeting and the principles expounded in economic co-operation and for possibilities of co• the "Sino-Soviet Joint Communique" dated May 18, operation with the third countries in realizing var• 1989. They note with satisfaction that thanks to ious business projects. Both are willing to conduct their joint efforts, the friendly and co-operative an extensive exchange of economic, scientific and relations between the two countries are developing technological information and experience in econo• steadily in the political, economic, trade, scientif• mic reforms. They will continue joint efforts for ic and technological, cultural, military and other further enhancement of the effectiveness of the fields. economic and trade co-operation between China and Treasuring the achievements already made, both the Soviet Union on the basis of equality and mu• sides express readiness to further develop the rela• tual benefit. tions of friendliness, good-neighourliness, mutual 5. The PRC and the USSR will encourage con• benefit and co-operation. This not only accords with tacts between the citizens and conduct exchanges the interests and aspirations of the peoples of the and co-operation between the legislative organs, two countries, but also contributes to the mainte• ministries, state commissions and social organiza• nance of peace and stability in the whole world. tions. Both sides will make efforts for further devel• 3. The ever-strengthening ties between the opment of the scientific and cultural exchanges and Chinese Communist Party and the Soviet Commun• closer contacts in education, sports and other fields. ist Party play a significant role in the overall Sino- Both sides agreed to promote exchanges and co• Soviet relations. As has been proved in the past two operation in the legal sphere, and work out and years, it is useful to exchange information, opinions conclude an accord on judicial assistance in han-

BEUING REyiEW, MAV 27-JUNE 2, 1991 13 INTERNATIONAL dling civil and criminal cases. The responsible or• light of its specific conditions. gans of the PRC and the USSR will co-ordinate in 9. M.S. Gorbachev gave a briefing on the efforts the fight against organized crime, international ter• for preserving the Soviet Union as a revived feder• rorism, drug trafficking, smuggling and other cri• ation of sovereign republics, and on the forthcoming minal activities. The forms and methods of co• signing of a new union treaty. The Chinese side operation in this respect will be discussed on separ• expressed its understanding of the importance of a ate occasions. positive resolution of the problem. 6. Both sides affirm the positive developments in 10. The leaders of the PRC and the USSR ex• the negotiations on boundary issues between the two changed views on major issues of the current inter• countries, and stress the necessity of securing the national situation. They hold that the improvement results in the form of treaty and law. They welcome of Soviet-US relations, the progress made in the the signing of the agreement on the eastern section field of disarmament, the relaxation of some region• of the Sino-Soviet state boundary. In the spirit of al conflicts or the emergence of prospects for their the "Sino-Soviet Joint Communique" of May 1989, political settlement, are positive changes in the in• both sides will continue intensively negotiations on ternational situation. Meanwhile, they point out the the unfixed sections for a just and reasonable solu• situation in the world is far from being stable given tion of the boundary issues left behind by history. the interwoven complex of contradictions of various Both sides point out that the "Agreement on Mu• kinds. Both sides express concern about the irration• tual Reduction of Military Forces in Sino-Soviet al international economic order, particularly the Borders and the Guiding Principles for Enhancing widening gap between the developed and developing Trust in the Military Field" signed by the two nations, and the intensifying debt problem and the governments has made a positive contribution to the worsening of terms of international trade. The two maintenance of tranquility and stability in the bor• sides will continue to promote the process of nor• der areas and has strengthened mutual trust be• malization of the international situation, arms re• tween the two countries. The two sides will carry out duction, and settlement of regional conflicts. The negotiations continuously and actively in the future two sides reaffirm that neither the PRC nor the for achieving practical results. USSR will seek hegemony in the world, and they are Both sides make it clear that normal and friendly opposed to hegemonism of whatever forms in inter• contacts will be maintained between the military national politics. forces of the two countries. 11. China and the Soviet Union attach great im• 7. The Chinese side reiterates that the Govern• portance to deepening good-neighbourly relations, ment of the People's Republic of China is the sole multi-faceted co-operation, and security and stabil• legitimate government representing the whole of ity in the Asian-Pacific region, which is conducive China. Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory to peace and development of all countries in the of the PRC. The Chinese side resolutely opposes any region and that of the world in general. In recent attempts or moves to create "two Chinas," "one years, some positive changes have taken place in this China, one Taiwan," "one country with two govern• region, meanwhile, elements of instability still exist, ments" or "an independent Taiwan." and hot spots and unsettled conflicts remain. The The Soviet Union supports this position of the two sides believe that the political and economic PRC. issues affecting the common interests of the Asian- 8. The leaders of the PRC and the USSR briefed Pacific nations should be resolved through political each other on the present political, social and eco• dialogue and consultation on the basis of equality. nomic situation in their respective countries. They The PRC and the USSR are ready to make joint hold that it is beneficial to frequently exchange efforts for turning the Asian-Pacific region into a opinions on these issues. Some differences on opi• zone of openness, co-operation and prosperity. nions and methods of action between the two sides 12. The two sides express the hope for a compre• are natural and do not hinder the normal develop• hensive, just and reasonable solution to the Cam• ment of bilateral relations. bodian problem at an earliest possible date. They Both sides point out that socialism, as a new social hold that the framework documents of the five system, can hardly avoid difficulties and contradic• permanent members of the Security Council of the tions in its development. In view of the realities in United Nations constitute a good foundation for their respective countries, the two sides hold that achieving a comprehensive political settlement in reforms are necessary for tapping the potential of Cambodia. Both sides support the efforts made by socialism. One important prerequisite for reforms is the co-chairmen of the Paris International Confer• to maintain stability of the state and society. There ence on Cambodia and the UN Secretary-General, are no universal patterns in carrying out reforms. and call on all parties concerned in Cambodia to The people of each country have the right to inde• reach an agreement on a comprehensive solution on pendently decide the affairs of their own country in the basis of the above-mentioned documents in a

14 BEIJING REVIEW; MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 INTERNATIONAL

shortest possible period of time. active part in international affairs and in solving 13. China and the Soviet Union hold that relaxa• economic, social, population, ecological and other tion of the situation on the Korean Peninsula is of global problems. great importance for the security and stability in . 17. The two sides stand for the establishment of a northeast Asia. Both sides welcome the positive new and just international political and economic changes that have recently taken place on the pen• order which is conducive to the development of insula, reaffirm their support for the realization of mankind, in the interests of world peace, and in a peaceful reunification of Korea through dialogue accord with the common wishes of the peoples all and consultations between the north and south. over the world. They express the hope that the north and south will The new international order should be based on continue their dialogue for further improvement of the universal principles governing state-to-state re• mutual relations, and call for both sides to refrain lations, namely, mutual respect for sovereignty and from taking any acts that might impede detente on territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non• the peninsula and a peaceful reunification of Korea. interference in each other's internal affairs, equality 14. The two sides keep a watch with deep concern and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence. over the developments in the Gulf and in the Mid• All countries have the right to choose their social dle East as a whole. They consider it necessary to system, ideology, economic model and path of de• overcome the consequences of the earlier conflict in velopment in light of their own characteristics. Dif• the Gulf region as soon as possible. They maintain ferences in these respects should not be allowed to that the affairs in the Gulf should be resolved impede normal relations and co-operation between mainly by the countries and peoples in that region them. All countries, big or small, strong or weak, through negotiations. rich or poor, have equal rights in discussing and handling world affairs. The PRC and the USSR are anxious about the Middle East problems that remain unsolved. The International disputes should be solved through international community, the United Nations in peaceful negotiations. In state-to-state relations, no particular, should participate more actively in the country should impose its will upon others, nor establishment of peace and stability in the region, should it use or threaten to use force. and take practical measures for the implementation In order to seek joint development and common of the UN resolutions on the Middle East problem prosperity, all countries should advance economic ties, and build up just international economic rela• so that a just and lasting solution could be achieved. tions. No political strings should be attached to the As permanent members of the UN Security Coun• povision of assistance. cil, China and the Soviet Union will continue their efforts for a comprehensive settlement in the Mid• The formation of the new international order is a dle East, including the solution of the Palestine long and complicated process. Active participation by all members of the international community, problem. respect for the United Nations Charter and observ• 15. Both sides point out that if the Soviet Union ance of the recognized norms of international law and the United States could achieve results in their are the requirements for the setup of the new inter• negotiations on the reduction of strategic offensive national order. weapons and have their agreements realized, that China and the Soviet Union express readiness to would be of positive significance to the consolida• make further efforts, together with all countries in tion of world security and would lay a foundation the world, for the establishment of the new interna• for the adoption of measures eventually leading to tional order. the complete and thorough destruction of nuclear 18. The Chinese and the Soviet leaders highly weapons. Both sides stand for concluding an accord evaluate the results of the meeting. They express on complete prohibition and thorough destruction satisfaction with the fact that relations between of all chemical weapons as speedily as possible, China and the Soviet Union, between the Chinese for strengthening the enforcement of the treaty on and Soviet Communist Parties and the traditional prohibition of biological weapons, and for reaching friendship between the two peoples are entering agreements on keeping the outer space free from all upon a new chapter. kinds of weapons. The two sides are of the same view that political 16. China and the Soviet Union advocate a streng• contacts and dialogue between leaders of the two thening of the role of the UN in creating a peaceful countries are important and useful, and they should condition for the life of all peoples and in providing continue in the days ahead. a guarantee for stability and security of all coun• Jiang Zemin is grateful for the warm reception tries. As permanent members of the UN Security accorded him by the Soviet side. He invited Mikhail Council, the two countries are ready to improve, S. Gorbachev to visit China at a convenient time. together with other countries, the work efficiency of Mikhail S. Gorbachev accepted the invitation this organization so as to enable it to play a more with gratitude. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 15 CHINA

Tibet: Human Rights Today and Yesterday In recent years, the Dalai Lama and his like have been talking a lot about human rights in Tibet They describe old Tibet as a ''Haven of Peace'' while picturing the new socialist Tibet as a place without human rights. What are the facts? This article provides readers with a wealth of facts which prove that old Tibet was a barbarous and brutal feudal serf society where there were simply no human rights to speak of. In new Tibet, however, a million serfs became masters of their own affairs. The right of democracy and freedom they now enjoy is beyond compare in old Tibet.

n the past 40 years, the most Region and chairman fundamental changes in Ti• of the regional coun• I bet have been the continued cil of the Chinese improvement of the socialist sys• People's Political tem, transforming people of all Consultative Confer• ence. Born into a poor nationalities in Tibet into mas• family in north Tibet, ters," said Radi, one of the top he made his living leaders of the Tibet Autonomous begging Implements of torture used by the gOTernment of old for food Tibet on slaves and serfs. and as a servant 40 years ago. As a teena• ger he was called a Musical instruments used in Buddbist ceremonies "male were made from tbe skin of serfs' arms. ghost." Without the was a feudal serf society combin• peaceful liberation of ing politics with religion, charac• Tibet in 1951 and the terized by a combination of di• Democratic Reform vine rights with political power, in 1959, he would which ruthlessly ruled and op• have always lived in pressed the great majority of peo- the lowest stratum of Tibetan society as a Bude, a berdsman of Baqen County, serf. Based on the Ti• northern Tibet, has his two eyes gouged betan life span at that out by an estate-owner. time, he might not be alive today. Ruthless Serfdom Is the old Tibet a "Haven of Peace" as some people preach? No, absolutely not. It

16 BEIJING REVIEW! MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 CHINA pie both spiritually and political• ly. The local political power or• gans at various levels and the many monasteries had their own courts and prisons. They could freely interrogate serfs and slaves at will and even torture them to death. At that time, there were two classes in Tibetan society. One, the serf-owning class which ac• counted for 5 percent of the Ti• betan population and included three kinds of manorial lords —the local governihent, the monasteries and the nobles. They possessed thousands of manors and grazing land, and occupied all the land, forests and grass• land as well as most of the lives• tock in Tibet. The other class was Pkolas by CHEN ZONGUE made up of serfs and slaves who Serfs had no access to medical care in old Tibet. Here, a young serf is dying. constituted 95 percent of the po• pulation. They were deprived of were forced to do back-breaking owners^ after their death. their freedom and were beaten, manual labour for the owners cursed, punished, sold, given and bore dozens of taxes and per• The 13-Article Code away as gifts, and even impri• formed multiple forms of corvee, The local laws and regulations soned and sentenced to death by or unpaid obligatory labour. Ac• used by old Tibet for a long their owners at will. The serfs cording to a 1958 survey of a time were called the "13-Article had no land and had to live on feudal manor, the 107 house• Code." This code was full of ine• the crums of their owners. They hold serfs there had to render 19 quality, a source of inhumanity forms of external cor• and rigidly stratified. Beggars roamed Lhasa streets in 1956. vee and 23 forms The "13-Article Code" says of corvee within the that there were three ranks of manor. people with each rank divided At that time, there into upper, middle and lower was a common saying grades. The upper, middle and in Tibet, "No land lower people were designated ac• had not a corvee and cording to their blood relation• no serf had not an ship and high and low positions owner." Serfs were as well as the kind of work he or owned as soon as they she did. In Article Seven of the were born, as were code it was sta'ted that people their children. Boys were different by grades and that belonged to their the price of a life was also differ• father's owner while ent. The price of a life of a per• girls belonged to their son from the upper ranks and mother's owner. Serf grades was as high as a corpse, owners could freely while that of the lower grades sell and give away (such as blacksmith, butcher and their serfs at will and beggar) was as cheap as a straw serf marriage had to rope. be approved by Article Eight of the code stat• the couple's owners. ed that there were differences in Serfs' names were the degree of punishment to be canceled by their meted out to people. Lower grade

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 17 CHINA people who hurt officials would to such an extent that Tibet's former government of Tibet, the be punished by the cutting off economy and culture stagnated monasteries and the noble—were of their legs or hands while any and the Tibetan people lived in still in control of almost all the owner who accidentally hurt ser• extreme poverty. The average land, grazing grounds and serfs. vants would be responsible for life span was only 35.5 years and In March 1959, the reaction• treating the wound but would it took more than 100 years from ary clique of Tibet's upper strata not be punished. Owners who the 18th century to 1951, when torn the 17-Article Agreement to beat and injure servants would Tibet was peacefully liberated, pieces and launched, at the beck not have to compensate them. for Tibet's population to grow and call of outside forces, an from 940,000 to 1 million. The armed rebellion aimed at main• area's population was often deci• taining feudal serfdom, driving Precarious Existence mated during this time by di• the Chinese People's Liberation Old Tibetan punishment was sease. Historical records indicate Army out of Tibet and splitting extremely barbarous and ruth• that an incidence of smallpox in Tibet out of the big family of the less. Transgressions by serfs 1925 took more than 7,000 lives motherland. By the order of the would be punished by gouging and that typhoid fever in 1934 central government, the People's out the eyes, cutting off a nose, and 1937 killed another 5,000. Liberation Army quelled the re• or tongue, or ears, chopping off In the past, only a few Tibe• bellion and maintained the unity limbs, and execution. tans could afford schooling. In of the motherland. At an "Exhibition on Histori• the early 1950s, Tibet's illiteracy Beginning in the summer of cal Materials of China's Tibet" rate was more than 90 percent. 1959, the Tibetan people initiat• held at the Beijing Cultural Pa• In Lhasa, which had a popula• ed democratic reform in colla• lace of Nationalities, different tion of only 37,000, beggars num• boration with the quelling of the instruments of torture used by bered somewhere between 4,000 rebellion. Slaves and serfs who old Tibet serf-owners to punish and 5,000 and in Xigaze, which had long been seen as "speak• serfs, and photos of punished had a population of fewer than ing beasts of burden" became, serfs are on display. Among 10,000, more than 2,000 people for the first time in Tibetan his• these instruments, there are were beggars. tory, freemen, masters of this knives used to gouge out eyes part of the world and of their and to cut off noses, and a wood• pastureland and Tibetan society, en cage used for torturing serfs, Slaves Stand Up enjoying all the rights invested to as well as an "oil pot." Having In the eight years following the them by the Constitution. cut off a "criminal's" hands and peaceful liberation of Tibet in legs, serf-owner would put the May 1951, the Central People's wound into a boiling oil pot in Government, steadfast to the Democratic Rights order to cauterize the wound and Agreement of the Central Peo• When democratic elections stop the bleeding. In one case, ple's Government and the Local were introduced to the whole three people died at the pot. One Government of Tibet on Mea• of Tibet in 1961, many former photo shows that a poor lama sures for the Peaceful Liberation slaves and serfs were elected de• beaten up to disabled and a of Tibet (known as the 17-Article puties to the people's congresses herdsman who, on one occasion Agreement), left untouched Ti• at various levels. In the political during the democratic reform, bet's political system and the Da• organs at various levels, they ex• tells how his eyes were gouged lai Lama's position and power, ercised the power invested to out. practised policies of religious them by the people to participate Such facts prove that the serf- freedom and protected monaster• in the administration of govern• owners of old Tibet relied on bar• ies and raised no claim to the ment and construction. barous means to maintain their income of monasteries. Regard• Minority deputies, notably of rule. It is incomprehensible that ing the problems arising in the Tibetan origin, account for more some people praise such a system course of democratic reform, the than 95 percent of the total at the which trampled on human rights central government sought solu• county level and more than 82 by calling it a "Haven of Peace." tions by consulting with the up• percent of the total at the level What on earth is their standard per strata in the light of the Ti• of the autonomous region. Of all of human rights based? betan people's aspiration rather the chairmen of the people's con• Moreover, the feudal serfdom than resorting to compulsion. In gresses of Tibet's 72 counties (in• had seriously hindered the devel• fact, after peaceful liberation, cluding cities and prefectures), opment of the productive forces the three estate-holders—the an overwhelming majority are

18 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY, J7-JUNE 2,1991 CHINA

former slaves and serfs. food grain and 42.5 kg of meat, quelled and democratic reform Across Tibet, cadres of Tibe• most Tibetans have enough food initiated in 1959, the central gov• tan extraction number 37,000, and clothing and some lead a re• ernment adopted a buy-out poli• representing 66.6 percent of the latively comfortable life. cy for the land, livestock, farm total and 71.7 percent of all The Tibetan people also have tools and surplus houses of mon• cadres at the level of the auton• the right to an education. Across asteries that did not take part in omous region. All the leading Tibet, there are 2,485 schools of the rebellion. As it eliminated posts of the people's congresses, various kinds, with the total en• the feudal serf system, the cen• governments, and political con• rollment of more than 175,000 tral government also rooted out sultative conferences at various students. The attendance rate the system of feudal privilege levels are held by Tibetan cadres. of school-age children has risen and oppression in religion, thus from less than 2 percent before guaranteeing such basic human The political and social status liberation to 54.5 percent today. rights as personal and religious of Tibetan women has changed In addition, more than 7,000 Ti• freedom for the overwhelming since the democratic reform. The betan students are studying in 18 majority of the Tibetan people, 13-Article Code of old Tibet provinces and cities across the poverty-stricken lamas included. makes it clear that "no women country. have the right to discuss state The Tibetan people's health During the "cultural revo• affairs," and that "no slaves or has also much improved and lution" from 1966 to 1976, the women are allowed to be in on free medical care is available to religious policy for Tibet was military and political affairs." everyone. Over the past 40 years, misused as it was in other parts Nowadays, women cadres make the central government ear• of the country. After the ten up 30 percent of the total and marked a total of more than 700 chaotic years, however, the women of Tibetan and other eth• million yuan to develop Tibet's Chinese Communist Party and nic groups represent 69.7 percent medical undertakings. Through• government redressed these of the total number of women out Tibet, there are more than wrongs and once again put the cadres in the Tibet Autonomous 1,000 medical institutions with policy of religious freedom into Region. hospital beds totalling 5,140. practice. The state and the Tibet Cering Lhamo, now retired The average Tibetan life span Autonomous Region have set from her post of vice-chairman has increased from 35.5 to more aside more than 30 million yuan of the Standing Committee of than 65 years. The immunization for the renovation of monaster• the People's Congress of the Ti• rate of Tibetan children is 85 ies. bet Autonomous Region, said, percent of state standards. With• Across Tibet, more than 1,400 "My parents gave birth to me but in Tibet, the population of Tibe• monasteries and places are open they had no right to determine tan origin has grown from 1 mil• to religious services. Lamas re• my fate. I was left with no other lion in 1951 when Tibet was siding in monasteries number choice but to live like a slave as peacefully liberated to more than 34,000. Religious activities are they did. The peaceful liberation 2.09 million, according to the brisk, incense burning and butter and democratic reform gave me July 1990 national census. In lamps shining day and night in a new lease of life and allowed 40 years, Tibet's population has every monastery as streams of me to become a high-ranking more than doubled, an unprece• believers spin prayer wheels and cadre." dented increase in Tibetan his• prostrate themselves around tory. monasteries. Most Tibetan fam• Population Growth ilies have Buddhist shrines at The central government imple• home and religious streamers are While obtaining democratic ments a policy of religious free• seen everywhere. Incomplete sta• rights, the Tibetan people have dom for Tibet. After the peace• tistics indicate that every year also seen a rapidly growing econ• ful liberation in 1951, the Peo• more than 90,000 Tibetan pil• omy and a remarkably improved ple's Liberation Army and work grims come to Lhasa's Jokhang standard of living. In 1990, Tibet personnel entering Tibet re• Monastery from across Tibet, produced a total 555 million kg * mained steadfast to the central Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan. of grain, more than triple its government's religion policy and For these former slaves and 1952 output and bred a total of thus won support from the Tibe• serfs, once stripped of their per• 23 million head of livestock, up tan people. sonal freedom before the demo• 150 percent from 1952. As each Religious Freedom cratic reform, the pilgrimage to person has more than 250 kg of After the armed rebellion was Lhasa is a dream come true. •

BEIJING fcEVlEW, MAYiT-JUNE 2,1991 19 CHINA

The Autonomous Rights of Tibet

by Luo Qun r • ihe Tibet Autonomous Re- imal husbandry, the policy is to phasis laid mainly on the latter, I gion enjoys, as stipulated distribute land among the farm• and established a committee in by Chinese law, a wide ers for household management charge of the use and develop• range 'of regional autonomous and let people who raise lives• ment of the written Tibetan lan• rights in the political, economic tock own it, a policy which will guage. The people's government and cultural fields and in social remain unchanged for a long of the Tibet Autonomous Region development. The following is a period of time. Moreover, within promulgated in October 1988 summation of the eight major a given period of time, farmers rules for the implementation of rights enjoyed by the Tibetan and herdsmen enjoy tax exemp• these regulations. These rules people. tion and are free to sell their clearly stipulate that all confer• —State-bestowed local legisla• products. Regarding industry ences of the autonomous region- tive power. According to the and commerce, the policy is to Chinese law, the People's Con• support the national handicraft gress of the Tibet Autonomous industry and also to encourage Region has the right to formu• the development of collective late, in line with local political, and individual industry and economic and cultural condi• commerce. In education, the pol• tions, regulations on regional au• icy state pays for the tuition, tonomy and a variety of special room and board for children of rules and regulations. This lo• farmers and herdsmen. Regard• cal legislation is an indication ing birth control, cadres, workers of basic autonomy and highlights and staff members are encour• the difference of an autonomous aged to give birth to only two region from an ordinary admin• children, but no limit is set for istrative locality. As of now, Ti• the broad masses of farmers bet has enacted 60 special sets of and herdsmen in the number of CHEN ZONGLIE rules and regulations, local laws children they may raise. The im• Lhasa farmers elect deputies to the local and legal resolutions. They in• plementation of these special pol• people's congress. volve such areas as the structure icies plays an important role al government and official docu• of political power, social and eco• in the sustained, stable and co• ments should use Tibetan and nomic development, marriage, ordinated development of Tibet's Chinese languages; all newspa• education, written language, the economy and culture. pers, radio, TV and other mass legal system, natural resources —The right of the Tibetan peo• media should use the two lan• and environmental protection. ple to use and develop their own guages; all units, streets, roads The promulgation of these rules written language. According to and public facilities should be and regulations provides an im• the state stipulation that "var• marked in both Tibetan and portant legal guarantee to the Ti• ious nationalities have the free• Chinese languages; the judicial betan people for the fulfilment dom to use and develop their organs, while examining and of various democratic rights and own written languages," the Ti• trying cases, must guarantee that in the development of the socie• bet Autonomous Regional Peo• Tibetan citizens have the right to ty's economic and cultural un• ple's Congress adopted in 1987 legal proceedings in their own dertakings. the Regulations on the Study, language; and that schools —The right to implement state Use and Development of the should gradually establish an ed• laws and policies and to formu• Written Tibetan Language (for ucational system centred around late and implement special poli• trial implementation). At the Tibetan language education. cies and measures in light of local same time, it set forth the prin• This ensures that the Tibetan conditions. Special policies im• ciple of attaching equal import• language will be respected and plemented in Tibet include the ance to both written Chinese and extensively used and that the following. In agriculture and an- Tibetan languages, with the em• political and cultural rights of

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 CHINA the Tibetan people will be sup• ported. —The right for minority na• tionality cadres, mainly those of Tibetan nationality, to play the leading role in autonomous insti• tutions and judicial organs at var• ious levels. The growing ranks of the minority nationality cadres constitute an important mile• stone in the national autonomy and in the fact that minority peo• ple are masters of their own fate. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the central government has attached great importance to WANG DO the training and appointment of A professor (second riglit) and liis students at tlie Tibet Institute of Agriculture and cadres of Tibetan and other mi• Animal Husbandry. The institute has trained many professionals for local economic nority nationalities. A large development. number of ex-serfs and their Region has made much head• the total output value of indus• children have taken up leading way in economic construction. try and agriculture in Tibet will posts at various levels in Tibet, In 1990, the total output value of have reached 1.67 billion yuan including chief leaders of the agriculture and animal husban• from 1.24 billion yuan in 1990, people's congresses, govern• dry rose to 789 million yuan and the per-capita income of ments, courts and procuratorates from 180 million yuan in 1952, farmers and herdsmen will have at various levels. and the per-capita income of risen from 430 yuan to 800 yuan, —The right to make indepen• farmers and herdsmen reached marking a new stage in Tibet's dent arrangements for local eco• 430 yuan. Modern industry, economic development. nomic construction. The national started from scratch, now boasts, —The right to exercise inde• regional autonomy is not only a some 260 small and medium- pendent management over educa• system guaranteeing equality for sized enterprises in such fields tion, culture, public health and to as electric power, textile, tim• develop the Tibetan culture. Tibet minority nationalities but also a has initially built up a multi- system which is geared to prom• ber, construction, food process• tiered national educational sys• ote the development and prosper• ing and mining. There has also tem and, thanks to the efforts ity of the minority areas in the been an impressive development made in this regard, the pro• economy and culture. Since its of the national handicraft indus• portion of illiterates and semi- founding, the Tibet Autonomous try. By the end of this century, literates in the Tibetan popula• CHEN ZONGLIE tion has dropped from more than Lama students discuss Buddiiist sutras at 90 percent in the pre-liberation the campus of the Tibet Buddhism College. years to 44.43 percent at present. There has also been much pro• gress in public health undertak• ings. Various fatal diseases threa• tening the lives of the Tibetan people in old Tibet have been brought under effective control. As a result, the averagejifespan of the Tibetan people has risen from 35.5 years of age in the early 1950s to 65 years today. As a move to inherit and carry for• ward the fine tradition of the Tibetan culture, Tibet has pub• lished the Regulations on the Study, Use and Development of the Written Tibetan Language

BEIJING REVIEW,. MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 21 CHINA

Protection, the Re• the Tibetan Plateau, the develop• gulations Concerning ment and use of water and other the Protection of resources, and the potential for Mineral Resources processing livestock by-products. and the Regulations Tibet has accepted aid from the Concerning the Pro• United Nations' World Food tection of Wildlife, Programme for the Lhasa Riv• Tibet set up the er development project. At the Autonomous Region• same time, Tibet opened the al Committee for En• Zham Port abutting Nepal for vironmental Protec• the development of border trade. tion. Various gov• In order to promote the develop• ernment departments ment of Tibet's foreign trade ac• have adopted corres• tivities, the central government CHEN ZONGLIE ponding measures to adopted special policies which Gyangze Town Ethnic Garment Factory workers make hats. ensure the effective specify lower rates than are used protection and ration• nationally for import and export (for trial implementation) and al utilization of Tibet's resources. .duties, and allow the autonom• the Provisional Regulations Con• Tibet has also set up the Mt. ous region to retain all of its ex• cerning the Management Over Qomolangma Nature Preserve, port earnings. Cultural Relics. Remarkable pro• Wildlife Protection Area and The above autonomous rights gress has also been made in Tibe• five other nature preserves, oov- form the core of Tibet's national tan studies and compiling and ering a total of 5,000 square km. regional autonomy and their im• preserving the traditional cultur• These ensure the effective pro• plementation is an important al heritage. A lot of attention is tection of forests, vegetation and embodiment of the Tibetan peo• paid to traditional Tibetan med• wildlife. ple's exercise of management icine, and a large number of his• —The right to engage in for• power over state and local af• torical documents, ancient books eign trade. The Law on National fairs. They ensure that the Tibe• and classic literary and artistic Regional Autonomy stipulates tan people enjoy full equality. • works have been published. The that localities practis• numerous Tibetan Buddhist tem• ing autonomy may, in CHEN ZONGLIE ples and monasteries along with Farmers from Chaqi Township perform a drum dance accordance with the on the threshing ground. the cultural relics and historical state stipulations, car• sites, have been renovated. The ry out foreign trade rehgious belief and customs and activities. With the ^^^^^^^^^^ habits of the Tibetan people thus approval of the State receive their deserved respect Council, they may and protection. open foreign trade —The right to independently ports." At the Second protect, exploit and use local na• Session of the Fourth tural resources in accordance with People's Congress of the state law. Tibet has abundant the Tibet Autonom• resources, with forest coverage ous Region in July of more than 6 million hectares. 1985, Tibetan govern• Thus far, some 70 kinds of ment leaders issued a mineral ores have been discov• series of preferential ered in the autonomous region policies on Tibet's for• which also boasts enormous po• eign trade activities. tential for the exploitation of In the last six years, water resources. In economic together with experts construction, the Tibet Auton• from a number of for• omous Region pays much atten• eign countries and in• tion to the protection of re• ternational organiza• sources. In addition to the publi• tions, Tibetan experts cation of such regulations as the surveyed geothermal Regulations Concerning Forest energy resources on

22 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 1^-JUNE 2, 1991 CHINA

Ancient Civilization Brought to Light

By Our Staff Reporter Li Ming

hen the tomb of the king of the Guo State of 2,000 Wyears ago was discov• ered in Henan Province, an iron sword with a bronze handle unearthed at the site put the his• tory of Chinese iron metallurgy one century earlier than had been originally believed. In the late winter of 1989, sev• eral farmers from the Shangling Village on the outskirts of San- menxia City, Henan Province ac• cidentally discovered a large number of old bronze objects while laying a foundation for a new house only several hundred metres away from the Huanghe (Yellow) River. The farmers did not know that they had discov• ered the location of the tomb.s of The excavation site of Tomb M2001. MA HEFU the royal family of the Guo State king's tombs of the Western curity bureau are included in the manders who ruled areas granted Zhou Dynasty, a site for which tally, the number of cultural rel• them by the monarch. The Guo the Chinese archaeologists had ics unearthed totals more than State, however, was a vassal state searched in vain over several de• 5,700 pieces. This has provided of the early Western Zhou Dy• cades. The discovery immediate• important materials for the stu• nasty. In its early days, the state ly caused a big sensation in dy of the political, economic, cul• was separately ruled under three Chinese archaeological circles. tural and military conditions of branches of the family by Guo the late period of the Western Zhong, Guo Shu and Guo Ji. Starting in February 1990, ar• Zhou Dynasty ( 8th century-771 chaeologists from the Archaeo• BC) and of the Spring and Au• Guo Zhong ruled in the western logical Research Institute of tumn Period (770-476BC). part of the state, roughly the Henan Province and an archaeo• area today encompassed by Baoji logical team from Sanmenxia be• City, Shaanxi Province, and his• gan to make several joint excava• The Guo State torically referred to as Western tions of the tombs. Four tombs The Western Zhou Dynasty Guo; Guo Shu wielded his power and a cave of chariots and horses has been considered the begin• over an area identified today as have since been found and ning of China's feudal system, a Yingyang, historically named 4,800 pieces of cultural relics system in which the king distri• Eastern Guo; and Guo Ji built unearthed. When the cultural buted land to members of the his capital somewhere near the relics recovered by the public se- royal family and military com- city of Sanmenxia.

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 23 CHINA According to historical re• cords, the state of Eastern Guo was conquered and annexed by the Zheng State in 767 BC. Guo Zhong followed King Ping Wang of the Zhou Dynasty to the east in 770 BC and joined Guo Ji to form a new state, histori• cally called the Northern Guo State. It made Shangyang (to• day's Sanmenxia) its capital. Its territory extended across the Yel• low River to today's Pinglu County in Shanxi Province in the west and reached Mianchi, ries—bronze, iron, jade, stone, king of the Guo State. In addi• Henan Province in the east, pottery, bamboo, wood, leather tion, to the east of the tomb there roughly the size of the city of and gunny cloth. is a large pit containing a chariot Sanmenxia. The Guo State, adja• Among the relics unearthed, and horse 46 metres long and 5.2 cent to the two powerful states of there are 1,700 bronzewares in• metres wide, an indication of Jin and Chin, was annexed by cluding 56 bronze ritual vessels the high social rank of the dead the Jin 120 years later. such as ding (three-legged tripod when he was alive. The king's tomb is located or four-legged caldron for meat Among the cultural relics 4.5 kilometres away from Shan• unearthed from the M2001 gyang (today's Shangling Vil• and cereals), gui (a deep circular lage), its capital. In 1956 and vessel with two or four handles, tomb, the most valuable and his• 1957, Chinese archaeologists led used as grain containers), li (a torically significant was the iron by Xia Nai and An Zhimin made cauldron for meat and cereals), a sword with a bronze handle. The a large-scale excavation and in• pan and rectangular-shaped pot, sword is 26 centimetres long and vestigation of the tomb. The 30 of which bear inscriptions. wrapped with silk fabric around tomb of a Guo prince and 233 After a careful examination, ar• a sheath made of cattlehide. The other tombs were excavated, to• chaeologists discovered that the handle of the sword is inlaid with gether with three pits of chariots bronze ritual objects unearthed jade and precious stones clearly and horses and one pit of horses. in the M2001 tomb were similar the sword owner treasured the Some 9,179 pieces of cultural rel• in form to those unearthed at sword and the metal of iron. The ics, including bronze ritual ob• Qijia Village of Shaanxi Prov• blade and the handle were forged jects, weapons, musical instru• ince and identical with the ritual together but separated after the ments, chariots and horse fit• objects unearthed from Guo many years of burial under• tings, jadeware, pottery, tools State tombs during the first exca• ground. An examination by the and decorative objects, were dis• vation of the late 1950s. This is Metallurgy History Research In• covered. Fourteen of the 181 testimony to the fact that it was stitute of the Beijing University items of bronzeware bear inscrip• a tomb of the late Western Zhou of Science and Technology shows tions which caused a sensation Dynasty, the same period of the that apart from iron, the sword in the academic world both in Guo State. The two characters also contains a small amount of China and abroad. Based on this Guo Ji inscribed on the bronze lead, cilicon, sulphur and cop• discovery, archaeologists be• ritual objects further proved that per, but no cobalt or nickel. This lieved that the king's tomb was the dead was a Guo State man. proves that the sword was made somewhere nearby. However, for The set of ritual objects in the of artificial, not meteoric iron, many years thereafter, scientists M2001 tomb consists of nine indicating that iron metallurgy failed to discover the site until dings, eight guis and eight lis. appeared as far back as the late the farmers stumbled upon it. According to the rule of ritual Western Zhou Dynasty, timing objects at ancient times, a king the history of China's iron metal• could have nine dings, a duke, lurgy in China one century back. Tomb M2001 seven, a noble, five and an or• A large amount of jadeware The M2001 tomb site has yiel• dinary official, three. The nine was found on the cover of both ded the most important relics. dings in the tomb is, therefore, the outer and inner coffin. Five The 3,200 pieces of relics can be solid proof that it is a king's groups of jade decorations of roughly sorted into nine catego• tomb, most likely the tomb of the various designs were placed ar-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 CHINA ound the head of the deceased. in the tombs of the Eastern Zhou The dead man's face was covered (770-256 BC) and Han (206-220) with a mask made of jade pieces dynasties. in the shape of nose, ears and The badge made of 12 separate mouth. After preliminary resto• pieces of pure gold is a rarity ration of the jade pieces, experts among archaeological findings confirmed that these pieces were of the Zhou Dynasty. Also originally sewn together with unearthed from the tomb were a threads, and that this was the number of jade carvings includ• beginning of the custom of cov• ing a jade deer and a jade cow ering the dead man's face with a head. The high workmanship of jade mask, a custom which be• the artifacts shows that handi• came popular during the Spring craft was highly developed by and Autumn and the Warring the time of late Western Zhou States Period. The pendant of Dynasty. seven jade pieces and intermitted The musical instruments by agate and azure stone beads is unearthed from the tomb are so long that it hangs from the also quite rare. The inscribed neck to the knee. This valuable bronze yong zhong (a bell with pendant and decorations are ex• cylindrical handle on top) is the The jade deer. MA HEFU amples of the celebrated social only complete set of yong zhong position of the deceased in his so far unearthed from tombs of The incident indicted that lifetime. Jadeware was also the late Western Zhou Dynas• some people were ignorant of the placed in many parts of the de• ty. A ten-piece stone bian xin law and that cultural relics pro• ceased's body as decoration. (a kind of musical instrument) tection needed to be streng• This, experts say, is similar to the and a bronze zhong were also thened. Experts suggested re• use of jade suits commonly seen unearthed from the tomb. plenishing laws for cultural rel• Experts are now ics protection. The jade pendont. MAHEFU continuing to re• The related departments of the search and study their Sanmenxia municipal govern• findings, hoping to ment have attached great import• get more materials re• ance to the tomb area and the lating to the history protection of the unearthed cul• of the Guo State. tural relics, ordering a tempor• ary halt to housing construction Protection and putting a 580,000 square metre area of the Shangling Vil• The excavation of lage under close supervision for the tombs was a bit of later excavation. a rescue job because At present, most of the impor• some of the tombs tant cultural relics are on display had been looted and in the Sanmenxia Museum built some of the stolen rel• with donations from Japanese ics smuggled overseas friends. However, experts have for sale. After the different ideas about how to best Public Security protect the relics. To date, no Bureau of the San- satisfactory plan has put fore• menxia City organ• word. The state is thus continu• ized a task force to ing to research the matter. track down on the cri• The city of Sanmenxia is locat• minals, the principal ed on the middle reaches of the criminals were arrest• Yellow River, the cradle of the ed and the stolen rel• Chinese civilization. The Guo ics, except for those State tomb area is listed as part smuggled abroad, of a travel programme called the were recovered. "Yellow River Tour." •

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 25 BOOKS now off the press. The publication will enhance the Biographies Mirror the History of Tibet foreign readers' understanding of Tibet and of the Chinese government's Tibetan policy. The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas The 260,000 Chinese-character book is divided Authored by Ya Hanzhang into three parts. The first part introduces the life PubUshed by Foreign Languages Press and political activity of the 1st to 12th Dalai Lamas; First Edition 1991, 442 pages the second part describes Tupden Gyatso, the 13th Distributed by China International Book Trading Dalai Lama, offering a full perspective of him Corp. from birth to death. During the period of his reign o introduce the Buddhist religion, politics, (1846-1933), Tibet witnessed a turbulent historical economy, history and culture of Tibet in an development and, due to the particular significance Teasy and clear language, has been a hard task of his political activity, this section claims nearly for some time. A recent work entitled The Biogra• two-thirds of the book. The third part describes phies of the Dalai Lamas, however, provides an Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, beginning interesting and reliable portrayal of the political with the search for the "soul boy" of the 13th Dalai history of Tibet over the past 600 years and, in Lama and concluding with his enthronement. The partcular, during the last 100 years. "soul boy" was first chosen from three candidates The book points out that the Dalai Lamas, as the and then confirmed by the government of the Re• symbol of political and religious life in Tibet, have public of China. The ceremony of sitting in the bed played a central role in Tibet's history and been, was held at the Potala Palace on February 22, 1940, intentionally or not, involved in its most significant presided over by Wu Zhongxin, chairman of the developments. The author has thus grasped the key Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs, point. Taking a popular biographical form, he viv• and supported financially with an allotment of 400,- idly describes the life and political activity of the 000 yuan from the Ministry of Finance. Dalai Lamas, from Gedun Truppa, the 1st Dalai In the eyes of the Tibetan Buddhist priests, the Lama, to Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama is the reincarnate of the Bodhisattva. Ya Hanzhang (1916-1990), the author of the The book therefore introduces the reincarnate sys• book, was an established expert on nationality and tem of the Dalai Lama. Credit is given to the Tibetan studies in China. In his early years as a Karma-ka-gyu-pa, a sub-sect of the Ka-gyu-pa Sect. teenager, he spent years studying the Tibetan lan• In 1284 Karma Pakshi, the leader of the sub-sect, guage and Buddhist scriptures at the famed Labrang was reincarnated in the person of Rangyung Dorje. Monastery, the centre of the Gelug Sect with its In 1478, Gelong Droma, a relative of the First Dalai tradition of strict training in classical studies. After• Lama Gedun Truppa,and Khenpo Gongchen Chon- wards, he continued his study in Tibetan language jo of Tashilhungpo's Samtan Dratshang (Institute and history at the Drepung, the biggest Tibetan for Monastic Study) decided the three year old Buddhist monastery in the area, under the tutorship Gedun Gyatso was the "soul boy" of Gedun Truppa. of the Grand Living Buddha Jamyang. In 1952, he This marked the formal beginning of the system of accompanied the 10th Bainqen to return to Tibet reincarnate lamas. from Qinghai Province and worked there for years. The title Dalai Lama was adopted in 1578. In During this time, he read extensively the Chinese May of that year, Sonam Gyatso, the 3rd Dalai and Tibetan historical records collected in the Pota- Lama, held a meeting with Altan Khan, the leader la Palace and in the Sagya Monastery and under• of the Tumed Mongols at the Yanghua Temple. The took to research Tibetan history and society, laying meeting was followed by an exchange of honorific a solid foundation for his life-time study of Chinese titles between the two men; the one Sonam Gyat• nationality affairs, religion and Tibet. He was the so received from Altan Khan was "All-Knowing former director of the Institute of Nationalities Vajra-Holder, the Dalai Lama," the title thereafter Studies and of the Institute of Religion under the used for all Dalai Lamas. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Upon the death of a Dalai Lama, his reincarnated The author completed his drafting of the book in "soul boy" was searched for in accordance with 1952-53 when he worked in Tibet. His primary Nechung Chosgyong, a professional divine invoker purpose was to help understand the just peacefully- of oracles and with the reflections of the Lhamo liberated Tibet and to record the role played by Latsho at Chokhorgyal, the site where visions are Tibetan Buddhism and political leaders in Tibetan said to show the village where the Dalai Lama is society. Before the Chinese version of the book was reborn. The descriptions of this mysterious practice formally published in 1984, it had undergone exten• is of great importance to any reader interested in sive rewriting. The current English edition, with the Tibet. masterful rendering of professor Wang Wenjong at by Lian Xiangmin the Beijing No. 2 Institute of Foreign Languages, is

2« BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 TOURISM

1992: Beijing's Golden Tourist Year

ccording to a report re• experience the daily life of around the world. As such ac• leased by the Beijing Mun• Chinese students. tivities as beer tasting, beer- A icipal Tourism Adminis• Bicycle Tours. Towels, soft drinking competition and art tration, several grand-scale ac• drinks, bicycle repair tools and performances take place, tourists tivities will be arranged during tourist guides will be offered. from home and abroad will enjoy 1992, Beijing's Golden Tourist In main hotels and restaurants this enchanting festival. A spe• Year. there are service stations at cial "Passport to Tour Beijing" The aim of the Golden Tourist which foreigners can rent bicy• is another Golden Tourist Year Year plan is to create a golden cles so that they can appreciate item. On the first page of the period for tourists visiting Bei• Beijing's landscape on two elegantly printed "Passport to jing. During the year, the best wheels. Tour Beijing," there is a welcom• preferential costs and treatment "Shopping Spree" Tour. Some ing speech signed by the mayor for visitors to Beijing will be of• famous, good-quality Chinese of Beijing, as well as a list of fered and a host of enjoyable ac• products as well as famous for• scenic spots, tour routes and ge• tivities provided, the scale and eign luxury products will be neral tour information. Scenic momentum of activities will available at the Tourist Shopping areas seals will be made and tak• greatly exceed the level of Bei• Centre in Beijing at preferential en as a memento. These "pass• prices. A sales exhibition of an• ports" will be available at the jing's International Tourist Year tiques and folk articles will be airports, railway stations, hotels, (of the dragon) in 1988. jointly sponsored by some mu• restaurants and some big stores. The basic package for the Gol• seums and archaeology depart• Catering to the varied require• den Tourist Year is the tour ments to meet the needs of cul• ments of overseas tourists, the route which offers first-class ser• tural relic collectors. large Karaoke hall at Liangmahe vice and preferential tourist International Convention Mansion as well as other cultural prices. Tours. Taking advantage of Bei• centres will be open in 1992 as Besides continuing to organize jing's international convention, will such new tourist items as tourist activities in the capital, the city will organize various sightseeing of Beijing's "pagodas Beijing will particularly emphas• tourist activities and will set up and the Miyun hunting range. In ize special regional tours along a conference consulting service Beijing's major tourist hotels, a such routes as Beijing to centre to expedite contacts be• Food Week highlights various Wutai Mountains, Beijing—In• tween domestic and internation• Asian cuisine and national festi• ner Mongolia, Beijing—Chengde al conference organizations.' vals will be organized. Services and Beijing—Taishan Mountain During the Golden Tourist for foreign visitors will be of• as well as the Qufu area. Many Year, the traditional tourist ac• fered in Japanese, Korean, En• special tour activities will be tivities, such as the Temple glish and Chinese languages to promoted, such as: Fair, Ice-Lantern Festival in make them feel more at home. Sino-Japanese Holiday-Study Longqingxia, Kite Festival, Beijing is also planning to build Activities for Students. Several Peach-Blossom Festival, Water• an evening gourmet food street middle schools will be chosen by melon Festival and the Double which will highlight the activi• China and Japan for correspond• Ninth Festival, will begin with ties in various hotels and restaur• ence and friendship activities be• the Sino-Japanese Folk Activity ants of the city. Tourists will be tween students of the two coun• in September 1992. An exchange able to come here to taste Bei• tries. Then there will be organ• of performances between Ja• jing's local dishes and buy many ized tours of China for Japanese panese and Chinese folk activi• national handicraft articles. primary and middle school stu• ties, co-sponsored by China and During the Golden Tourist dents. In addition to scenic tours, Nagasaki County, Aomori and Year, Beijing will provide first- arrangements will be made for Kita-Kyushu cities of Japan, will class services and promote the visitors to study and live with be held. The Beijing Internation• quality guided tours. The city Chinese students—they will be al Beer Festival, which will last a will also make many improve• able to join host families for sup• week, will highlight the famous ments in the main tourist dis• per, entertainment and rest. In brand breweries of China and Ja• tricts. this way, Japanese students can pan along with famous beer from by Li Rongxia

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNt:.2!'rtW'' 27 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

Comments on advanced level. Efforts should people, and the proportion of satis• therefore be made to save energy faction was quite low, such as 4.1 Energy Policy and increase the use of electric percent for the management of power. the floating population, 4.2 per• JINGJI RIBAO Third, reform prices. Low ener• cent for public security, 7.3 per• (Economic Daily) gy prices are unfavourable for in• cent for disparity in income, 9 n order to effectively regulate creasing energy production and percent for urban traffic and 10.2 the exploitation of Chinese developing new energies. China percent for the quality of consu• energy in the next ten years, needs to fix the prices for coal and mer goods. I power in accordance with the in• Zhou Fengqi, a research fellow (March 5. 1991) and the president of the Research ternational market prices. Institute of Energy under the (January 25, 1991) Shanghai's Founding Chinese Academy of Sciences, Date Established proposed the following: Feeling the'Pulse'Of First, optimize the energy struc• Guangzhou Citizens ture. Coal accounts for more than KEXUE HUABAO 70 percent of Chinese energy con• (Science Pictorial) JINGJI RIBAO " sumption. If no effective measures (Economic Daily) ^-w-^he exact date of Shanghai can be taken in energy consump• I city's founding has finally tion, China is highly likely to de• n investigation into the so• been established through re- - pend more on coal but this will cial psychology and morale search by Zhou Zhenhe, associate: cause such problems as pollution. Aof 500 households was made professor with Fudan University Measures which may be taken to by the Guangzhou Social Morale optimize the energy structure in• and Popular Will Research Cen• in Shanghai. He set it on August clude: developing hydropower and ter. The survey included several 19, 1291 when the government of nuclear power, increasing the out• dozen questions about daily life, Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) ap- : put of oil and natural gas, and to which respondents indicated proved the establishment of a expanding production of energy either "satisfactory" or "unsatis• county in Shanghai. Zhao's find• substitutes. factory." The results were as fol• ing received confirmation by China is the richest country in lows—68.8 percent were satisfied many other scholars and experts the world in terms of hydropower with Guangzhou's market sup• including Prof. Tan Qixiang. resources. The output of electrici• plies, 68.6 percent with Guang• In a joint article in Science Pic• ty generated by hydroelectric pow• zhou's position in China, and 52.6 torial, issue No. 1 of this year, Tan er stations could be doubled if percent with overall economic de• and Zhou explained four turn• more investment can be made in velopment in Guangzhou. The fi• ing points for the development this fields and the price of electric• gures had increased respectively of Shanghai. ity increased. The second impor• by 6.8 percent, 6 percent and 3.9 The first turning point took tant measure is to exploit and percent over a survey taken six place in 751 when the government develop oil and natural gas, espe• months before. of Tang Dynasty set up Huating cially natural gas. At present, only The section on "human re• County in Shanghai's Songjiang 2.8 percent of the total oil and gas lations" also indicated satisfaction, area. reserves have been verified. Nu• the items including relationships In 1277, Huating County was clear power would not account for with family members, friends, re• promoted to be a prefecture and a great proportion of energy cpn- latives, colleagues, and neigh• was named the Prefecture of sumed in the next ten years, but bours. The degree of satisfaction Songjiang the next year. On Au• efforts should be made to make increased by various amounts gust 19, 1291, a county was set up , preparations for its popularized compared to the survey results of in Shanghai. That was the second use in the next century. six months ago, with the excep• turning point. Second, save energy. Energy de• tion of marital relations which de• The third turning point was in velopment and energy conserva• creased a little. 1927 when Shanghai became a tion should become the basic ener• The majority of "unsatisfacto• special city. Under the city was the gy policy of China. Since the Sev• ry" and "less unsatisfactory" res• Shanghai County. enth Five-Year Plan (1986-90), ponses pertained to items regard• In 1958, Shanghai incorporated energy conservation has been ing the management of the float• ten counties originally under the somewhat overlooked, which leads ing population, public security, jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province. to the widening of difference in disparity in income, urban traff• This marked the forth turning the unit cost of energy products ic, and the quality of consumer point. between China and the world's goods. These problems worried (No.l, 1991)

28 BKmNe REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 BUSINESS/TRADE improve investment- environ• million yuan the second-stage Measures to Halt ment. It is aimed to maintain project will establish a produc• Tax Evasion the principle of fair taxation and tion line with an annual capacity guarantee the legal rights of leg• of 600,000-700,000-picture tube China's new legislation to halt itimate businesses. for 25-inch square-cornered col• tax evasion will be embodied in It is common international our TV sets. This will help im• the Income Tax Law for Enter• practice to prevent profit shifting prove the mix of the company's prises With Foreign Investment and tax evasion between relat• and Foreign Enterprises which products. will go into effect as of July 1. ed companies. In the agreement Funded jointly by the Shang• The new tax law stipulates that signed between China and more hai Vaccum Electronic Device tax authorities have the right to than 30 countries on avoiding Co. Ltd. and the Hong Kong mete out punishment to those double tax collection, the regu• Novel Technology Development which do not collect or pay fees lation to prevent profit shifting Ltd., the Shanghai Novel CPT according to the actual volume and tax evasion between affiliat• Co. Ltd. is an enterprise desig• of business in an attempt to re• ed enterprises was also stipu• nated by the state to specialize in duce their tax payment. lated. the production of colour picture In recent years, tax evasion by Han Guojian tubes. Its first-stage project in• by foreign businessmen in south volves a total investment of 515 China's open coastal cities has million yuan and has 180 million become increasingly serious. Sta• Shanghai Company yuan in registered capital with 75 tistics show that, in 1989, about Seelcs Expansion percent of the shares contributed 34 percent of the foreign-funded by Shanghai and the remainder enterprises declared losses. In As one of four colour pic• by Hong Kong. 1990, the situation remained un• ture tube producers in China, the By importing complete sets of changed even though relevant Shanghai Novel Colour Kine• Japan's Toshiba equipment and tax authorities took some mea• scope Co. Ltd., one of China's technology for producing col• sures to deal with the problem four colour picture tube bases, is our picture tubes, the company and some cities formulated local drawing up plans for its second- opened for business on Decem• laws and regulations against tax stage project after the first-stage ber 28, 1987. It began a trial- evasion. project went into operation. The production in 1990 and produced Investigations by the State Ad• plan is to be submitted to the 630,000 picture tubes for 18-inch ministration of Taxation indi• State Council for approval. colour TV sets the same year. cate that foreign businessmen in Zhou Jiachun, general mana• After it goes into formal opera• China evaded taxes mainly by ger of the company, noted that tion sometime this year, it is ex• shifting their profits, a tactic with a total investment of 400 pected to produce about 1 mil- usually conducted between relat• ed companies or affiliated enter• prises. The Novel colour picture tube production line. LI MING Jin Xin, director of the State Administration of Taxation, said at a news conference held in late April that China's work against tax evasion was serious yet cau• tious. "We encourage foreign businessmen in China to engage in operations through proper channels, and their legitimate rights and interests are guaran• teed," said Jin Xin. "At the same time, we must prevent and curb activities which violate China's laws and take necessary mea• sures to close tax loopholes." Jin stressed that China's mea• sures against tax evasion did not mean a change in its effort to

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNEa>1t»J,i 29. BUSINESS/TRADE lion colour picture tubes annual• In November and December paddyfields. Additional farm ly. 1990, the People's Bank of China chemicals will also be produced. approved the establishment of The establishment of the new by Li Ming the Shanghai International Fin• company, Mr. Woolard said, ancial Co. Ltd. and the Shanghai clearly indicates that the Du Foreign-Funded Integrated Financial Co. Ltd., Pont Co. will go all out to de• two foreign-funded finance com• velop a China market and help Banks in China panies. Following this, applica• China advance towards the tar• According to the Administra• tions to open branches from six get of economic development. tion for Foreign-Funded Banks foreign banks including the First Du Pont Company's first pe- which is affiliated to the People's National City Bank of the Unit• cial company for the production Bank of China, the Cogio Bank ed States were approved. of X-ray roentgenograms, esta• and the Sanwa Bank of Japan Experts say that foreign- blished in China's Shenzhen Spe• were approved to open branches funded banks in China help to cial Economic Zone, is going in Shanghai last April and an• promote China's modernization well. In the past decades, the Du other two foreign financial insti• drive. They have actively partici• Pont Co. has sold more than 70 tutions—the Nanyang Commer• pated in liaison and consultancy kinds of products to China, in• cial Bank and the MBF Card & activities and act as go-betweens cluding farm products, packag• Services Co.—have also set up for Chinese and foreign business• ing materials, fibre and chemical agencies in China this year. es, thus promoting the establish• products. It has also helped 12 The emergence of foreign- ment of a large number of joint scientific research units in China funded financial institutions in ventures. In addition, having to make researches on chemical China followed the policy of re• better understanding of China's polymers, nervous materia medi- form and opening to the outside construction projects, they have ca and crystals. world. In December 1979, the provided investment and inter• In order to tap China's mar• Export-Import Bank of Japan national information for Chinese ket, the Du Pont Co. has opened opened its first agency in Beijing. organizations, introduced new^ agencies seperately in Beijing, Following this, a large number of investment methods and trained" Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shen• foreign-funded financial institu• a number of Chinese staff en• zhen. The chiarman of the board tions poured in. As of now, 129 gaged in international financial of the Du Pont China Hold• foreign-funded financial institu• activities. ing Company Ltd., specially in tions from 26 countries and re• by Li Ping charge of Chinese business af• gions have established 219 agen• fairs, stated clearly that his com• cies in China's 14 cities. Since pany looks forward to more op• the State Council first permitted Du Pont Co. Opens portunities for co-operation and foreign-funded banks to set up development with China in the agencies in China's special eco• Shanghai Branch future. nomic zones in April 1985, 31 by Yao Jianguo business agencies for foreign- The Shanghai-Du Pont Agri• funded financial institutions, re• cultural Chemicals Co. Ltd., the presenting eight countries and second investment project by the regions, have been approved to Du Pont Co. of the United States Opportunities for operate in the SEZs. in China, began construction in Foreign businessmen To support the development of the Pudong New Development the Shanghai's Pudong area, the Zone in Shanghai on May 14 this In April, Maanshan City in People's Bank of China an• year. Edgar S. Woolard, chair• Anhui Province announced 121 nounced the Management Meth• man of the board of the Du Pont projects designed to attract for• ods for the Foreign-Funded Fin• Co., presided over the laying of eign investment. According to ancial Institutions and Joint the foundation stone ceremony. a Maanshan municipal govern• Venture Financial In,stitutions in The project, including formu• ment official, in less than one Shanghai on September 8, thus lating and packaging factories, month, his city signed two con• allowing foreign-funded banks to synthetic chemical factory and tracts for projects using foreign set up business agencies in research facilities, is expected to funds and one trade contract, Shanghai and serve the Pudong go into operation in 1992. Dur• valued at US$1.12 million. For area. The policy encouraged for• ing the early period of produc• instance, the Maanshan Iron and eign business agencies to extend tion, the company will produce Steel Co. signed a contract with from SEZs to open coastal cities. Londax, a weed killer used in a Hong Kong firm on the esta-

30 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 BUSINESS/TRADE blishment of a joint venture was so popular among foreign ple's Republic of China concern• which will produce 1.2 billion businessmen at the fair that ing overseas interests (Chinese- miniature screws annually. The within a few days contracts English) compiled by the Law project has a total investment of worth US$100,000 were signed Bureau of the State Council will US$720,000. with businessmen from the Unit• be published in July and put on The official said that his city ed States, Japan and Hong Kong. sale both at home and abroad. concluded seven letters of intent The magnetized cup is a fine The publication is the first of its and eight agreements with inves• health care product developed kind in the area of formal texts. tors including those from the after many years of research on The 3-million-word collection United States, Singapore, Hong the theory of traditional Chinese provides 226 effective rules and Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Ye• medicine and the use of modern regulations concerning overseas men. Negotiated investment magnetic technology. The com• interests formulated and issued amounted to more than US$30 pany manufactures magnet on a by the National People's Con• million. production line imported from gress and its Standing Commit• Maanshan City, located on the Japan and uses Yixing's purple tee and the State Council since bank of the Yangtze River, is an sand porcelain or Zibo's white the founding of the People's Re• industrial city in Anhui Prov• porcelain as the liner of the cup; public of China in 1949 until the ince. As one of the country's nine the cup is technically up to the end of 1990. This book has 29 largest iron and steel integrated state's standards. After a long- categories, including general, di• enterprises the city's Maanshan term clinical observation by hos• plomatic affairs, administration Iron and Steel Co. can produce pitals affiliated to the Tianjin of justice, civil administration, 2 million tons of iron and steel Medical College and gauged by foreign economic and technolog• each a year. Annual output value the opinions and reaction of ical co-operation, special econo• is 1.3 billion yuan while prof• many clients, the cup has proved mic zones and coastal open economic zones, foreign trade, fi• its and taxes reach 550 million to have curative effects on hy• nance and taxation, banking, yuan. With its industrial expan• pertension, diabetes, gall blad• customs, the inspection of import sion, a special industrial system, ders and obesity. It is more effec• and export commodities, the ad• well-equipped with machine- tive when used in conjunction building, power, textile, chemi• ministration of trade ports, en• with other medicine and is parti• vironmental protection, tourism, cal and electronic resources, has cularly good as a laxative and been formed in the city. These overseas arbitration and others. diuresis. 121 projects were selected from In addition, the book also in• According to Ling Yongning, many industrial enterprises, the cludes rules and regulations con• the factory's director, the current majority of which are enjoying cerning affairs of overseas monthly output is 200,000 such good economic returns. Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and cups and the demand is growing. Taiwan and gives a clear descrip• The official added that during Each year, 100,000 cups are ex• the Eishth Five-Year Plan per• tion of the 56 rules and regu• ported to the United States, Ja• lations concerning overseas in• iod, Maanshan will invest more pan, Malaysia, Indonesia, South than 5 billion yuan to update terests annulled by the State Korea and Hong Kong. Council. its existing enterprises. This will by Li Ming provide foreign businessmen • The fifth Assembly and with more opportunities for in• fourth International Seminar of vestment and co-operation. ASOSAI was held in Beijing by Yao Jianguo News in Brief May 8-14. This is the first time that • The Civil Aviation Admin• China sponsored the internation• Magnetized Cup Popular istration of China (CAAC) re• al auditing meeting since it cently purchased three Boeing joined the organization in 1984. Among Foreigners 737-300 passenger airplanes Audit representatives from 22 worth US$110 million from the members countries including In• The Tianci brand magnetized Boeing Corp. of the United donesia, Malaysia, India, Japan, cup, manufactured by the Tian- States. In addition, the CAAC the Philippines and Saudi Arabia jin Magnetic Material General plans to buy 13 Boeing 757-200 along with observers from the Factory, won a gold medal at the passenger airplanes in order to World Bank, the Asian Devel• Beijing International Fair, Chi• satisfy the demand of increased opment Bank and some interna• na's largest fair which was held transport volume. tional organizations attended the from April 8-15. The product • The legislation of the Peo• meeting. •

• ( • •• • BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, i991 31 CULTURE / SCIENCE When coming to specific fa• Beijing Applies for Hosting Olympics vourable factors in applying for the sponsorship of the Olympics, hen Xitong, mayor of Bei• has to be done during this time jing, declared at a news even though Beijing has a strong He analyzed that since World C briefing on April 11 that base from which to sponsor the War II, there have been 13 Beijing had formally set up a Olympics after having hosted Olympic sports meets (including committee to apply for the right last year's Asian Games. First, the 1992 Barcelona and the 1996 to host the Olympics in the year in addition to the already esta• Atlanta Olympics), six held in 2000. Chen himself is the chair• blished leadership body of the Europe, four in America, two in man of the committee. As chair• application committee, organiza• Asia and one in Australia. In man of the 1990 Beijing Asian tions responsible for project choosing the site for the 2000 Games Organizing Committee, planning, public communication, Olympic Games, he pointed out, he submitted the Application for overall design and publicity need the International Olympic Com• Sponsoring the 27th Olympics in to be set up. Second, plans for mittee will consider the Olympic 2000 to the Chinese Olympic organizing the Olympic Games spirit and ideal, i.e., sports com• Committee on February 26. in such areas as the arrangement petition can help young peojrfe Beijing's success in holding the of events and sports stadiums develop both physically and Uth Asian Games last autumn and gymnasiums, transportation, mentally and promote mutual won praise from both home and communication, telecasting and understanding and friendship be• abroad. Chen is confident of the facilities for athletes' daily life tween different peoples of the competition for the sponsorship need to be worked out in accord• world so as to build a more of the 2000 Olympics. Chinese ance with requirements of the peaceful and beautiful world. Premier Li Peng also said to re• Olympic Charter and of relat• The International Olympic Com• porters at the press conference ed international sports organiza• mittee encourages developing following the recent Fourth Ses• tions. While renovating the exist• countries to bear such an obliga• sion of the Seventh National ing stadiums and gymnasiums, a tion, but so far, only two Olym• People's Conference that Beijing number of sports fields need to pic Games have been held in de• and the Chinese government will be built, including a main sports veloping countries. If China is try their best to hold the Olym• ground with a capacity of about permitted to hold the 2000 pic Games "if the application is 100,000 seats, an indoor cycling Olympics, the Olympic ideal will granted." track, a horsemanship ground, a be spread throughout the coun• It is reported that Berlin, Lon• gymnasium for water sports, a try, a country with the largest don, Sidney and Brasilia have large-scale comprehensive gym• population in the world. set up application organizations, nasium and an Olympic Ath• Many foreign reporters asked while other cities such as Paris letes' Village. Regarding whether the June 4th event in are considering participating the municipal construction, efforts 1989 would thwart Beijing's ap- competition to host the games. are needed to expand or build a plieation. He answered that the He Zhenliang, chairman of the new airport and railway stations. majority of people in the world Chinese Olympic Committee, He said in his recent inter• are just, especially in sports cir• vice-president of the Interna• view with reporters of the China cles. He recalled that on June tional Olympic Committee and Sports News that to host the 7, 1989, he received a telegram standing vice-chairman of the Olympic Games a nation must from Juan Antonio Samaranch, application committee, said on meet the following conditions: a president of the International April 11 that all candidates start stable society; a prosperous econ• Olympic Committee, which ex• at the same line and enjoy equal omy; good management capaci• pressed his concern and support opportunity in the competition. ty and a relatively high level of of the Chinese government. To There are two years left from competitiveness of its own ath• support his argument. He cited now to September 1993 when the letes. China meets all these re• that 67 out of 92 members of the International Olympic Commit• quirements, he said, because by International Olympic Commit• tee formally votes for the spon• 2000, China will have greater tee headed by Samaranch and 19 sorship of the 2000 Olympics. economic strength. Besides, out of 25 chairmen of the world's According to Wu Shaozhu, min• China enjoys a more favourable sports organizations attended the ister of the State Physical Cul• condition than other countries Asiad opening ceremony, and ture and Sports Commission and —it has the support and concert• the fact that all members of the executive chairman of the appli• ed effort of all the people in the Olympic Council of Asia sent de• cation committee, lots of work country. legations to take part in the Bei-

32 < 'KEDWG REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2,1991 CULTURE/SCIENCE jing Asian Games. He expressed that he will try his best to convince all Interna• tional Olympic Committee mem• Minority Dance Enciiants bers that the Chinese people are not only eager to make their con• tribution to the world's Olympic Beijing Audience undertaking, but are also capable of hosting this significant sports rrihe Dali Bai Autonomous formed by three people, the meet in accordance with the re• I Prefecture Art Ensemble dance depicted a scene of the life quirements of the Olympic from Yunnan Province, of a fisherman's family living by Charter. southeast China, inhabited by the Erhai Lake in the days of by Lou Linwei many of the Chinese minorities, reform and opening to the out• recently presented a jubilant side world. The fisherman sets Wushu Festival to be song and dance party in Beijing, sail with his wife and their adding a particular glamour to daughter. They spread out the Held in Zhengzhou the capital's art stage. fish net and tap the boat with ' The 1991 Zhengzhou Interna- The more than ten numbers planks to drive the fish into the 'fional Shaolin Wushu Festival performed were selections re• net. They come back with a good Avill be held in Zhengzhou, capi• fined from the local Dali people's catch. The husband's dance dis• tal of Henan Province, central everyday and festive activities. played the boldness of the Bai China, from September 10-15 From the songs and dances, the man while the wife was soft and this year. audience not only got an idea of lissome. The role of the daughter Shaolin Temple, located in the rich culture of the minorities, was special. Sometimes she was Zhengzhou City, is the ances• but also their happy life. a naive little girl and at other tral temple of the Zen Sect Fishers' Song on Erhai Lake times she acted like the fish of Chinese Buddhism. Shaolin was a Bai nationality dance. Per• jumping and skipping in the net. Wushu (martial art), which ori• ginated here, is one of the major A scene from Sweet Mountain Spring, a Yi nationality dance. schools of Chinese Wushu. It is known for its remarkable ef• fects on health, self-defence and temperament-moulding. Shaolin Wushu and the Shaolin Temple have maintained world-wide fame. Each year, 1.5 million visitors from both China and abroad come to Zhengzhou to learn Shaolin Wushu or to do sightseeing. Wushu units in Japan, Malay• sia, Singapore, the United States, Canada and Hong Kong will be invhed to the festival, which will include competitions in obliga• tory Wushu techniques, weapon play, free style and other compe• titions. During the festival, sight• seeing tours, art shows and eco• nomic and scientific exchanges will also be organized to show the rich traditional culture, beautiful landscape and colour• ful local customs of central China.

BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUN8:i-jFj91 33 CULTURE/SCIENCE

A scene from a cheerful Bai nationality dance. Phohibj/XU XIANGJUN Incorporating many movements nationality dance, presented a burst into thunderous applause. of the Bai dance, this dance was scene of the Yi women washing In addition, Bai dances such very rhythmic, creating an at• beside a mountain spring. Dur• as Spring Celebration, The Bai mosphere of happiness. ing the dance, the wash basins Boys and Girls and Immeasur• Untie the Knot was a graceful were used not only to scoop wat• able Joy, together with folk songs and humorous Miao nationality er and hold clothes, but also as by well-known Bai singer Yang dance. A group of girls danced stones in the spring. The wom• Hongying, were also enjoyed by their beautiful and complex for• en either frolicked or did their the audience. mation into a "knot," which hid washing on the "stones." It The Dali area is fertile soil for the sweetheart of a lad. The lad seemed as if the cool spring tric• minority national art. For a long could not stay with his love un• kled with music under their feet time, especially over the past ten less he , untied the "knot." and hands. years, literary and art experts in Though he tried his best, the lad Antiphonal singing is an im• the area have collected and sort• failed to break the formation. In• portant method of the Bai young ed out a large number of na• stead, he himself was entangled people in finding their love. The tional folk songs and dances. by the magic knot. Suddenly, he performance of antiphonal sing• Achievements have also been hit upon a way out of the predi• ing in Tvio Perpetual Blossoms made in original professional cament. He played the lusheng, a greatly appealed to the audience: works. Since 1979, literary and reed-pipe wind instrument loved A bold and resonant male voice art experts of the Dali Bai Au• by the Miaos. His melodious mu• started the singing on the stage. tonomous Prefecture have cho• sic fascinated the girls. They be• The answer, sweet and melo• reographed and written more gan to dance with the music so dious, came, to the audience's than 90 dances, two dance dra• that the "knot" became undone. surprise, from the theatre's rear. mas, along with many national The smart young man was thus In this novel style, the "couple" songs. Many works have won re-united with his sweetheart. sang to each other with wit• prizes in China and some have The dance movements flowed, ticism and humour accompanied been performed in Japan and and the bending of music and by music in the Bai tradition, European and American coun• dance gave a pleasing effect. until they leaned close to each tries. Sweet Mountain Spring, a Yi other on stage while the audience by Feng Jing

34 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 27-JUNE 2, 1991 mi Chinese Paintings by Xue Linxing

Xue Linxing, born in Shandong Province in 1951, is now a profes• sional painter in Beijing. His paint• ings' special subjects are the beau• tiful women of old days.

Yang Guifei (719-756), Imperial Con• cubine of Emperor Xuanzong in Chi• G(xldess of Wushan Mountain. na's Tang Dynasty.

ART PAQE

Main Character Yingying and Maid servant in the Classic Chinese Love Story, The Western Chamber. Try Our Emulsion Products Our faaory provides excellent inspeaion and D-type emulsive gloves, medical and in• dustrial emulsive labour proteaion gloves, rub• ber blood transfusion tubes, etc. for export. New Products: Our coloured gloves made with quality natural rubber have a cotton knitted lining. The palm of the glove has a rough surface to resist abrasion. They are warm, sweat-proof, durable and comfortable to wear. They are an ideal labour protection product for workers. Business talks on investment, co-operative management, processing with supplied materi• Pingdu Emulsion Factory, Qingdao, als and compensatory trade from both domes• Shandong tic and foreign businesses are welcome. Address: South Section of Hangzhou Rd., Pingdu, Shandong Tel: 763603 Cable: 2021

General Foreign Agent: Huayuan Scientific & Technological Expan• sion Co. Under the China Council for the Promotion of International Science & Tech• nology Address: 37 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China Tel: 2025173, 2024183 Fax: (01) 2019583