INDEX aali (Dodonaea, D. viscosa) African tulip tree (Spathodea cam- 351, 352, 354, 355, 359, 394, 399, panulata) 212, 316, 318, 547, 401, 402, 403, 559, 564, 585, 627, 559, 566, 618; see also Spathodea 658, 661, 669, 673, 675, 683; see campanulata also Dodonaea, D. viscosa Agavaceae 116,205; see also agave Abelmoschus moschatus 142 agave 116; 487; see also Agavaceae, Abronia 88 Agave americana Abms precatorius 137 Agave americana (century plant) 487, Abutilon grandifolium (hairy 508,514,521; see also agave abutilon) 142,217 Agave sisalana (sisal) 116, 205, Acacia 304,309-310 487,507,508,514,521,538 Acacia confusa (Formosan koa) 137, Ageratina adenophora (Maui pbakani) 487,506,507,508,514,521,538 127, 304, 315, 326-327, 425, 468, Acacia fmesiana (klu) 137,215,538 538, 544, 547, 558, 563, 696; see Acacia koa (koa) 155, 168, 186, also Maui pbakani 271, 274, 304, 363, 394, 399, 532, Ageratina riparia (Hkdcua pbakani) 558,580,667,674; see also koa 127, 327, 411, 425, 426, 432, 434, Acacia memsii (black wattle) 137, 468, 475, 538, 544, 547, 585, 689; 289, 487, 506, 508, 513, 514, 528, see also Hiimiikua phakani 538, 547, 568, 816; see also black Ageratum conyoides 127,327 wattle Ageratum houstonianum 127 Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood acacia) Agonopterir ulicitella 564,580 487,508,513,514 Agraulis vanillae 291 Acalypha indica 136 agriculture 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 16, 56, Acalypha wilkesiana (beefsteak 70, 73, 76-77, 79, 93, 99, 100, 108, plant) 214 113, 114, 115ff, 189, 249, 271, 317, Acanthaceae (acanthus) 125,209 318, 397, 432, 434, 436, 439, 441, acanthus (Acanthaceae) 125,209 442, 446, 455, 456, 466, 467, 472, Acanthospennum 127 474, 476, 478, 479, 502, 533, 546, Achillea millefolium 70, 71, 72, 554, 559, 577, 591, 602, 618, 708, 81,127 709, 713, 714, 727, 729, 753, 757, Achyranthes aspera 125,210, 613-614 758, 759, 761, 762, 766, 767, 768, Achyranthes atollensis 199, 210 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 799, 800, Acridotheres tistis (common myna, 824,827 Indian myna) 227,281,412 agromyzid 413; see also Ophiomyia Adelges piceae (balsam wooly aphid) lantanae 20 Agropyron cristatum (bunchgrass) 15; Adiantum jordanii 90 see also bunchgrass 'ae'ae (Bacopa monnieri) 220 Agropyron desertomm (bunchgrass) 35; Aerenicopsis championi 415 see also bunchgrass Aeschynomene virginica 433 Agropyron repens 88 African dropseed (Sporobolus Agropyron spicatum (bunchgrass) 35; africanus) 209, 667; see also see also bunchgrass Sporobolus africanus Agroseris grandiflora 81 Index

Agrostis avenacea 119, 629, 630, aloe (Aloe) 205 636,641,647,650,652,672 Aloeaceae 205 Agrosh's sandwicensis 626, 632, 634, Alopex lagopus (arctic fox) 21 636, 639, 640, 641, 646, 647, 650, alpine zone 7, 268, 396, 541, 542, 652,661,662 551,556,626,784,786,7% Agrostis semive~'cillata 88, 119 Abinia 124 Agrostis stolonifera 17,119 Alternanthera (joyweed) 125; see 'ahu'awa (Mariscus javanicus) 101, also joyweed 207; see also Mariscus javanicus Altemanthera tenella (joyweed) 125, Ailanthus altissima 20 210 Aira caryophyllea 119 Altemaria 291 air plant (Kalanchoe pinnata) 214; Altemaria passiflora 278 see also Kalanchoe pinnata Alysicarpus vaginalis 123, 137 Aizoaceae 81, 125, 209; see also 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens) 278 carpetweed, fig-marigold amaranth (Amaranthaceae) 125,210 'iikala (Rubus hawaiiensis) 476; see Amaranthaceae (amaranth) 125,210 also Rubus hawaiiensis Amaranthus brownii 210 'iikepa (Loxops coccineus) 300 Amaranthus dubius (pakai) 125, 210, '&a (Wikstroemia, W. sandwicensis) 555 359, 400, 402; see also Amaranthus hybridus (green amaranth) Wikstroemia 125,210 'akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides Amaranthus lividus 126 var. celastroides) 190,215 Amaranthus spinosus (spiny pigweed) 'iikulikuli (Sesu vium portulacastrum) 126,210,555 209 Amaranthus viridis (slender amaranth) 'alalii (Corvus hawaiiensis, 126,210,555 Hawaiian crow) 282,288 Amaryllidaceae 81,437,508 albatross 201 'ama'u 307, 367, 400, 401, 562; see albizia (Albizia) 487, 508, 513, also Sadleria cyatheoides, S. 514 pallida Albizia julibrissin 20 'ama'uma'u (Sadleria cyatheoides, S. Albizia lebbeck (siris tree) 137, 215 pallida) 348, 363; see also alena (Boerhavia repens) 218 Sadleria cyatheoides Aleurites moluccana (candlenut, Amblyopappus pusillus 70,81 kukui) 102, 136, 214, 607, 729; see Ambrosia artemisiifolia 127 also candlenut Ambrosia chamissonis 81 Aleurodicus dispersus (spiraling American crocodile (Crocodjllus whitefly) 456 acutus) 50,53,55 alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 216; Ammannia 142 see also Medicago sativa Ammophila arenan'a (European beach algae 21,33 grass) 8, 16, 119,208 Alismataceae (water plantain) 116 Amsinckia 72 allamanda (Allamanda cathartica) Amsinckia intennedia 83, 131 210 Amsinckia spectabilis 83 allelopathy 77, 227, 313, 315, 620, Anacardiaceae 81, 126, 210, 493; see 629 also mango Allium cepa (onion) 207 Anacardium occidentale 126 Allium fistulosum (bunch onion) 207 Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimper- Allium praecox 81 nel) 90, 147; see also scarlet Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) pimpernel 205 Ananas comosus (pineapple) 420, 444, Alocasia macrorrhiza 102,116,610 453, 554, 730, 800; see also pineapple industry 'iinaunau (Lepidium bidentatum var. Aphelandra aurantiaca 125 o-waihiense) 190,212 Apiaceae 81, 126, 210; see also anchialine pools 542; see also aquatic carrot, parsley habitat Apiasbum angustifolium 81 Andropogon 34, 35, 399, 401; see Apienulicis 580 also bunchgrass Apion ulicis 475 Andropogon glomeratus. See Schi- Apis mellifea (honeybee) 278 zachyrium condensahtm Apocynaceae 126, 210; see also dog- Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) bane, periwinkle 119,250, 314, 322, 394, 398, 434, aquatic habitat 6, 9, 17, 18, 20, 21, 486, 487, 538, 547, 552, 563, 689, 32, 52, 59; see also anchialine 734; see also broomsedge pools, riparian habitat Anenome hupehensis 147 aquatic plants 20,30,32,42,52,59 Anethum graveolens 126 Aquifoliaceae (holly) 127 angiosperms 116; see also species Araceae 81,116,205; see also taro listings Araliaceae (ginseng) 127,211,489,510 Annonaceae 126 aramina (Urena lobata) 104 Annona cherimola 126 Araucariaceae (araucaria) 204 annual bluegrass (Poa annua) 209, Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk 566; see also Poa annua Island pine) 204 Anous minutus melanogenys (black Archlagocheimsfunestus 20,422 noddy) 197 arctic fox (Aloper lagopus) 21 Anredera cordifolia 131 arctic ground squirrel (Citellus Anthemis cotula 127 undulatus) 21 Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll Arctium lappa (gobo) 127,211 weevil) 52 ardisia (Ardisia elliptica) 538; Anthoxanthum odorahrm (sweet vernal- see also Ardisia elliptica grass) 119, 314, 322, 487, 557, Ardisia crenata (Hilo holly) 143, 626, 630, 636, 640, 641, 650, 672, 487,508,514,521 683,732; see also sweet vernalgrass Ardisia elliptica (ardisia) 143, anthropogenic effects 31, 64, 292, 538 394, 395, 397, 398, 400, 403, 404, Ardisia humilis 618 597, 598, 600, 604, 606, 609, 611, Ardisia solanacea (shoebutton 612, 614, 618, 620, 796; see also ardisia) 52,58 human disturbance Arecaceae 81,205; see also palm anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) Arenan'a se~pyllifolia 133 205,714,716,718 Argemone glauca 647,652 Anthurium andraeanum (anthurium) Argemone mevicuna 145 205,714; see also anthurium Argyroxiph ium sandwicense (silver- Anthurium andreanum cv. 'Marion sword) 267, 637, 640, 642; see also Seefurth' 714 silversword Anthurium andreanum cv. 'Ozaki' Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. 714 macrocephalum (Haleakala Antiblemma acclinalis 452, 459, 460, silversword) 556 461 Argyroxiphium sandwicense var. Antidesma 560 sandwicense (Mauna Kea silver- Antigonon leptopus 146 sword) 639; see also Mauna Kea Antirrhinum nuttallianum 91 silversword Antirrhinum orontium 148 Argyroxiphium virescens (green- ants 11,12,766 sword) 6 'ape (Xanthosoma) 205 armyworm 455 Aphanisma blitoides 84 arnotto (Bixaceae) 131 Inda aroids 715 Athyriopsis japonica 321 arrow root (Tacca leontopetaloides) Athyrium 308-310 729; see also Tacca leontopeta- Athynium microphyllum 558 loides Ah-ipla 85 Artemisia califomica (coastal sage) Atipla califomica 71,84 70,72 82 Atipla eardleyae 134 Artemisia pontica 127 Atipla lentifonnis 85,134 Artemisia vulgars 127 Atriplex semibaccata (Australian Arthraxon hispidus 119 saltbush) 72,74,75,76,85,134 arthropods 291,499,601,667 Atriplex suberecta (salt bush) Arthrostema ciliaturn (arthrost ema) 134,213,555 142,487,508,515,521 Australian fern weevil (Syagrius artichoke (Cynara scolymus) 767 fulvitarms) 562 artillery plant (Pilea microphylla) Australian fireweed (Erechtites 21; see also Pilea microphylla glomerata) 76; see also Erech- Artocqus altilis (breadfruit) 102, tites glomerata, fueweed 143,729 Australian pine (Casuarina) 47, 49, Arundina graminifolia (bamboo 52,57,59;see also Casuarina orchid) 119,402 Australian saltbush (Atripla semi- Asclepiadaceae (milkweed) 127 baccata) 75, 76, 78; see also Asclepias curassavica 127 Atnpla semibaccata Asclepias physocarpa (balloon plant) Australian tree fern (Cyathea 127,538 cooperi) 314, 318, 319, 551, 559, ash 532; see also tropical ash 561, 562, 571; see also Cyathea Asiatic butterfly bush (Buddleia cooperi asiatica) 547; see also Avena 21 Buddleia asiatica Avena barbata (slender oats) 73, 77, Asiatic pennywort (Centella 88,119 asiatica) 558; see also Avena fatua (wild oats) 72, 73, 74, Centella asiatica 77,89,119;see also wild oats asparagus fern (Asparagus avian pox 201 setaceus) 207 avocado (Persea americana) 441, Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) 455; see also Persea americana 207 'aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) aspen (Populus tremuloides) 7 213, 627, 629, 634, 654, 656, 658, Aspidiaceae 81 661;see also Chenopodium oahuense Asplenium 363 Axis avis (axis deer) 701 Asplenium trichomanes 637, 640, 642, Axonopus jissifolius (narrow-leaved 650,670,672 carpetgrass) 119, 314, 323; see Astelia menziesiana (pa'iniu) 345- also narrow-leaved carpetgrass 346,347,349 Asteraceae (daisy, sunflower) 81, 82, Baccharis 82 83,127,157,211 Baccharispilularis 71, 72, 82 Aster subulatus 127 Bacopa monnieri ('ae'ae) 220 Astragalus (locoweed) 7,s bacteria 8,33 Astragalus miguelensis 71,72,86 bagnit (Tristellateia australasiae) asystasia (Asystasia gangetica) 217 125,209 balloon plant (Asclepias physocarpa) A~ystasia gangetica (asystasia) 125, 538; see also Asclepias physocarpa 209 Balsaminaceae 131; see also Ategumia matutinalis 452 454, 455, touch-me-not 459,461 balsam wooly aphid (Adelges piceae) 20 Index

Baltimora recta 127 begonia (Begonia, Begoniaceae) 131 bamboo (Phyllostachys) 511, 518, Belamcanda chinensis 118 521,563,572 Belgian hare 93; see also rabbits bamboo orchid (Arundina g.aminifolia) bellflower (Campanulaceae) 133 402, see also Amndina gramini- bell pepper. See Capsicum annuum folia Benicasa hispida (Chinese melon) Bambusa vulgaris (feathery bamboo) 487,509,513,515 538 Berberidaceae 83 banana 119, 207, 729, 800; see also Berberis pinnata insu laris 83 Musa, Musaceae, Musa x Berberis thunbergii 20 paradisiaca Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) banana poka (Passflora mollissinta) 199, 208, 364, see also Cynodon 13, 41, 155-158, 163, 168, 169, 170, dactyIon 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 249, berries 45; see also entries for 271-293, 372, 392, 433, 438, 442, Rubus species 443, 444, 445, 472, 474, 476, 477, Berula erecta 81 486, 491, 498, 501, 502, 536, 537, be-still tree (Cascabela thevetia) 538, 539, 540, 551, 567-568, 570, 210 571, 572, 593, 667, 692, 694, 695, Beta vulgaris 85 696, 754, 755, 767, 769, 770-771, Beta vulgaris var. cicla (Swiss 772, 782, 783, 786, 829; see also chard) 213 Passifloa mollissima, Passiflora Bidens alba 127 BarIeria cristata 125 Bidens alba var. radiata (Spanish barley 72,93 needles) 211 barringtonia (Bam'ngtonia asiatica, Bidens cynapiifola 127 Lecythidaceae) 217 Bidens gardneri 128 Barringtonia asiatica (barringtonia) Bidens laevis 112,128 217 Bidens lanceolata 128 Basella (Basellaceae) 131 Bidens pilosa (beggar's tick) 42, Bassia hyssopifoia 134 128, 211, 630; see also Spanish bat, Hawaiian (Lasiums cinereus needles semotus) 781,797 big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) Bataceae (saltwort) 131 454 Batis maritima 131 Bignoniaceae (bignonia) 131,212 bayberry 143; see also Myricaceae biocontrol 14, 16, 236, 242, 387, beach dropseed (Sporobolus 411-428, 432-447, 466, 467, 472, virginicus) 209 473, 474, 475, 491, 492, 493, 498, beaches 50, 52, 55, 66, 70, 75, 101, 500, 502, 513, 563, 564, 568, 571, 197; see also coastal zone 572, 757-773, 783, 823, 824, 825; beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes- see also biological control caprae subsp. brasiliensis) bioherbicides. See mycoherbicides 214 biological control 7, 9, 13, 16, 19, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea) 57, 58, 79, 158, 178, 226, 228, 236, 197, 201; see also naupaka kahakai, 242, 250, 267, 274, 291, 292, 315, Scaevola sericea 377, 386, 387, 318, 392, 411-428, beefsteak plant (Acalypha wilkesiana) 452-462, 466-479, 485, 486, 487, 214 489, 490, 491, 495, 498, 499, 503, beekeepers 477, 761, 767, 770, 771, 507, 518, 522, 533, 537, 539, 540, 772,773 544, 545, 567, 572, 578, 580, 581, beetles 766; see also Coleoptera 582, 585, 699, 757-773, 781, 782, beggar's tick (Bidens pilosa) 42; 783, 795, 813, 824, 825, 826, 829, see also Bidens pilosa 830; see also biocontrol Index bird of paradise (Strelitzia Blumea laciniata 112, 128 reginae) 207,716 Blumea sessiliflora 112, 128 birds 51, 75, 93, 104, 105, 156, 157, Bocchoris fatualis 454 Bocconia fnrtescens 145 Boehm australis var. dealbata 278, 281, 287, 290, 292, 304, 308, 610 311, 313, 316, 319, 343, 373, 412, Boehmeria nivea 151 477, 536, 540, 548, .553, 557, 561, Boerhavia coccinea 144 562, 567, 569, 601, 604, 612, 614, Boerhavia herbstii 218 628, 696, 700, 770, 781, 782, 785, Boerhavia repens (alena) 218 796, 797, 799, 825; see also bogs 34, 304, 314, 395, 396, 541, 542, dispersal by birds, seabirds, 551, 554, 557, 558, 564, 565, 571, species listings, waterbirds 746,747 bison (Bison bison) 18 boobies (Sula) 604 bitter herb (Centaurium erythraea borage 131; see also Boraginaceae subsp. erythraea) 217 Boraginaceae (borage, heliotrope) 83, Bixaceae (arnotto, Bixa) 131 131,212 black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) boreal vegetation 7 559,563,572 Bos taurus (cattle) 35, 235, 281, blackberry (Rubus argutus) 316, 342, 553, 577, 586, 602, 627, 701, 341, 359-366, 467, 470, 476, 492, 726,727;see also cattle 527, 529, 531, 532, 538, 544, 545, botanical gardens 712, 713, 717, 719, 551, 557, 558, 561, 569, 570, 571, 720,722 572, 683, 689, 699, 770, 791; see Bothriochloa 119 also Florida blackberry, Rubus Bothriochloa intermedia 112,119 argutus Bothriospermum tenellum 131 black-footed albatross (Diomedea bougainvillea (Bougainvillea) 218, nigripes) 197 716 black medic (Medicago lupulina) Bougainvillea cv. 'Bridal Bouquet,' 216; see also Medicago lupulina cv. 'Purple Prince' 716-717 black mustard (Brassica nigra) Bougainvillea spectabilis (bougain- 212; see also Brassica nigra villea) 218; see also bougainvillea black noddy (Anous minutus bowstring hemp (Sanseviera) 205 melanogenys) 197 boxthorn (Lycium califomicum) 71, black wattle (Acacia meamsii) 289, 94;see also Lycium califomicum 487, 506, 508, 513, 514, 528, 538, Brachiaria mutica (paragrass) 119, 547, 568, 569, 816; see also 208 Acacia meamsii Brachymeria obscurata 455 blackwood acacia (Acacia melanoxylon) bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) 487,508,513,514 400, 401, 557; see also Pteridium blechnum fern (Blechnum occidentale) aquilinum 42; see also Blechnum occidentale bracket plant (Chlorophytum capense) Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern) 207 42,321 braconid, Braconidae 414,416,455 Blepharomastiu acutangulalis 415 Bracon mellitor 414 Blepharomastiu ebulealis 454; see brambles 433, 435; see. also Rubus also Ategumia matutinalis listings blowflies (Calliphora) 278 ~rassica campestis (field mustard) blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) 75, 132,212 76, 554; see also eucalyptus, Brassicaceae (mustard) 84,132,212 Eucal'tus globulus Brassica geniculata 84 blue ginger (Dichorisandra Brassica juncea 132 thytsiflora) 206 Index

Brassica nigra (black mustard, wild Broussaisia arguta (pii'aha-nui) 313 mustard) 73,74,84, 132,212 Broussonetia papynfera (wauke) 102, Brassica rapa (wild mustard) 4, 73, 143,729 74 browsing 21, 496, 560, 611, 619, 625, Brazilian peppertree (Schinus 626, 628, 629, 630ff, 632, 633, 634, terebinthifoius) 6, 10, 31, 32, 639, 644, 661, 662, 676, 734; see 43, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, also grazing 59, 476; see also Christmas berry, Brugmansia candida 149 Schinus terebinthifoius Bnrguiera gymnorhiza 147 breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) bryophytes 307, 396, 558, 667, 672, 729; see also Artocarpus altilis 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, Brevipalpusphoenicis 425 695 Breynia disticha var. rosi-picta buckwheat 146, 219; see also (snow bush) 215 Polygonaceae Brickellia califomica 82 Buddleiaceae (butterfly bush) 133 bristly foxtail (Setaria verti- Buddleia asiatica (Asiatic butterfly cillata) 209; see also Setaria bush) 133,547 verticillata Buddleia madagascariensis 133 Briza 119 buffalo grass 209; see also Brodiaea jolonensis 81 Stenotaphmm secundatum brome fescue (Vulpia bromoides) buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) 566, see also Vulpia bromoides 402, 547, 732; see also Cenchms brome grass (Bromus) 72; see also ciliaris Bromus Bulbostylis capi1lm.s 117 bromeliads 708,715,720 bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) 6, Bromus (brome grass) 72,650 528; see also Cirsium vulgare, Bromus arizonicus 89 thistle Bromus carinatus 89,636,640,641 bumble-mustard (Sisymbrium altissi- Bromus catharticus 610 mum) 8; see also Sisymbrium Bromus diandms 74,89 altissimum Bromus inermis (smooth brome) 7, 15 bunchgrass 16, 34, 35, 72, 73, 376, Bromus madritensis 89 398, 400, 563, 568, 649; see also Bromus maritimus 89 Agropyron, Andropogon, Stip a Bromus mollis (soft chess) 77, 89, pulchra 120 bunch onion (Alliumfishtlosum) 207 Bromus pseudolaevipes 89 buprestid, Buprestidae 459,461 Bromus rigidus (ripgut grass) 120, bur clover (Medicago polymotpha) 626, 630, 636, 641, 647, 650, 652; 77, 216; see also Medicago see also ripgut grass polymorpha i3romus rubens (red brome) 70, 77, burro (Epusasinus) 10, 14,17 89,120 bush beardgrass (Schizachyrium Bromus tectorum (cheat grass) 8, 15, condensatum) 394, 398, 399, 402, 18,43,120; see also cheat grass 403, 405, 436, 493, 495, 699, 734, Bromus trinii 89 see also Schizachyrium condensahtm Bromus willdenowii (prairie grass) buttercup (Ranunculaceae) 147; see 120,208 also Ranunculaceae broomsedge (Andropogon vwnicus) butterflies 414, 416, 423, 766; see 250, 314, 318, 394, 398, 399, 401, also Lepidoptera 402, 403, 405, 486, 487, 538, 547, butterflybush (Buddleiaceae) 133 563, 689, 699, 734; see also button sedge (Fimbristylis cymosa) Andropogon virginicus 206 Broussaisia 308 buttonwood (Conmarpus erectus) 51, 213 Index cabbage palm (Livistona australis) Cannabis sativa (marijuana) 249 205 caper (Capparaceae) 133,212 cacao (Sterculiaceae) 150 Capparis sandwichiana (puapilo) 212 Cactaceae 133, 212, 422, 490, 511; see Capra hircus (goat) 35, 73, 235, also cactus 301, 377, 398, 4%, 532, 551, 553, Cactoblastis 420,423,424 581, 586, 602, 627, 666, 726, 784; Cactoblastis cactorum 420, 421, 422, see also goat 520 Caprifoliaceae(honeysuckle) 133 cactus 34, 133, 212, 411, 419, 420, Capsella bursa-pastoris 84 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 473, Capsella rubella (shepherd's purse) 475, 477, 585, 766; see also 132,212 Cactaceae, Opuntia Capsicum annuum (nioi) 149, 220, cactus scale 420 461,555 Caesalpinia 137 Cardamine 132 Caesalpinia bonduc (kakalaioa, Cardamine calijomica 84 kinikini) 137,215 Cardionema ramosissimum 84 Caesalpinia decapetala (cat's claw) Cardiospemum 148 137,538 Carduus (thistle) 766 Cajanus cajan 138 Carduus nutans (musk thistle) 6, 19; cajeput (Melaleuca quinquenervia) see also thistle 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59; Caretta caretta caretta (loggerhead see also Melaleuca quinquenervia turtle) 50; see also sea turtle Cakile (sea-rocket) 8,84 Carev 308,314,558,565 caladium (Caladium bicolor) 205 Carev alligata 304, see also sedge Calandrinia 90 Carev echinata 557,564 Calliphora (blowtlies) 278 Carex macloviana 647,650,652 CaIlisia fragans 116 Cara wahuensis 355,670,672 Calophyllum antillanum 135 Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) CalophyNum inophyllum (kamani) 42; see also Pinus caribaea 102,104,135,213,616,729 caribou (Rangifer arcticus) 21 Calyptocarpus vialis 128 Caricaceae (papaya) 133,213 Calystegia macrostegia 70,72, 85 Caricapapaya (papaya) 133,213,730 Calystegia soldanella 85 Carissa macrocarpa (Natal plum) 210 Camellia sinensis 150 carnations 716 Camissonia 88 carpetweed 143, 209; see also Campanulaceae (bellflower) 133 Aizoceae, Molluginaceae Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Carpobrotus 72; see also Hottentot 6, 9; see also Cirsium arvense, fig, sea fig thistle Carpobrotus aequilaterus (sea fig) Canavalia 138 71, 75, 78, 81; see also sea fig, Canavalia ensifomis 215; see ice plant also jackbean Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig) Canavalia hawaiiensis 676; see also 76,81 jackbean Carposina atlanticella 445 Canavalia kauensis 676; see also Carposina bullata 452,458,459,461 jackbean Carposinidae 459 candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)767 607, 612, 613, 618; see also carrot 104, 210; see also Apiaceae, Aleurites moluccana, kukui Daucus pusillus Canis domesticus (dog) 553, 627; Caryophyllaceae (pink) 84,133,213 see also dog Cascabela thevetia (be-still tree) canna (Canna, Cannaceae) 116,206 210 Index

Casinaria infesta 455 Cecropiaceae 134 Cassia 215 Cecropia obtusifolia 134 Cassia jlotibunda 610 Cecropiapalmata 618 Castilleja @nis 72,91 Celastms ohiculatus 20 Castilleja arvensis 149 Cenchrus agrimonioides var. CastiIIeja hololeuca 91 laysanensis (kiimanomano) 199,208 castor bean (Ricinus communis) Cenchrus ciliaris 120, 547, 732; 215, 492, 506, 512, 519, 521, 522, see also buffelgrass 566, 569; see also Ricinus Cenchrus echinatus (sandbur) 120, communis 194,195,200,208 Casuarina (casuarina) 10, 33, 47, Centaurea 9, 19, 766; see also 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58; see also Centaurea maculosa, knapweed Australian pine, Casuarina Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) equisetifolia 7,15,16,128; see also Centaurea Casuarinaceae (she-oak) 134, 193, 213, Centaurea melitensis (tocalote) 74, 488,509 77, 79, 82; see also yellow star Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) thistle 10, 21, 49, 50, 134, 189, 193, 213, Centaurium erythraea 140 488, 509, 513, 515, 528; see also Centaurium erythraea subsp. Casuarina, ironwood erythraea (bitter herb) 217 Casuarina glauca 49, 50, 134; see Centella asiatica (Asiatic penny- also Casuarina wort) 126,558 Casuarina littoralis 616 Centranthus ruber 151 Catabena esula 415,416,417 century plant (Agave americana) Catalina cherry (Prunus ilicifolia 508,514,521 subsp. Iyonii) 71 cerambycid, Cerambycidae 415, 416, Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) 126, 452,459,461 210 Cerastium fontanum 133 Catimbium speciosum (shell ginger) Cerastium fontanum var. triviale 209 (common mouse ear) 213 cats 93,94 Ceratophyllaceae (hornwort) 134 cat's claw (Caesalpinia decapetala) Ceratophyllum demersum 17,134 538; see also Caesalpinia Ceratophyllum glomeratum 84 decapetala Cercosporella. See EntyIoma cattail 124; see also Typhaceae Cereus uruguayanus 133 cattle (Bos taurus) 6, 7, 18, 21, Ceroplastis cernpidiformis 291 73, 77, 235, 259, 281, 287, 288, Cestmm 149 342, 419, 497, 553, 554, 557, 577, chalcid 455 586, 602, 603, 619, 620, 701, 726, Chamaecrista nictitans (partridge 727, 729, 766, 800; see also Bos pea) 138,399 taurus, cattle industry Chamaesyce dbomarginata 136 cattle industry 412, 419, 584, 713, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 714, 732; see also Bos taurus, celastroides ('akoko) 190,215 cattle Chamaesyce degeneri 402 cayenne vervain (Stachytarpheta Chamaesyce hirta (hairy spurge) 136, dichotoma) 538; see also 215,604 Stachytapheta dichotoma Chamaesyce hypericifolia 136,215 Ceanothus megocapus subsp. insu- Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 137 laris (island bigpod ceanothus) Chamaesyce maculata 137,215 71,91 Chamaesyce olowduana 626 cecidomyiid (Cecidomyiidae) 452,459 Chamaesyce prostrata (small ground Cecropia 134 fig) 137,215 Charnaesyce thymifolia 137 cholla (Opuntia prolifera) 70; see Chasmanfhe aefhiopica 87 also Opuntia prolifera chandelier plant (Kalanchoe Chondrilla juncea (rush skeleton fubiflora) 214; see also weed) 435 Kalanchoe fubifora Chrisfella dentafa 321 chaparral 8, 17,67,71 Chrisfellaparasitica 322 cheat grass (Bromus fecforum) 8, Christmas berry (Schinus 43,44; see also Bromus fecforum ferebinthifolius) 6, 31, 43, 49, cheese weed (Malva parvifora) 77, 51, 210, 470, 476, 493, 522, 530, 218; see also Malva parvijlora 538, 545, 547, 548, 559, 564, 569, Cheirodendron 308-309 571, 584, 585, 586, 593, 733, 755, Cheirodendron trigyn um ('dapa) 787; see also Brazilian peppertree, 290,347; see also 'olapa Schinus ferebinthifolius Chelinidea fabulafa 422 Christmas trees 720,721 Chelinidea vittiger 420 chrycoleus (Plecfranfhus scutellari- Chelonia mydas mydas (green sea oides) 217; see also Plectran- turtle, sea turtle) 50 thus scufellarioides chemical control 7, 10, 13, 15, 19, chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum) 128, 20, 47, 54, 55, 58, 59, 79, 100, 716 178, 228, 236, 250, 274, 291, 292, Chrysodeixis chalcifes 412; see also 293, 318, 319, 320, 341-373, 425, noctuid 440, 442, 445, 454, 455, 479, 488, chrysomelid (Chrysomelidae) 414, 415, 490, 491, 499, 500-501, 502, 526, 416, 417, 452, 459; see also leaf 527, 532, 546, 548, 561, 562, 556, beetle 570, 572, 580, 581, 586, 734, 735, Chrysopogon aciculafus 120 740, 772, 783, 795, 816, 817, 823, Cibotium (tree fern) 168, 204, 283, 824,825,829; see also herbicides 31.4, 366, 561, 562; see also hapu'u, Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot) 84, 134,213 tree fern Chenopodium 658 Cibotium glaucum (tree fern) 347, Chenopodium ambrosioides 134 367, 397, 400, 684; see also hapu'u, Chenopodium califomicum 85 hapu'u pulu, tree fern Chenopodium carinafum 134,555 Ciclospermum lepfophyllum (fine- Chenopodium murale (nettle-leaved leaved celery) 126,210 goosefoot) 74, 77, 85, 134, 213; Cinnamomum bumannii 141 see also pigweed Cirsium (thistle) 766; see also Chenopodium oahuense ('aweoweo) thistle 213, 627, 631, 655, 657, 659; see Cirsium arvense (thistle) 6, 15, 17, also 'iweoweo 19, U); see also Canada thistle, Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa) thistle 218, 547, 564; see also Ficus Cirsium occidenfale 82 microcarpa Cirsium vulgare (thistle) 128, 528, Chinese melon (Benicasa hispida) 566, 630, 647, 650, 652; see also 487,509,513,515 bull thistle, Eurasian thistle Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum) Cissus nodosa (thistle) 6, 152; see 20 also bull thistle, thistle Chinese taro (Alocasia cucullafa) Cistaceae 85 205 Cifellus undulatus (arctic ground Chionanfhus ligustrina 144 squirrel 21 Chloris (feather fingergrass, Cifharexylum 151 swollen fingergrass) 120,208 citrus (Rutaceae) 220 Chlorophyfum capense (bracket plant) Claoxylon sandwicense 560 207 Clarkia epilobioides 88 Index

Claytonia perfoliata 90 coconut leaf roller (Hedylepta) Cleome gynandra 133 455 Clemontia pmiflora @ha) 347,349 Cocos nucifera (coconut) 102, 205, Clerodendmm philippinum 151 613,729 clidemia (Clidemia) 241, 242, 243, Codiaeum variegahsm var. pictum 244, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 320, (croton) 215,715-716 435, 452-457, 458, 460, 461, 467, Coffea arabica (coffee) 148, 455, 468, 472, 474, 528, 532, 536, 537, 730,800;see also coffee 538, 539, 540, 544, 551, 567, 570, coffee (Coffea arabica) 148, 220, 572, 593, 755, 769, 821; see also 455,730,800;see also Rubiaceae Clidemia hirta, Koster's curse coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) Clidemia debilis 460 566, 604, 606, 607; see also Senna Clidemia hirta (clidemia) 142, 241, occidentalis 242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 314, 399, Coix lachryma-jobi 120 432, 435, 452, 456, 457, 458, 459, Coleoptera (beetles) 424,459,766 460, 461, 462, 467, 468, 525, 528, collembola 667 532, 536, 537, 538, 547, 551, 567, Colletobichum 278 593, 755, 821; see also clidemia, Colletohichum gloeospon'oides 250, Koster's curse 432,435 climbing fig (Ficus pumila) 509, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 516,521 f.sp. aeschynomene 433 Clitoria temata 138 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.s. cloud forest 542 clidemiae 457,461 clubmosses 687 Colocasia esculenta (taro) 101, 102, Clusiaceae (mangosteen) 135,213 116,120,205,729;see also taro Clusia rosea (copey) 135,213 Columbia grass (Paspalum fimbri- cluster pine (Pinus pinaster) 42; alum) 208; see also Paspalum see also Pinuspinaster fimbriatum coastal dune community 542 Columbrina asiatica (lather leaf) coastal lowlands 386, 396, 398, 400, 5258;see also lather leaf 402,513,617,626 Comarostaphylos diversifolia 85 coastal sage (Artemisia califor- Cornbretaceae (Indian almond) 135,213 nica) 70; see also Artemisia Commelina benghalensis 116 califomica Cornmelinaceae (spiderwort) 116,206 coastal scrub 8,67,68,70 Commelina di&sa (honohono) 116, coastal zone 8, 16, 17, 50, 101, 103, 206,327,363 104, 189, 190, 402-403, 419, 496, Commelina erecta 117 541, 559, 593, 601, 617, 618, 666, common chickweed (Stellaria media) 675, 676, 753, 782, 787, 796; see 213; see also Stellaria media also beaches common guava 52, 31.1, 315, 319, 399, coat buttons (Tridax procumbens) 492, 529, 538, 545, 547, 559, 565, 211; see also Tridaxprocumbens 570, 584, 586, 616, 618, 620, 730, Coccinellidae 424 733, 766; see also guava, Psidium, Coccinia grandis 136,569 Psidium guajava Coccoloba uvifera (sea grape) 219 common mouse ear (Cerastium fontanum cochineal cactus 419; see also cactus var. tiviale) 213 cocklebur (Xanthium sbumarium) 43, common myna (Acridotheres tristis) 211; see also Xanthium sbumarium 227, 281-282; see also Acrido- cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) theres tristis 632; see also Dactylis glomerata common plantain (Plantago major) cocoa 221; see also Sterculiaceae 219; see also Plantago major coconut (Cocos nucifera) 205, 613, 729; see also Cocos nucifera Index common purslane (Portulaca oler- Coreopsis gigantea (giant coreop- acea) 219; see also Portulaca sis) 70,75 82 oleracea Coreopsis lanceolata 128 common speedwell (Veronica plebeia) Corethrogynefilaginifolia 82 364, see also Veronicaplebeia Coriandrum sativum 126 competition 16, 19, 21, 33, 34, 35, 44, corn (Zea mays) 209,730,740 45, 49, 51, 54, 64, 76, 100, 110, Coronopus didymus (swine cress) 132, 112, 113, 193, 281, 301, 313, 314, 212 315, 394, 397, 398, 435, 440, 544, Cortaderia jubata 16 556, 597, 598, 611, 616, 619, 620, Cortaderia selloana 89 625,629,646,661,667,700,821 Corvus hawaiiensis (Hawaiian crow) Compositae 493,512 282; see also 'alala Compsolechia seductella 452,459,460 Corynocarpaceae 136; see also karaka- congeners 42,44,387,565 nut coniferous forest 7, 8, 9, 16, 19, 554; Colynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) see also pine forest 136,528,532,816 conifers 533,554,564 Cosmos caudatus 128 Conium maculatum 16 cossid (Cossidae) 414,415 Conoctupus erectus (buttonwood) 213; cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus see also buttonwood grandis) 52 Convolvulaceae (morning glory) 85, 135, cotton, wild (Gossypium hirsutum) 214; see also morning glory 52; see also Gossypium hirsutum Convolvulus 214 Cotula australis 128 Convolvulus arvensis 82,135 Cotula coronopifolia 82 Conyza 611 crape jasmine (Ervatamia) 210 Conyza bonariensis (ilioha) 128, 195, Crassocephalum crepidioides 128 211,610 Crassula 214 Conyza canadensis 128 Crassulaceae (orpine, stonecrop) 85, Copest)dum ( = Volucella) tamaulipana 136,214 420 Crassula erecta 82 copey (Clusia rosea) 213; see also Cremastobombycia lantanella CIusia rosea (gracillariid) 413,417 Coprosma (pilo) 308, 313, 631, 659; creosote bush 152; see also see also pilo Zygophyllaceae Coprosma acutifolia 609 Crepis capillaris 128 Coprosma ernodioides (kiikaenene) Cressa truxillensis vallicola 85 401,669, 670,672 crested honeycreeper (Palmeria Coprosma montana (pilo) 626, 670, dolei) 300 672; see also pilo Crinum ariaticum (spider lily) 207 Coprosma ochracea (pilo) 345, 347, Crisicoccus 455 355,363; see also pilo Crocodylus acutus (American croco- Coptotemes fomosanus (ground ter- dile) 50; see also American mite) 198 crocodile Cordia lutea 606 Crocosmia crocosmiifora (montbretia) Cordia sebestena (kou-haole) 212 118,363; see also montbretia Cordia subcordata (kou) 102, 104, Croesia zimmemanii 476 132,212,729 Crotalaria 138 Cordyline 205 Crotalaria incana (fuzzy rattle-pod) Cordyline fmticosa (ti) 102, 116, 138,215,555 205,607,716 Crotalaria pallida (rattle-pod) 138, coreid bugs 420 215 Coreopsis 93,94 croton (Codiaeum van'egatum var. pictum) 215,715 Index

Croton 620 Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree Cyphonectia 433,445 fern) 314, 322, 551, 559, 561; see Cryptantha 83 also Australian tree fern Cyptoblabes aliena (phycitid) 412 Cycadaceae (Cycas, sago palm) Cyptolaemus montrouzieri 424 204 Cyptomeria japonica (tsugi pine) 284 Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) 208 Cryptostegia grandiflora (Palay Cymbopogon refactus 120 rubber vine) 56 Cynara scolymus (artichoke) 767 Cyptotaenia canadensis 126 Cynareae 767 crystalline iceplant (Mesembyanthe- Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) 89, mum cystallinum, M. nodiforurn) 120,199,208,364 72, 76, 78, 93; see also Cynoglossum amabile 132 Mesembyanthemum cystallinum, M. Cyperaceae 85, 117, 206; see also nodiflorum sedge cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 214, Cyperus 117,311 454,461 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. fla- Cucumis dipsaceus 136 bellifomis (umbrella plant) 206 Cucumis sativus (cucumber) 214, 454; Cyperus brevifolia 610 see also cucumber Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) Cucurbitaceae (gourd) 85, 136, 214, 117,436 487,509 Cyperus halpan (sedge) 117, 314, Cucurbitapepo (squash, zucchini) 214 319,323,558; see also sedge cudweed (Gnaphalium purpureum) 211; Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa) 206 see also Gnaphalium purpureum Cyperuspapyrus (P~PPS)206 cultivated plants 4, 75, 189, 190, Cyperus rotundatus (purple nuisedge) 192, 193, 197, 199, 203ff, 272, 412, 468 433, 453, 617, 708, 712, 719, 722, Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) 117,206 730; see also agriculture, cypress (Cupressaceae) 51,204 horticulture, ornamentals Cytisus monspessulanus 16,138 cultivation 100, 263, 278, 284, 616; Cytisuspalmensis 138 see also agriculture, horticulture, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) 16, ranching 17,33,138,766 Cuphea 142 Cuphea carthagenensis 142,328 Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass) Cupressaceae 204, see also cypress 120, 557, 630, 632, 650; see also Cupressus 204 orchard grass Curculionidae 459 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 120 Curcuma longa ('dena) 102,729 Dactylopius 420,422,424 curly dock (Rumex crispus) 436, see Dactylopius austrina 765 also Rumex crispus Dactylopius coccus 419,424 currant tomato (Lycopersicon pimpi- Dactylopius opuntiae 420, 421, 422, nellifolium) 105; see also Lyco- 520 persicon pimpinellifolium daisy (Asteraceae) 211; see also Cuscuta campestis 136 Asteraceae Cuscutaceae (dodder) 85,136 dallis grass (Paspalum dilatafum) Cuscuta salina 85 3l5, 318, 364, 491, 683; see also cyanea (Cyanea superba) 545 Paspalum dilatatum Cyanea grimesiana 560 dandelion (Taraxacum oficinale) 7; Cyanea superba (cyanea) 6,545 see also Taramcum oficinale Cyanotricha necyria 568 Danthonia 650 Cyathea 562 Index

Danthonia pilosa (hairy oatgrass) Dicksoniaceae 204 120, 566, 626, 630, 636, 640, 641, Dicliptera chinensis 125 647, 650, 652, 670, 672; see also Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons) 125,209 hairy oatgrass Dicranopteris 308-309 Danthonia semiannularis 120 Dicranopteris emarginata (uluhe) 372; date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) see also uluhe 206,511,513,518 Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) 246, Datura stramonilim 149,555 302, 396, 538, 684; see also matted Daucus pusillus (carrot) 81, 104, fern, uluhe 126; see also carrot Dicrostonp groenlandicus (Greenland Davalliaceae 204; see also sword fern collared lemming) 21 day lily (Hemerocallis) 207 dieback 201, 283, 416, 441, 461; see deciduous forest/plants 9, 19, 20, 31, also '&?a dieback 49,50, 51, 54 Dieffenbachia (dumb cane) 205,715 deer (Axis axis, Odocoileus Dieffenbachia amoena cv. 'compacts' hemionus) 701 716 Deloniv regia (royal poinciana) 215 Dieffenbachia amoena cv. 'Mary AM' Delphinium (larkspur) 7 716 Delphinium panyi 90 Digitaria 121 Dendrobium (dendrobium orchid) 714, Digitaria ciliaris (kiikaepua'a) 120, 718 208; see also kiikaepua'a Dendrobium x Jac-Hawaii 715 Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) 121, Dendrobium x Louis Bleriot 715 208 Deschampsia 315, 316, 317, 675, Digitaria longij7ora 112,121 683,699 Digitaria setigera (kiikaepua'a) 101, Deschampsia grassland community 303- 102,121; see also kiikaepua'a 304,308,698 Dioclea wilsonii (sea bean) 138,216 Deschampsia nubigena 307, 400, 401, Diomedea nigripes (black-footed 557, 626, 630, 634, 670, 672, 683, albatross) 197 684 Dioscorea alata (yam) 102, 729; see Descurainia pinnata menziesii 84 also yam Descurainia sophia 18,555, 556 Dioscorea bulbifera 102,118 desert 9, 14, 17, 18,32,551, 556 Dioscoreaceae 118; see also yam desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis Dioscorea pentaphylla 102,118 nelsoni) 6, 10 Diospyros sandwicensis (lama) 397; ~esmanthhsvirgatus (virgate mimosa) see dso lama 138,215 Diplazium sandwichianum (ho'i'o, Desmodium 138,733 pahole) 311,558,697 Desmodium cajanifolium 138, 509, 513, Diptera (flies) 413,459 515 diseases 35, 228, 284, 411, 412, 420, Desmodium sandwicense (Spanish 425, 426, 432-447, 537, 539, 709, clover) 138,215 721, 722, 727, 763, 797; see also Dianthus armeria 133 pathogens Diaspis echinocacti 420 dispersal 4, 9, 11, 35, 44, 49, 56, Diastema tipis 415 Dichanthelium cynodon 557,565 Dichanthium 120 Dichelostemma 72 Dichelostemma pulchellum 72,81 Dichondra occidentalis 85 Dichondra repens 135 Dichorisandra thyrsiflora (blue ginger) 206 dispersal [cont.] 540, 547, 548, 557, Dothiorella 441 559, 560, 561, 567, 579, 597, 609, Dothiorella berengeriana 228 614,619,626,701,785,795,822 Douglas fir 35 dispersal by animals 45, 73, 156, 157, downy rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus 282,313,700 tomentosa) 538; see also dispersal by bids 51, 101, 104, 105, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 156, 157, 158, 193, 227, 241, 249, Dracaena 205 271, 272, 281, 287, 288, 304, 311, Drepanidinae 477 313, 316, 319, 343, 376, 412, 510, Drosophilq drosophilids 12,278 540, 548, 557, 561, 562, 567, 569, Dmentia 460 614,696,700 Dmentia inscita 452,459,460,461 dispersal by humans 73, 74, 101, 103, dry forest 225, 297, 342, 533, 541, 113, 158, 159, 189, 192, 193, 198, 542, 545, 559, 560, 593, 602, 753, 199, 200, 203, 225, 226, 241, 249, 787 251, 255, 256, 272, 281, 285, 289, dry habitat 177, 180-182, 350, 357, 293, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 378, 398, 412, 416, 417, 418, 419, 376, 532, 612, 613-614, 616, 618, 468, 469, 533, 593, 600, 601, 602, 700, 766; see also agriculture, 603, 606, 666, 667, 732, 733, 787, horticulture, Polynesian introduc- 788,789 tion, ranching, reforestation Drymaria cordata 134,328 dispersal by mammals 35-36, 158, 227, Dryopteris 308 241, 249, 271, 272, 281, 287, 288, Dryopteris arguta 81 315, 316, 4%, 540, 548, 557, 558- Dubautia 396,631 559,561,567,570,667 Dubautia arborea 626,644, 645 dispersal by water 9, 17, 103, 104, Dubautia ciliolata 645 105, 193, 282, 288, 289, 319, 376, duckweed (Lemnaceae) 118 532 Ducula (pigeon) 612 dispersal by wind 9, 52, 56, 73, 74, Dudleya caespitosa 70,72,85 157, 158, 159, 193, 199, 278, 304, Dudleya greenei 71,85 314, 315, 316, 319, 376, 388, 435, Dudleya traskiae 67,70,85 437,696,765 dumb cane (Dieffenbachia) 205; see Dissotis hensii 454 also Dieffenbachia Dissotis rotundifolia 142 Distichlis spicata (saltgrass) 72,89 eagle 93 ditch polypogon (Polypogon intemp- earthworms 667 tus) 209; see also Polypogon Echinochloa 121 intemptus Echinochloa phyllopogon 112,121 Dithyrea califomica matitima 84 Echinodoms rostratus 116 dodder 136; see also Cuscutaceae Echium 265 Dodecatheon clevelandii insulare 90 Echiumpininana 265 Dodonaea aa) 396, 627, 631, Echium plantagineum 477 657; see also 'a'ali'i Eclipta alba 128 Dodonaea viscosa ('a'ali'i) 351, 355, Ecthromolpha fuscator 416 394, 399, 559, 585, 615, 616, 669, education, environmental 15, 57, 251, 670,672,673; see also 'a'ali'i 293, 362, 404, 478, 485, 495, 502, dog (Canis domesticus) 93, 541, 540, 541, 543, 568, 571, 582, 590, 553,627 710, 712, 721, 723-724, 758, 784, dogbane 126; see also Apocynaceae 785, 799-804, 807-811, 817, 822, donkey (Equus asinus) 21; see also 825-826,829,830 Equus asinus Egeria densa 118 Dopatrium junceum 149 eggplant (Solanum melongena) 221, Doryctespalliatus 416 461 Index

Ehrharta stipoides (meadow ricegrass) Entyloma compositmm 432,434 121, 315, 364, 372, 488, 528, 672, Epidendrum x obrianianum 119 687,732; see also meadow ricegrass Epilobium adenocaulon 88 Eichhornia crassipes (water hya- Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) cinth) 9,20,43,52,124 35; see also fveweed Elaeagnaceae (oleaster) 136,488,509 Epilobium billardienanum 144, 630, eleagnus 513 632,647,650,652 Eleagnus umbellata (oleaster) 136, Epilobium billardierianum subsp. 488,509,513,515 cinerium 328-329 Eleocharis 117 Epilobium ciliatum 144 elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Epinotia lantana 413, 414, 417; see 620; see also Pennisetum purpureum also tortricid Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) Epiphyllum oxpetalum (gooseneck cac- 128,468,618 tus) 212 Elephantopus scaber 468 epiphytes 272,313,562 Elephantopus spicatus 128 Equus asinus (burro) 10, 17; see also elephant's foot (Elephantopus mollis) burro, donkey 468; see also Elephantopus mollis Equus caballus (horse) 21, 287, 554, Eleusine indica (goosegrass) 121, 602,701; see also horse 208,610 Equus caballus x asinus (mule) elm 151; see also Ulmaceae 602 Elymus caput-medusae 476 Eragrostis 121 Elymus condensatus 89 Eragrostis brownei (sheepgrass) Elymus pacificus 89 121,558 emex 469,475 Eragrostis grandis ('emoloa) 400; see Emex australis (emex) 469,475 also 'emoloa Emex spinosa (spiny emex) 146, 469, Eragrostis paupera 208 765; see also emex Eragrostis tenella (Japanese love- Emilia coccinea 128 grass) 121, 208,616 Emilia fosbergii (red pualele) 129, Eragrostis variabilis ('emoloa) 199, 211 208; see also 'emoloa Emilia sonchifolia 129 Eragrostis xerophila (tussock grass) 'emoloa (Eragrostis variabilis) 60% 606 208, 400, 401; see also Eragrostis Erechtites glomerata (Australian variabilis fireweed) 74, 76, 79, 82; see also 'ena'ena (Gnaphalium sandwicensium fveweed var. sandwicensium) 211 Erechtites hieracifolia 129 Encelia califomica 70 Erechtites valerianifolia 129, 329, Encelia fdnosa 129 558 endangered species 300, 545, 644, 797, Ericaceae 85 807-808; see also specific taxa Erigeron 647,651,656 endemism 189, 192, 193, 199, 203ff, Erigeron annuus 129 597, 598, 601, 604, 609, 611, 613, Erigeron bellioides 129 619,628,752 Erigeron foliosus 82 English ivy (Hedera helix) 489, Erigeron glaucus 70,82 510, 517, 521; see also Hedera Erigeron karvinskianus 129 helix Erigeron sanctamm 82 English plantain (Plantago lanceo- Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) 147, lata) 219 488,509,513,515 Entada scandens 216 Eriogonum arborescens 70,90 Entyloma 426,427 Enogonum giganteum var. compac- Entyloma ageratinae 432,434 rum 67,90 Index

Eriogonum grande 70,71,90 Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) Eriophyllum 70 215 Eriophyllum confertiflotum 82; see Eurasian thistle (Cirsium wlgare) also Eriophyllum 566; see also Cirsium wlgare Eriophyllum nevinii 67,82 Eurasian water milfoil (Myriaphyllum Eriophyllum staechadifolium 82 spicahtm) 20 Erodium 72 European beach grass (Ammophila Erodium cicutarium (red-stemmed arenaria) 8, 208; see also fdaree) 72, 73, 74, 77, 87, 140, Ammophila arenatia 630,647,651 European rabbit (Oryctolagus Erodium moschatum 74,77,87 cuniculus) 76; see also rabbits erosion 29, 30, 73, 76, 78, 667; see Eurytoma 452,458,459 also soil disturbance Eurytomidae 459 Ewatamia (crape jasmine) 210 Eustachys petraea 121,209 Eryngium foetidum 126 Eutreta xunthochaeta 413, 417; see Erysimum insulare 71,84 also tephritid £lies Erythrina 126 evening primrose 144, 219; see also Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) Onagraceae 397,603;see also wiliwili evolution 4,11,12,21,43,397,495 Erythrina variegata var. orien- exclosures 398, 496, 526, 556, 557, talis (tiger's claw) 216 559, 560, 625, 626, 632, 633, 634, Eschscholzia 88 635, 636-638, 639, 640-643, 644, eucalypts 33, 557, 754; see also 645, 646, 647-648, 649, 650-651, Eucalyptus 652-653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, Eucalyptus (eucalyptus) 78, 289, 488, 660, 661, 667, 668, 669, 676, 681, 509, 516, 521, 554, 569, 571, 754; 682, 683, 684, 686, 687, 688, 689, see also eucalypts, Eucalyptus 690, 692, 693, 697, 701; see also globulus fencing Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) 75, extinction 6, 12, 110, 112, 199, 241, 76, 88, 488, 551, 554; see also 598, 666, 701, 754, 769, 785, 799, Eucalyptus 826,829,830 Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) 528 Fagaceae (peas) 6,137,215 Eucalyptus saligna (Sydney blue gum) Fagopyrum esculentum 146 528 Falco peregrinus (peregrine falcon) Euchylaena tomentosa 134 50 Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia 87 false kamani (Terminalia catappa) Eugenia 620 213; see also Tenninalia catappa Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) false mallow (Malvastrum coromandeli- 144,218 anum subsp. coromandelianum) eumenid wasp 414 218 Euphorbia 631 false staghorn fern (Dicranopteris ~i~horbiaceae(spurge) 136, 214, 492, linearis) 538; see also Dicran- 512 opteris linearis Euphorbia cotinifolia 137 fan palm (Wash ingtonia filifera) Euphorbia cyathophora (wild poin- 75, 77; see also Washingtonia settia) 137,215 filifera Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) 9, 15, faya tree (Myrica fqa) 225, 399; 19,767 see also Myrica fqa, fuetree Euphorbia graminea 137 feather fingergrass (Chloris virgata) Euphorbia heterophylla 137,215 208; see also Chloris Euphorbia peplus (petty spurge) 137, feathery bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) 215 538 Index

Feijoa sellowiana (guavasteen) 488, fire [cont.] 94, 100, 158, 194, 235, 509,513,516 241, 242, 249, 250, 376, 386, 394- fence, fence line, fencing 301, 302, 405, 452, 476, 485, 486, 495, 496- 303, 311, 317, 318, 556, 558, 570, 497, 500, 502, 533, 551, 552, 553, 627, 634, 669, 673-674, 675, 683, 559, 560, 563, 565, 568, 570, 577, 686,6Q, see also exclosures 581, 584, 586-587, 600, 602, 658, feral animals 14, 67, 234-235, 301, 662, 676, 681, 699, 734, 735, 740, 317, 391, 394, 551, 556, 559, 571, 754,785,790,821,823 572, 602, 614, 668, 690, 784, see firethorn (Pyracantha angustifolia) also feral ungulates 538; see also Pyracantha angusti- feral goat. See goat folia feral pig. See pig fuetree (Myrica faya) 13, 33, 42, feral ungulates 267, 398, 496, 499, 225-240, 387, 388, 391, 392, 411, 526, 601, 603, 666, 697, 700, 701, 433, 441, 445, 467, 470, 476, 486, 795, 813; see also cattle, deer, 490, 498, 501, 502, 538, 568-569, goat, mouflon, pig, sheep 571, 577, 690, 691, 692, 754, 755, ferns 32, 42, 199, 204, 272, 301, 303, 770, 771-772, 781, 782, 783, 786, 307, 308, 309, 321-322, 400, 544, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 795, 821, 553, 558, 561, 613, 616, 630, 637, 829,830; see also Myrica faya 640, 642, 650, 652, 667, 670, 672, fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) 675, 677, 678, 679, 684, 687, 688, 35, 77; see also Australian fue- 689, 690, 693, 694, 695, 697, 715; weed, Erechtites glomerata see also Polypodiaceae, species fishes 6,9 listings fish geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) Feshrca rubra 121 217 Ficus 218,728 Flaveria trinervia 129 Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan) flax (Linaceae) 141 218 Flemingia strobilifera 139 Ficus carica 87 flies 413; see also Diptera Ficus elastica (Indian rubber tree) Flindersia brayleyana (silkwood) 547 218 Florida blackberry (Rubus argutus) Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan) 316, 318, 319, 343, 359, 445; see 143,218,547,564 also blackberry, Rubus arguhrs Ficusprolixa 615,616 flower flies (Syrphidae) 278 Ficus pumila (climbing fig) 509, 516, flowers 712, 714, 715, 716, 720, 721; 521 see also horticulture, ornamentals field mustard (Brassica campestris) Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) 545 212; see also Brassica campestris Foeniculum vulgare (sweet fennel) fig-marigold (Aizoaceae) 125 16,126,566 figwort 148, 220; see also Scrophu- foraging 235, 436, 511ff, 584, 609, lariaceae 661, 662, 670ff, 701, 732, 733, 734, Filago califomica 82 766, 773, 800; see also grazing, Filago gallica 129 browsing Fimbristylis aestivalis 117 forbs 8, 15, 72, 77, 78, 402, 557, Fimbristylis cymosa (button sedge) 571, 630-631, 637, 640, 642, 206,616; see also button sedge 647-648, 650-651, 652-653; see also Fimbristylis schoenoides 117 herbaceous plants, herbs fine-leaved celery (Ciclospennum forest buds 159, 290, 300, 752; see leptophyllum) 210; see also also buds, species listings Ciclospennum leptophyllum Formosan koa (Acacia confusa) 487, fue 3, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18, 21, 31, 35, 506, 507, 508, 514, 521, 538; see 49, 50, 51, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79, 93, also Acacia confusa Index fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) fuzzy rattle-pod (Crotalaria incana) 42, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164, 215; see also Crotalaria incana 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 376-392, 394, 399, 401, 402, Gahnia gahniifonnis 672 485, 491, 495, 499-500, 501, 507, Gaillardia pulchella (wailcadi) 129, 513, 522, 538, 551, 568, 571, 587, 211 625, 627, 658, 661, 662, 734, 753, Galinsoga 129 754, 755, 782, 783, 786, 787, 788, Galium angustifolium foliosum 91 789, 791, 793, 794, 814, 821; see Galium aparine 91 also Pennisetum setaceum Galium buxiifolium 70,91 four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) Galium califomicum miguelense 91 144,218; see also Nyctaginaceae Galium divaricatum 148 foxtail (Hordeum glauam) 77, 93; gall flies 544; see also tephritid see also Hordeum glauam flies foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros) 209; Gallicolumba rubescens (Marquesan see also Vulpia myuros ground dove) 604 foxtail grass (Setaria gracilis) gallinaceous birds 287 64; see also Setaria gracilis Gallus gallus (jungle fowl) 288 fox-tongue melastoma (Melastoma gardenia (Gardenia) 220,455 sanguineum) 538; see also Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia) 455 Melastoma sanguineum Gamotia acutigluma 121 Fragaria chiloensis (strawberry) 401 Gasmtndiumvenm-cosum 121 Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) Gelechiidae 459 148,364 genetic attributes, diversity, traits, Frankeniaceae (Frankenia) 87, 140, variation 4, 12, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 216 110,112,268,442,447,727,785 Frankenia grandifolia 71,86 Genisteae 773 Frankenia salina 140,216 gentian (Gentianaceae) 140,217 Fraxinus americana (white ash) 488, Gentianaceae (gentian) 140,217 509,513,516 geometrid (looper, Scotorythra) 412 Frmhus uhdei (Mexican ash, tropical Geraniaceae (geranium) 87,140,217 ash) 144, 284, 488, 510, 513, 516, geranium (Geranium) 631 528,531,532,547 Geranium cuneatum 626 Fregata minor (frigate bird) 604 Geranium dissectum 112, 140 frog's-bits (Hydrocharitaceae) 118 Geranium homeanum 140,651 fruit industry 156, 158, 713, 714, Geranium pusillum 140 770,771 Geranium retrorsum 140 fuchsia (Fuchsia magellanica, F. German ivy (Senecio mikanioides) paniculata) 510, 513, 516, 754; 155-157, 159, 161, 167, 169-172, see also Fuchsia magellanica, F. 175, 176, 178, 538, 625, 627, 661, paniculata 662; see also Senecio mikanioi- Fuchsia magellanica (fuchsia) 144, des 754; see also fuchsia giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea) Fuchsia paniculata (fuchsia) 145, 70; see also Coreopsis gigantea 510,513,516; see also fuchsia Gilia angelensis 89 fungus, fungi 45, 51, 228, 250, 275, Gilia capitata 146 291, 411, 417, 420, 426, 432-435, Gilia clivorum 90 436, 437-438, 441, 443-446, 457, Gilia nevinii 90 466,720 ginger 45, 124, U)9, 345, 349, 716, Furcraea foeti& (Mauritius hemp) 43, 717, 766; see also Hedychium, 116 kfili ginger, Zingiberaceae Fusarium arysporum 420, 432, 433, ginseng (Araliaceae) 127, 211; see also 434,443,444 Araliaceae Index

Glenwood grass (Sacciolepis indica) gorse mite (Teranycus lintearious) 42, 316, 319, 558, 565, 570, 689; 580 see also Sacciolepis indica gorse thrips (Sericothrips staphy- glorybush (lasiandra) 341, 343, 370- linum) 580 372, 467, 470, 472, 493, 512, 519, gosmore (Hypochoeris radicata) 304, 521, 538; see also Tibouchina 307, 315, 317, 319, 554, 556, 558, urvilleana 565, 634, 639; see also Hypo- glossy nightshade (popolo, Solanum choeris radicata americanum) 105; see also Gossypium barbardense 142 Solanum americanum, pop010 Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) 52, Glycine soja (soy bean) 216 142 Glycine wightii (glycine) 733 gourd 136,214;see also Cucurbitaceae Gnaphalium 82 gracillariid 413; see also Cremasto- Gnaphalium japonicum 129,672 bobycia lantanella Gnaphalium purpureum (cudweed) 82, Gramineae 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 129,211,647,652 511 Gnaphalium sandwicensium 647, 651, grape 152, 222; see also Vitaceae, 652 Vitis Gnaphalium sandwicensium var. sand- grasses 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, wicensium ('ena'ena) 211 21, 34, 42, 44, 56, 70, 71, 72, 73, goat (Capra hircus) 14, 35, 79, 93, 76, 77, 78, 79, 93, 119, 156, 158, 235, 301, 307, 314, 316, 317, 319, 199, 208, 250, 259, 283, 303, 308, 377, 391, 398, 477, 485, 495, 496, 309-310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 322- 532, 551, 553, 557, 559, 560, 563, 326, 343, 382, 386, 394, 396, 398, 565, 566, 570, 571, 581, 586, 602, 399, 400, 401, 403, 404, 405, 412, 603, 606, 608, 609, 610, 611, 613, 434, 476, 496, 511, 531, 533, 552, 619, 627, 628, 666, 667, 668, 669- 553, 557, 559, 560, 562, 565, 566, 682, 698, 699, 700, 701, 708, 726, 571, 586, 602, 604, 606, 626, 628, 732, 733, 734, 784, 787, 788, 789, 629, 630, 632, 634, 636, 639, 640, 790, 791, 797, 800, see also Capra 641, 642, 647, 650, 652, 658, 661, hircus 666, 667, 669, 670, 672, 675, 676, gob0 (Arctium lappa) 211; see also 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 684, Arctium lappa 685, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, 693, golden crown-beard (Verbesina enceli- 694, 695, 696, 697, 699, 700, 766, oides) 199, 211; see also 767; see also Poaceae, species Verbesina encelioides listings Gomphrena globosa 126 grasslands 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 21, 67, Gonocarpus chinensis 141 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, goodenia (Goodeniaceae) 217 79, 170, 180ff, 300, 301, 302, 304, Goodeniaceae (goodenia) 217 307, 309, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321ff, goosefoot 134, 213; see also 395, 396, 397, 398, 401, 403, 422, Chenopodiaceae 541, 542, 544, 551, 553, 557, 561, goosegrass (Eleusine indica) 208; 565, 571, 586, 602, 620, 666, 668, see also Eleusine indica 676, 677, 678, 679, 683, 697, 698, gooseneck cactus (Epiphyllum 699,732,787,796;see dso prairie oxypetalum) 212 grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsi- gorse (Ulex europaeus) 255, 470, salis) 585 472, 475, 477, 502, 527, 530, 531, grazing 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 538, 540, 551, 557, 563-564, 569, 18, 19, 21, 35, 45, 70, 71, 73, 74, 570, 571, 577-582, 593, 770, 771, 77, 79, 93, 94, 259, 267, 287, 288, 772-773, 830; see also Ulex 389, 477, 4%, 502, 526, 536, 553, europaeus 554, 566, 571, 577, 578, 581, 586, grazing [cont.] 598, 603, 610, 619, hairy oatgrass (Danthonia pilosa) 625, 626, 628, 629, 630ff, 632, 633, 566, 626, 629, 634, 635, 639; see 634, 644, 649, 661, 662, 726, 728, also Danthonia pilosa 732-735;see also browsing hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta) green amaranth (Amaranthus 215, 604; see also Chamaesyce hybridus) 210; see also hirta Amaranthus hybridus hala (Pandanus odoratissimus, P. green bean (Phaseolus wWs) 216 tectorius) 207,402,612 greenhouse orthezia (Orthezia Haleakalti silversword (Argyranphium insignis) 412 sandwicense subsp. macroceph- Greenland collared lemming (Dicro- alum) 556 stonyx groenlandicus) 21 Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) 8 green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas Haloragaceae 141; see also water mil- mydas) 50; see also sea turtle foil greensword (Argyroxiphium virescens) Hiimha piimakani (Ageratina riparia) 6 411, 425-428, 432, 434, 446, 468, Grevillea 342,359 475, 538, 544, 547, 585, 689; see Grevillea banksii (kfihili flower, also Ageratina riparia silk oak) 147, 341, 342, 356-359, Haplopappus 68,70 528; see also silk oak Haplopappus canus 82 Grevillea robusta (silk oak) 147, Haplopappus detonsus 70,82 341, 342, 356-359, 488, 528, 547, Haplopappus ericoides 82 783,793;see also silk oak Haplopappus squarrosus 82 Grindelia Iatifolia 72,82 Haplopappus venetus 70,71,82 groundsel (Senecio) 45 hipu'u (tree fern) 366, 400, 401, 684, ground termite (Coptotennes fonno- 692, 789, 790; see also Cibotium, sanus) 198 C. glaucum guava 45, 218, 318, 548; see also hipu'u pulu (Cibotium glaucum) 347, common guava, Psidium, P. 367; see also Cibotium glaucum cattleianum, P. guajava, strawbeny hare, Belgian 93 guava, waiwi Ham'sia mattinii 133 guavasteen (Feijoa sellowiana) 488, hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) 103, 218, 509,513,516 538,618,729 Guinea grass (Panicum maximum var. ha'uowi (Verbena litoralis) 221; maximum) 732,733 see also Verbena litoralis gunpowder tree (Melochia umbellata) Hawaiian bat (Lasiums cinereus 490, 512, 520, 521, 522; see also semotus) 781,797 Melochia umbellata Hawaiian crow ('alali, Corvus hawai- Gygis alba (white tern) 197, 604 iensis) 282 Gymnetron tetrum 267 Hawaiian goose (nene, Nesochen sand- Gymnoconia nitens 433,446 wicensis) 403; see also nene Gymnospermae (gymnosperms) 116,204 Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schau- Gynaikothripsficorum 454 inslandi) 189 Hawaiian nama (Nama sandwicensis) Haematqlum campechianum (logwood 217 tree) 139,216 Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mericanus hairy abutilon (Abutilon grandi- knudseni) 6 folium) 217; see also Abutilon Hawaiian tree fern (Cibotium) 204 grandifolium Hebe 266 hairy merremia (kuahulu) 105; see also Hebe breviracemosa 610 Merremia aegyptica Hedera helix (English ivy) 20, 489, 510,517,521 Index

Hedychium (ginger) 45,766 herbs 17, 31, 42, 64, 70, 75, 76, 77, Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) 78, 198, 266, 303, 307, 311, 312, 124,529 326-335, 498, Wff, 513, 558, 565, Hedychium flavescens (yellow ginger) 610, 611, 618, 619, 626, 627, 629, 124,529 630, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636-638, Hedychium gardnerianum (kW gin- 639, 640-643, 644, 647-648, 650-651, ger) 124, 209, 311, 341, 342, 652-653, 666, 669, 670, 672, 675, 344-350, 387, 489, 498, 529, 551, 677, 678, 679, 681, 682, 684, 685, 562, 584, 6%, 754, 781, 782, 790, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, 792,814;see also kWginger 695,6%, 699; see also forbs Hedylepta 455 Hepestes auropunctatus (small Indian Hedyotis centranthoides 347 mongoose) 241,249,403,540,567 Hedyotis coymbosa 148 herpetofauna 612; see also lizard, Helianthemum greenei 85 turtle Helianthus annuus var. macrocapus Herpetogramma licarsisalis (grass (sunflower) 211; see also sun- webworm) 585 flower Hesperocnide tenella 92 Helichlysum foetidum 129 Heterocentron subtriplinervium (pearl Heliconia (heliconia) 716 flower) 142, 372, 510, 517, 521; see Heliconiapsiffacomm 207 also pearl flower Heliocapus popayanensis 150 Heteromeles arbutifolia (toyon) 71, heliotrope 198, 212; see also 91 Boraginaceae, Heliotropium Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) procumbens 380, 396, 602, 677; see also pili Heliotropium amplexicaule 132 grass Heliotropium curassivicum (nena) 83, Heteropogon/Rhynchelytrum community 198,212 698 Heliotropium procum bens (heliotrope) Heterotheca grandiflora 129, 647, 132,189,198-199,212 649,651,652 Hemerocallis (day lily) 207 Heterob-chum cymosum 454 Hemignathus lucidus affinis (Maui Heuchera maxima 91 nukupu'u) 300 hi'aloa (Waltheria americana) 402 Hemignathus virens ('amakihi) 278 hibiscus (Hibiscus) 218,454 Hemigraphis reptans 125 Hibiscus esculentus (okra) 217 Hemiptera (lace bugs) 413,475 Hibiscus macrophyllus 142 Hemizonia clementina 82 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (red hibiscus) Hemizonia fasciculata 83 218 herbaceous plants 645, 646, 647ff, Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) 103, 218, 649, 650ff, 652ff, 654, 657, 658, 538,618,729 660,661,760;see also forbs, herbs Hilaria jamesii 18 herbariums 100, 101, 103, 106-110, Hilo grass (Paspalum conjugatum) 4, 112, 113, 155ff, 193, 198, 199, 6, 42, 250, 304, 311, 313, 314, 317, 203ff, 243, 251, 256, 258, 717, 720, 318, 320, 490, 558, 561, 570, 571, 744,745,747,749,750 618, 692, 697; see also Paspalum herbicides 9, 13, 47, 53, 54, 79, 198, conjugatum 228, 250, 291, 292, 318, 320, 343- Hilo holly (Ardisia crenata) 487, 373, 432, 433, 434, 435, 439, 441, 508, 514, 521; see also Ardisia 442, 474, 485, 486, 495, 498, 500, cren ata 501, 502, 513, 514-520, 526, 532, Himatione sanguinea freethii (Laysan 545, 546, 548, 562, 571, 581, 584, honeycreeper) 199 586, 786, 824, 826; see also Himan topus mexicanus knudseni chemical control (Hawaiian stilt) 6 Index

Hippeasbum 207 Hunnemanniafum~~ifolia145 Hippeashsm puniceum 118 hunting 249, 477, 536, 541, 543, 609, Hippobroma longiflora 133 627,669,684,694,699,753,801 hog (Sus scrofa) 20, 93; see also Hutchinsia procumbens 84 pig, Sus scrofa hydric forest 169; see also wet hb'i'o (Diplazium sandwichianum, forest, hydric habitat pahole) 311; see also Diplazium hydric habitat 170, 184-186; see also sandwichianum wet forest, wet shrub community Holcus 683; see also Holcus hydric scrub 169 lanatus Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla, Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) 6, 20, milfoil) 9, 52 122, 304, 315, 323-324, 364, 401, Hydrocharitaceae (frog's-bits) 118 489, 557, 562, 626, 630, 650, 670, Hydrocleys nymphoides 118 672,683,684, see also velvet grass Hyakxotyle l26,329-330 holly (Aquifoliaceae) 127 Hydrophyllaceae (water-leaf) 87,217 Homalanthuspolyandrus 610 hydrothermal plant community 789 honeybee (Apis mellifera) 278 Hylocereus undatus (night blooming honeycreeper. See Drepanidinae cereus) 133,212 honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) 133 Hymenoptera 459,461 honohono (Commelina difisa) 206, Hyparrhenia 676 363; see also Commelina difisa Hyparrhenia grassland 698 Hordeum 21 Hyparrhenia hirta 122 Hordeum califomicum 89 Hyparrhenia rufa (thatching grass) Hordeum glaucum (foxtail) 70, 72, 77, 122, 398, 489, 676, 678, 699; see 89; see also foxtail also thatching grass Hordeum leporinum 73,89,122,208 Hypena stngafa 414,415,416,417 Hordeum murinum 647,650,652 Hypericum 135 Hordeum pusillum 89 Hypericum degeneri 476 Hordeum vulgare 122 Hypericum pe$oratum (Klamath weed) horehound (Mamibium vulgare) 75; 7, 135, 469, 473, 765; see also see also Mamibium vulgare Klamath weed hornwort (Ceratophyllaceae) 134 Hypochoeris 83 horse (Equus caballus) 21, 93, 287, Hypochoeris glabra 129 554,602,603,701 Hypochoeris radicata (gosmore) 129, horticulture 44, 56, 115ff, 158, 197, 304, 315, 330, 554, 565, 630, 634, 342, 343, 419, 432, 436, 439, 495, 637, 640, 642, 647, 651, 652, 670, 546, 569, 708, 712-724, 768, 826; 672,684, see also gosmore see also ornamentals Hyptis pectinata 141 Hottentot fig (Carpobrotus edulis) 76; see also Carpobrotus edulis ice plant (Mesemblyanthemum spp.) hu'ahu'akb (Rumex albescens) 190; 8, 21, 34, 72, 73, 76, 77, 93; see see also Rumex albescens also Mesemblyanthemum clystallium, human disturbance, impact, intervention M. nodiflorum 4, 7, 11, 12, 32, 34, 44, 45, 49, iceplant community 67,68,71 50, 67, 78, 93-94, 99, 100, 103, ichneumonid (Ichneumonidae) 415, 416, 104, 112, 178, 193-198, 199, 235, 455 283, 343, 526, 543, 544, 553, 555, 'ihi (Portulaca lutea) 219; see 616, 619, 620, 658, 700, 728, 752, also Portulaca lutea 753, 799, 807, 809, 810, 822, 823; 'ihi'ai (Oxalis corniculata) 103; see also agriculture, anthropogenic see also yellow wood sorrel, effects, cultivation, dispersal, Oxalis comiculata logging, Polynesian introduction, 'ii (Vestiaria coccinea) 278, ranching 477 Zlex 127 Zpomoea (morning glory) 214, 365, Zlex anomala (kiiwa'u) 347, 397; see 538; see also morning glory also kiiwa'u Zpomoea alba 135 'iliahialo'e (Santalum ellipticum) Zpomoea aquatica 135 220; see also Santalum ellipticum Zpomoea batatus (sweet potato) 102, 'ilima (Sida fallax) 218 135,214,729 ilioha (Conyza bonariensis) 211; Zpomoea cairica var. hederacea see also Conyza bonariensis 135 Impatiens 131 Zpomoea congesta (morning glory) 363; importation 707-710, 712, 713, 717, see also morning glory 720, 721, 722, 723, 727, 822, Zpomoea hederifolia 135 826-829,830 Zpomoea indica f. albiflora 214 Indian almond (Combretaceae) 135,213 Zpomoea indica f. indica (koali- Indian banyan (Ficus benghalensis) 'awahia) 214; see also koali'awahia 218 Zpomoea obscura 135 Indian mallow 104 Zpomoea ochracea 135 Indian mulberry (Morinda citifolia, Zpomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasil- noni) 616; see also Morinda iensis (beach morning glory) 214 citriifolia, noni Zpomoeapurpurea 135 Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis) Zpomoea triloba (little bell) 135, 412; see also Acridotheres tristis 214 Indian pluchea (Pluchea indica) Zpomoea violacea 136 211; see also Pluchea indica Iridaceae (iris) 87, 118 Indian rhododendron (Melastoma candi- iris (Iridaceae) 118; see also dum) 538; see also Melastoma Iridaceae candidum ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) Indian rubber tree (Ficus elastics) 189, 193, 197-198, 199, 200, 201, 218 203, 213, 488, 509, 513, 515, 528; indigo (Zndigofera suffruticosa) see also Casuarina equisetifolia 103, 399; see also Zndigofera Zsachne distichophylla ('ohe) 347, sufj'iuticosa 687 Indigofera spicata 139 island bigpod ceanothus (Ceanothus Indigofera suffruticosa (indigo) megacarpus subsp. insularis) 102,103,139,399 71; see also Ceanothus megacarpus 'iniko (Indigo suffruticosa) 103; subsp. insularis see also Indigo sufj'iuticosa island night lizard (Xantusia river- insecticides 344 siana) 71; see also herpetofauna insects 14, 16, 19, 51, 75, 201, 228, island oak (Quercus tomentella) 71; 242, 267, 291, 385, 411, 412, 413, see also Quercus tomentella 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 424, island sagebrush 74 425, 426, 433, 436, 437, 438, 440, hora (kora) 716 441, 445, 452-462, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, jackbean (Canavalia ) 215,676 479, 537, 539, 562, 563, 564, 567, jade tree (Portulacaria afra) 220 578, 580, 585, 612, 667, 709, 720, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera 721, 722, 727, 728, 759, 761, 763, japonica) 9; see also Lonicera 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, japonica 771,772,773,797,823 Japanese lovegrass (Eragrostis invertebrates 290, 291, 349, 373, 557, tenella) 208; see also Era- 560, 601, 602, 604, 612, 781, 785, grostis tenella 796, 797, 824, 825; see also Japanese white-eye (Zosterops japoni- nematodes, species listings cus) 227,278,281-282,548,567 Index

Jasminum sambac (pikake) 219 Kalimerispinnatijida 129 Jatropha 137 kamani (Calophyllum inophyllum) Jaumea camosa 83 104, 213, 729; see also Java plum (S'gium cumini) 399, Calophyllum inophyllum 493, 538, 545, 547, 559; see also kiimanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides Syzygium cumini var. laysanensis) 199; see also Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocap- Cenchrus agrimonioides var. sicum) 364, 372, 493, 786, 790, laysanensis 791, 792, 793; see also Solanum Kamehameha butterfly (Vanessa pseudocapsicum tameamea) 278 Joinvillea gaudichaudiana 560 kiimole (primrose willow) 104, see also joyweed (Alternanthera tenella) Ludwigia octovalvis 210; see also Alternanthera karakanut (Corynocarpaceae, Coyno- tenella carpus lamigatus) 136, 528, 532, Juncaceae (rushes) 87,118 8 16 Juncus 72 kau-la'ai ('ohelo, Vaccinium reticu- Juncus acuminatus 118 latum) 372; see also 'ohelo, Juncus balticus 87 Vaccinium reticulatum Juncus bufonius 87,118 kawa'u (kanomala) 347,397,401 Juncus ef@s 118 Keckiella cordifolia 91 Juncus ensifolius 118 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Juncus mexicanus 87 566, 626, 629, 632, 644, 646, 649; Juncus planifolius 118, 558, 564, see also Poapratensis 565,570 kiawe (Prosopis pallida) 216, 402, Juncuspolyanthemos 118 403, 492, 512, 513, 519, 603; see Juncus tenuis 118 also Prosopis pallida jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 288; kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandes- see also gallinaceous birds tinum) 6, 315, 320, 364, 387, 491, Justicia 125 529, 544, 559, 562, 563, 571, 732, 733; see also Pennisetum ka'e'e (Mucuna gigantea) 216 clandestinum kahili flower (Grevillea banksii) kilau (Pteridium aquilinum var. 528; see also Grevillea banksii, decompositum) 363 silk oak kili'o'opu (Kyllinga nemoralis) kahili ginger (Hedychium gardneri- 101; see also Kyllinga nemoralis anurn) 209, 311, 318, 341, 342, kinikini (kakalaioa) 215; see also 344-350, 372, 387, 489, 498, 529, Caesalpinia bonduc 551, 562, 570, 571, 572, 584, 691, Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) 692, 694, 695, 6%, 697, 754, 781, 7, 469, 473, 475, 476, 765, 768; see 782, 786, 789, 790, 792, 795, 814; also Hypericum perforatum see also Hedychium gardnerianum klu (Acacia fmesiana) 215, 538; kaalaioa (Caesalpinia bonduc) 215; see also Acacia fmesiana see also Caesalpinia bonduc knapweed (Centaurea) 766, 767; see kiikonakona (Panicum tomdum) 208 also Centaurea Kalanchoe daigremontiana x. tubiflora koa (Acacia koa) 155, 168, 170, 214 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant) 136, 271, 274, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 214 304, 307, 311, 313, 363, 394, 401, Kalanchoe tubiflora (chandelier 403, 532, 558, 560, 561, 571, 580, plant) 136,214 581, 593, 667, 669, 675, 683, 6%, kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelana) 700,791 281,288,477,770 koa forest 168, 273, 290, 304, 309, Index koa forest [cont.] 311, 403, 532, 542, Lamiaceae 87,141,217; see also mint 558,560,561,571,593 Lamium amplm'caule 555,556 koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) Langsdolfiafianckii 414,415 42, 112, 216, 399, 402, 489, 544, lantana (Lantana camara) 42, 221, 547, 552, 585, 733, 766, 782, 783; 399, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, see also Leucaena leucocephala 417, 418, 425, 426, 439, 467, 473, koali'awahia (Ipomoea indica f. 475, 476, 489, 538, 545, 547, 584, indica) 214 585, 593, 618, 765, 768; see also koa-mhane forest 288 Lantana camara koa-'6hi'a forest 168, 170, 177, 271, Lantana camara (lantana) 42, 151, 285,287,288,290,314,315,532 221, 399, 411, 412, 440, 467, 469, kdea (Myrsine lessertiana) 347, 489, 538, 545, 547, 584, 593, 618, 349; see also Myrsine lesseriiana 765; see also lantana kolomona (Senna surattensis) 216; Lan tanophaga ( =Plalyptilia) pussilli- see also Senna surattensis daclyla (pterophorid) 413,417 Koster's curse (clidemia, Clidemia Laportea intempta 112,151 hirta) 241, 314, 320, 399, 432, Lappula redowskii 18 435, 452, 468, 532, 538, 544, 547, Lapsana communis 129,330-331 567; see also Clidemia hirta, Lascosomidae 459 clidemia lasiandra (glorybush) 343; see also kou (Cordia subcordata) 104, 212, Ebouchina urvilleana 729; see also Cordia subcordata Lasiums cinereus semotus (Hawaiian kou-haole (Cordia sebestena) 212 bat) 781; see also bat kuahulu (hairy merremia) 105; see also larkspur (Delphinium barkeyi, D. Mememia ae&yptica occidentale) 7 kudzu (Aseraria lobata) 9, 20, 492, Lasthenia chrysostoma 72,83 512,519,521 lather leaf (Colubrina asiatica) Kuehneola uredinis 433,445,446 52,57,58 kukaenene (Coprosma emodioides) Lathyms laetifloms barbarae 86 401, 669; see also Coprosma Lathyms latifolius 139 emodioides Lathyrus tingitanus 139 kiikaepua'a (Digitaria ciliaris, D. laua'e (Phymatodes scolopendria) setigera) 101, 208; see also 204 Digitaria ciliatis, D. setigera Lauraceae (laurel) 141 kukui (Aleurites moluccana, candle- laurel (Lauraceae) 141 nut) 214, 729; see also Aleurites lava flows 288, 376, 378, 380, 394, moluccana, candlenut 396, 398, 403, 500, 542, 692, 788, Kyllinga brevifolia 117,324 789,790 Kyllinga nemoralis (kili'o'opu) 102, Lavatera assulgentiflora 87 117; see kili'o'opu Layia plalyllossa 83 Laysan finch (Telespyza cantans) Lablab purpureus 139 200 lace bugs 413; see also Hemiptera Laysan honeycreeper (Himatione san- lace-necked dove (Streptopelia guinea freethii) 199 chinensis) 412 Laysan rail (Ponanapalmeri) 199 Lactuca sativa (lettuce) 211 leadwort (Plumbaginaceae) 219 Lactuca sem-ola 83, 129 leaf beetle 452, 459, 461; see also Lactuca sem-ola integrata 83 chrysomelid Lagenaria siceraria 102,136 leaf roller 412, 455, 461, 476; see lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) 397, also tortricid 400,402,789 leafy spurge (Euphorbia ewla) 9, Lamudia aurea 74,89 767; see also Euphorbia esula Lecythidaceae (barringtonia) 217 Linanthus androcaceus micranthus 90 legumes (Leguminosae) 586, 733, 773; Linaria canadensis var. texana see also Leguminosae 149 Leguminosae (legumes) 487, 489, 492, Linaria texana 91 508, 509, 510, 512; see also linden (Tiliaceae) 150 legumes Lindemia crustacea 149 Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leio- Linum 141 thrix) 227 Liothrips urichi (thrips) 242, 453, Lemnaceae (duckweed) 118 454,567; see also thrips Lemna perpusilla 118 Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe) 211 lemonade berry (IUjus integrifolia) little bell (Ipomoea triloba) 214; 71; see also Rhus integrifolia see also Ipomoea triloba lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Liusposeidon 452,459,460,461 208 liverworts 33,243,544 Leonotis 141 Livistona australis (cabbage palm) Lepidium 132 205 Lepidium bidentatum var. o-wai- lizard 71 hiense ('zinaunau) 190,212 Lobelia erinus 133 Lepidium nitidum nitidum 84 lobelioids 301,667 Lepidium oblongum 84, 132 Lobularia maritima (sweet alyssum) Lepidium stictum 84 132,199,212 Lepidium vi@nicum (pepper grass) locoweed (Astragalus) 7 132,212 loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta Lepidoptera 413, 416, 455, 459, 461, caretta) 50; see also sea turtle 766, 772; see also butterflies, logging 20, 21, 34-35, 49, 175, 274, moths, plume moths, species or group 283, 287, 288, 290, 476, 532, 533, listings 536,729,800 Leptobyrsa decora 414, 415, 416, logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechi- 417,418 anum) 216; see also Haematoxylum Leptospermum 144 campechianum Leptospermum scopanum (tea tree) Lolium 650 144,544 Lolium multifromm 122 Lepturus repens 208 Lolium perenne 73,74,89 lettuce (Lactuca sativa) 211 Lomatium caruifolium 81 Leucaena 33 long-horned beetle 452,459,461 Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole) 42, Lonicera japonica (Japanese honey- 112, 139, 216, 399, 489, 544, 547, suckle) 9,20,133 552, 555, 585, 733, 766, 782; see looper (geometrid, Scotorythra) 412 also koa haole loosestrife (Lythraceae) 142 Leucobryum gracile 243 Lophospermum erubescens 149 lianas 271,290, see also vines Lophostemon confertus (vinegar tree) lichens 33,3%, 672,675,677,680 529 Ligustrum 20 Lophura leucomelana (kalij pheasant) Liliaceae 87, 118, 207, 491, 511; see 281, 477, 770; see also kalij also lily pheasant liliko'i (Passiflora edulis) 219, loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) 488, 443, 529; see also Passiflora 509, 513, 515; see also Enobotrya edulis japonica Lilium humboldtii 71,87 Lotus 86 lily 118,207,667; see also Liliaceae Lotus dendroideus 70,s Limnocharitaceae 118 loulu (Pntchardia martii, P. remota) Lmaceae (flax) 141 206; see also Pritchardia remota lowland community 17, 255, 378, 386, Madia sativa 129 388, 389, 390, 392, 397, 402, 419, mahogany (h4eliaceae) 143 420, 486, 508, 510, 511, 512, 522, maile pilau (Paederia scandens) 533, 561, 617, 675-679, 698, 699, 490, 511, 513, 518, 538; see also 753 Paederia scandens Loxioides bailleui (palila) 628 makaloa (menulaevigatus) 206 Loxops coccineus ochraceus (Maui Malabar melastome (Melastoma candi- 'dcepa) 300 dum, M. malabathricum) 155, 156, Luculia gratissima 510,513,517 157, 161, 162, 168, 169, 171, 174, Ludwigia octovalvis (kbole, primrose 175, 176, 178, 402; see also willow) 102,104,145,331 Melastoma candidum, M. Ludwigia palustris 145 malabathricum lupine (Lupinus hybridus) 489, 510, Malachra alceifoia 142 517,521 Malacothriv foliosa 83 Lupinus 510,517,521 MaIacothriv implicata 70 Lupinus albifrons (shrub lupine) 71, Malacothriv incana 71,72,83 86 Malacothriv indecora 83 Lupinus arboreus (shrub lupine) 71, Malacothriv saratilis 70,83 86 Malacothriv squalida 83 Lupinus bicolor 86 Malacothriv succulents 72,83 Lupinus chamissonis 86 Malephora (sea fig) 72; see also sea Lupinus hybridus (lupine) 489; see fig, ice plant, sea fig vine also lupine Malephora crocea (sea fig vine) 76, Lupinus succulentus 86 81 Lupinus tmncatus 86 mallow 142,217;see also Malvaceae Luzula hawaiiensis 636, 640, 641, malphigia 217 672 Malpighiaceae (malphigia) 217 lycaenid 413; see also Shymon Malvaceae (mallow) 87,142,217 Lycium califomicum (boxthorn) 71, Malva parvifora (cheese weed) 74, 72,92;see also boxthorn 77,87,142,218 Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 92, Malvastmm coromandelianum 142,555 149,220;see also tomato Malvastmm coromandelianum subsp. Lycopersicon pimpinell~olium (cur- coromandelianum (false mallow) rant tomato) 102,105,149,555 218 Lycopodium cemuum (wawae'iole) 345, Malvaviscus arboreus (turks cap) 218 347; see also wawae'iole rnhaki (Pipturus albidus) 363 Lysimachia nummularia 20 mhane (Sophora chrysophylla) 180, Lytanthus 266 181, 182, 183, 288, 351, 355, 363, Lythraceae (loosestrife)142 399, 562, 580, 593, 626, 627, 628, Lythrum maritimum (piikhole) 102, 632, 633, 634, 644, 654, 656, 658, 104,142,331-332,363 660, 661, 662, 666, 669, 673, 675; Lythrum salicaria (purple loose- see also Sophora chrysophylla strife) 9 mhane forest/habitat 593, 626, 627, 628,633,658,660,661,662 macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) mamane/naio forest 400 730 mammals 11, 21, 272, 281, 537, 541, Macaranga mappa 137 598, 602, 612, 614, 616, 619, 797; Machaerina angustifolia ('uki) 347, see also species listings 372 minele (Sapindus saponaria) 363 Macroptilium lathyroides 139 Mangifera indica (mango) 210, 441, Madagascar olive (Noronhia emargin- 559; see also mango ata) 219 mango (Mangifera indica) 126, 210, 441,559;see also Anacardiaceae Index mangosteen (Clusiaceae) 135,213 mealybug 455 mangrove (Rhimphoraceae) 6, 147; see mechanical control 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, also mangrove habitat, red mangrove 18, 19, 47, 53, 54, 55, 58, 78, 79, mangrove habitat 50,51,53,58 80, 100, 178, 198, 199, 201, 250, manual control 16, 17, 19, 53, 198, 274, 291, 292, 293, 318, 420, 432, 246, 248, 250, 267, 268, 314, 315, 433, 440, 442, 445, 454, 479, 486, 318, 319, 320, 356, 377, 382, 385, 495, 499, 500, 501, 502, 519-520, 391, 441, 479, 513, 514ff, 526, 532, 526, 545, 546, 566, 568, 584, 585, 545, 546, 783, 823, 8W, see also 734, 735, 740, 772, 795, 829; see mechanical control also manual control Marah macrocaqus 70,72,85 Medicago intertata 139 marijuana (Cannabis sativa) 249 Medicago lupulina (black medic) 139, marine habitat 21, 47, 66, 104, 105, 216,651 541,542 Medicago poiymorpha (bur clover) 72, Mariscus 611 73,74,77,86,139,216 Mariscus javanicus ('ahuawa) 101, Medicago sativa (alfalfa) 86,216 102,207 Medinilla venosa 143 Mariscus pennatiformis subsp. mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea) blyanii 207 545 maritime cactus scrub 71 melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia, Marquesan ground dove (Gallicolumba cajeput) 10, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57; rubescens) 604 see also cajeput, Melaleuca Mambium vulgare (horehound) 75, 87, quinquenervia 141 Melaleuca quinquenervia (cajeput, marshes 9,32,48,50,51,101 melaleuca, paperbark) 4, 21, 32, 47, Matricaria charnomilla 130 49, 50, 144, 489, 510, 513, 517, matted fern (Dicranopteris linearis, 529, 547, 816; see also cajeput, uluhe) 30, 311, 320, 697; see also melaleuca Dicranopteris linearis, uluhe Melastoma 156,168 Maui 'iikepa (Larops coccineus ochra- Melastoma candidum (Indian rhododen- ceus) 300 dron) 143, 155, 156, 157, 169, 175, Maui blight 412 186, 402, 454, 538; see also Malabar Maui nukupu'u (Hemignathus lucidus melastome afinis) 300 Melastoma sanguineum (fox-tongue Maui piimakani (Ageratina adenophora) melastoma) 143,538 304, 315, 319, 425, 468, 538, 544, Melastomataceae 142, 157, 241, 452, 547, 558, 559, 563, 6%; see also 454, 458, 460, 461, 487, 493, 508, Ageratina adenophora 510,512,821;see also melastome Maui parrotbill (Pseudonestor xantho- melastome 142, 242, 343, 403, 452, phlys) 300 454, 456, 460, 461; see also Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium Melastomataceae sandwicense var. sandwicense) Melea@ gallopavo (turkey) 281; see 593,639 also turkey Maurandya antirrhiniflora 149 Melia azedarach (pride of India) 20, Mauritius hemp (Fu~raea foetida) 143,547 43;see also Furcraea foetida Meliaceae (mahogany) 143 meadow community 17 Melia imperfects 89 meadow ricegrass (Ehrharta stipoi- Melilotus 19, 77; see also Meli- &s) 315, 318, 320, 364, 372, 488, lotus indica 528, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, 699, Melilotus alba (white sweet clover) 700, 732; see also Ehrharta 216,555 stipoides Melilotus indica (sweet clover) 77, 86,139,216;see also Melilotus Melilotus ofjicinalis 139 Metrosideros polymorpha ('6hi6a) Melinis 34; see also Melinis [cont.] 558, 666, 670, 672, 673, minutifIora 674,675,754,785; see also '(ihi'a Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) Mexican ash (Frminus uhdei) 528; 35, 122, 208, 315, 324, 372, 394, see also Frarinus uhdei 398, 490, 533, 538, 547, 551, 559, miconia (Miconia calvescens) 569, 560, 676, 677; see also molasses 828 grass Miconia 458,460,461 Melinis/Rhynchelytrum community 698 Miconia acinodendium 460 Melitata 422 Miconia calvescens (miconia) 143, melochia (Melochia umbellata) 402, 569,821,827,829; see also miconia 510, 517, 521, 522, 538; see also Miconia mirabilis 461 Melochia umbellata microfauna. See invertebrates Melochia umbellata (gunpowder tree) Microlepia shgosa (palapalai) 363; 150, 402, 490, 510, 517, 521; see see also palapalai also melochia, gunpowder tree Microseris 83 Mentha 20 Microsorium (Polypodium) scolopendria Mentha pulegium 141 616 Mentha x villosa 93, 141 Microstegium vimineum 20 Merremia 136 Microtus oeconomus (tundra vole) 21 Merremia aegyptica (hairy merremia, midge 452,458,459 kuahulu) 102,105 Mikania micrantha 618 Merremia tuberosa (wood rose) 136, milfoil (Hydrilla verticillata) 52; 214 see also Hydrilla verticillata Mesembryanthemum 93 military activities 73, 76, 93, 189, Mesembryanthemum chilense (ice plant) 190, 194-196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 8; see also ice plant 244,249,554 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (ice milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) 127 plant) 21, 34, 71, 76, 78, 81; see milkwort (Polygalaceae) 146 also ice plant milo (7hespesia populnea) 103, 218; Mesembryanthemum edule (ice plant) 8; see also 7hespesia populnea see also ice plant mimi'ilio (Spergularia marina) 213; Mesembryanthemum nodiflomm (ice see also Spergularia marina plant) 21, 71, 73, 74, 76, 81; see Mimosapudica 139 also ice plant Mimulus flemingii 91 mesic forest/habitat 167, 168, 169, mint 141,217 667; see also Lamiaceae 170, 174, 177, 178, 182-184, 190, Mirabilis califomica 88 226, 231, 234, 241,- 242, 271, 284; Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock) 144, 285, 287, 288, 290, 376, 396, 398, 218 532, 533, 541, 542, 545, 559, 562, mites 425,467,764 785,787,790,791,796 Mitracarpus hirtus 148 mesic grassland 169 mixed grass community 698 mesic scrub 169,785 moa (Psilotum nudum) 204 mesic shrublands 533 mock orange (Murraya paniculata 220 Meteoms laphygmae (braconid) 455; Modiola catoliniana 142 see also braconid mokihana (Pelea anisata) 289 Metrosideros 308-309,680 molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) Metrosideros/Acacia/Sapindus forest 35, 208, 315, 318, 372, 394, 398, ('ohi'a/koa/minele forest) 359 399, 402, 405, 490, 533, 538, 547, Metrosideros/native shrub community 698 551, 559, 560, 561, 565, 570, 572, Metrosideros polymorpha ('ohi'a) 676, 699; see also Melinis 33, 155, 168, 186, 227, 271, 283, minutiflora 304,344,347,394,400,532, 544, Molluginaceae 143; see also carpetweed Mollugo cerviana 143 moths 413, 423, 454, 455, 564, 568, Momordica charantia 136 580,766; see also Lepidoptera Mompha hithalama 452,458,459,461 mouflon (Ovis musimon) 628, 633, Momphidae 459 639,662 Monachus schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk mountain apple (S'um malaccense) seal) 189 455, 729; see also Syzygium Moneilema 422 malaccense mongoose, small Indian (Herpestes mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) auropunctatus) 241, 249, 403, 540, 10 567 mountain parkland 791, 7%; see also monkeypod (Samanea saman) 216, 547; montane parkland see also Samanea saman mountain pili (Panicum tenuifolium) monk seal, Hawaiian (Monachus schau- 401; see also Panicum tenuifolium inslandi) 189 Mucuna gigantea (ka'e'e) 216 Monochoria vaginalis 124 Mucuna urens (sea bean) 139, 216; see Monocotyledonae, monocotyledons 116, also sea bean 205 Muehlenbeckia avillaris (wire vine) Monolepis nuttalliana 85 146,507,511,517,521 monstera (Monstera deliciosa) 205 Muhlenbergia microspenna 89,122 montane bog 542, 554, 557, 558, 562, mulberry 143,218; see also Moraceae 563,564,572 mule (Equus caballus x asinus) montane forest 343,787 602 montane habitat 254, 255, 256, 262, mullein (Verbascum thapsus) 254- 267,268,272,400,525,618,619 256, 258-259, 261-263, 265-268, 494, montane parkland 401, 669, 672, 673- 557, 629, 644, 649, 661; see also 674, 683, 685, 697, 700; see also Verbascum thapsus mountain parkland Murrayapaniculata (mock orange) 220 montane rain forest 225, 229, 231, Musa 102,207,332 234,284,401,486,753,789,790 Musaceae 119,207; see also banana montane seasonal forest 229,512 Musa troglodytamm 119 montane seasonal vegetation zone 343, Musa x paradisiaca (banana) 119; 386, 401, 403, 405, 486, 496, see also banana 790-791 musk thistle 19 Montandoniola moraguesi 454 mustard (Brassicaceae) 132,212 montanoa (Montanoa hibiscifolia) Myadestes obscums obscums ('6ma'o) 547; see also Montanoa hibisci- 278; see also '6ma'o folia mycoherbicides 432,433,435 Montanoa hibiscifolia (montanoa) myna, common (Acridotheres Izistis) 130,547 227, 281-282; see also Acrido- montbretia (Crocosmia crocosmiifora) theres tri'stis 363, 544, 545; see also Tritonia Myopomm (naio) 284, 402, 611; see crocosmifzora also naio Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) 33; Myopomm sandwicense (naio) 186, 363, see also Pinus radiata 399, 626, 631, 655, 659; see also Moraceae (mulberry) 87,143,218,509 naio Morinda citifolia (Indian mulberry, Myrica 228,445 noni) 102,105,148,616 Myricaceae (bayberry) 143, 225, 445, morning glory 135, 363, 538, see also 490 Convolvulaceae, Ipomoea Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle) 227, Moms alba (white mulberry) 143,218 772 mosquito 201,753 Myrica faya (faya tree, firetree) 13, mosses 243, 272, 544, 660, 671, 675, 33, 42, 143, 225, 387, 399, 411, 677,679,680 433,441,467,469,486,490,538, Index

Myrica faya (faya tree, firetree) Nephrolepis biserrata 616 [cont.] 568-569, 577, 690, 754, Nephrolepis multiflora (sword fern) 770, 772, 781, 782, 792, 821; see 199,204 also hetree Nerium oleander (oleander) 210 Myriophyllum (water milfoil) 9, 20; Nesochen sandwicensis (Hawaiian see also water milfoil goose) 403; see also nEnE Myriophyllum aquaticum 141 Nesofregetta fuliginosa (storm- Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water petrel) 612 milfoil) 20; see also Myriophyllum nettle 151,221 Myrsinaceae (myrsine) 143,487 nettle-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium Myrsine lessertiana (kdea) 45, 347, murale) 213; see also Cheno- 349 podium murale Myrsine saliciana 45 New Zealand flax (Phomium tenax) Myrtaceae (myrtle) 88, 144, 157, 218, 491, 506, 511, 513, 518, 529, 532; 488, 489, 492, 493, 508, 509, 510, see also Phomium tenax 512 New Zealand red rabbit 93; see also myrtle 144,218; see also Myrtaceae rabbits Mytosis discolor 132 New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa, T. tetragonioides) 76, naio (Myoporum sandwicense) 181, 209; see also Tetragonia tetra- 182, 183, 284, 363, 399, 626, 627, gonioides 628, 656, 658, 661; see also Nicandra physalodes 149 Myoporum sandwicense Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) 17, naio-miimane forest/woodland 626,627, 150,220,555,603 628,658 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 150,220 Nama sandwicensis (Hawaiian nama) 217 night blooming cereus (Hylocereus narrow-leaved carpetgrass (Axonopus undatus) 212; see also Hylo- fissifolius) 314, 319; see also cereus un&tus Axonopus fissifolius nightshade (Solanaceae) 75, 149, 220; nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) 151, see also Solanaceae, Solanum 221, 494, 506, 512, 520, 521, 786, nodiflorum 790, 792, 793; see also Tropaeolum nioi (Capsicum annuum) 220, see majus also Capsicum annuum Nasturtium microphyllum 132 nitrogen cycle/fmtion 33, 78, 193, Nasturtium samentosum 102,132 235,501,568,598,667 Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) 210 nitrogemfixing bacteria 8; see also Natal redtop (Rhynchelyhlm repens) bacteria 209, 380, 398, 565, 676; see also noctuid, Noctuidae 412,415,416,459 Rhynchelyhlm repens noddy 200 naupaka kahakai (Scaevola sericea) nohu (Tribulus cistoides) 222; see 217, 402, 676; see also beach also Tribulus cistoides naupaka, Scaevola sericea noni (Indian mulberry) 105, 616; see Nectria galligena 433 also Morinda ciln'folia needlegrass (Stipa cemua) 626; see Nopalea 419 also Stipa cemua Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria nehe (Lipochaeta integrijolia) 211 heterophylla) 204 nematodes 284,433,467,764 Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar Nemophilapedunculata 87 olive) 219 nena (Heliotropium curassavicum) northern jointvetch 433,435 198, 212; see also Heliotropium Nothocestmm 560 curassavicum noxious plants 7, 19, 156, 157, 158- nEnE (Hawaiian goose, Nesochen sand- 159, 178, 226, 236, 241, 271, 314, wicensis) 403,502 320,342,343,411,412,425,477, noxious plants [cont.] 547, 625, 627, 'ohi'a rain forest 155, 177, 284, 306, 658, 662, 707, 708, 767, 772, 773, 344,350,357 826,827,829 'ohi'a-tree fern forest 284,285 nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) 206; '6hi'a vegetation type 666,675,684 see also Qperus rotundus oi (Stachyta~heta dichotoma) 221; nutrient cycle 6, 33, 486, 598, 620, see also Stachytarpheta dichotoma 667, 697, 734, 754, 821; see also Oidaematophonas beneficus (plume nitrogen cycle moth) 425, see also plume moth nutrients 3, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, okra (Hibiscus esculentus) 217 36,76,193 'tilapa (Cheirodendron trigynum) Nyctaginaceae (four o'clock) 88, 144, 290,347,367 218 Oleaceae (olive) 144, 219, 488, 490, 509,510; see also olive Ocimum 141 Olea europaea subsp. africana octopus tree (Scheffera actino- (olive) 144, 341, 342, 351, 353, phylla) 211, 547; see also 354, 490, 523, 786, 793; see also Scheflera actinophylla olive Octotoma 414,415,416,417 oleander (Nerium oleander) 210 Odocoileus hemionus (deer) 701 oleaster 136, 488; see also Eleagna- odontonema (Odontonema stictum) 209 ceae, Eleagnus umbellata Odontonema cuspidatum 125 'olena (Curcuma longa) 729; see Odontonema stictum (odontonema) 209 also Curcuma longa Oenothera 145 Oligomeris linifoia 91 Oenothera laciniata 145,219 olive 144, 219, 341, 342, 350-356, 'oh% (Clermontia parviflora) 347; 490, 523, 786, 788, 793, 794; see see also Clermontiapm$'ora also Oleaceae, Olea europaea 'oh& (Sesbania tomentosa) 190,216 subsp. africana 'ohe (Isachne distichophylla) 347, olomea (Perrottetia sandwicensis) 687 313 'ohelo (Vaccinium, V. reticulatum) 'oma'o (Myadestes obscurus obscurus) 307, 348, 372, 400, 401, 626, 644, 227,278 669; see also Vaccinium, V. Onagraceae (evening primrose) 88, 144, reticulatum 219,510 'ohelo/pukiawe scrub 401 onion (Allium cepa) 207 'ohi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) Ophiomyia lantanae (seed fly, agro- 33, 155, 168, 169, 177, 189, 181, myzid) 413,414,417 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 227, 229, Opius lantanae 414 271, 283, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, Oplismenus compositus 122 306, 307, 345, 347, 349, 351, 359, Oplismenus hirtellus 122,325 367, 369, 372, 394, 400, 401, 402, opuhe (Urera sandwicensis) 104 532, 544, 548, 558, 561, 666, 673, Opuntia (prickly pear cactus) 34, 674, 675, 676, 687, 692, 694, 6%, 411, 419, 420, 422, 585, 765; see 754, 785, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791; also cactus, pfinini cactus, prickly see also Metrosideros polymorpha pear cactus '&?a dieback 545, 548; see also die- Opuntia aurantiaca (prickly pear cac- back tus) 765; see also prickly pear 'ohi'a forest 168, 170, 177, 285, 287, cactus 288, 290, 304, 308, 310, 344, 366, Opuntia cochenillifea 133 370, 532, 542, 548, 558, 561, 754, Opuntia cordobensis 419,469 788 Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear 'ohi'a-koa forest 155,168,285,314 cactus) 84, 133, 419, 420, 432, 434, 'ohi'a/koa/mfmele forest (Metrosideros/ 467,469,490,511,518,521,529; Acacia/Sapindus forest) 359 Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel) 145,219 cactus) [cont.] see also piinhi Oxalis comiculata ('hi, yellow wood cactus, prickly pear cactus sorrel) 102,103,145,219,610,651 Opuntia littoralis (prickly pear cac- Oxalis cornicu lata var. repens tus) 70, 84; see also prickly pear 612 cactus Oxalis corymbosa (pink wood sorrel) Opuntia megacantha. See 0. ficus- 145,219 indica Oxysporapaniculata 100,143,569 Opuntia oricola 70,84 oyster plant (Tradescantia spathacea) Opuntiaprolifera (cholla) 70,84 206; see also Tradescantia Opuntia tuna 419; see also Opuntia spathacea jicus-indica Opuntia vulgaris 133 Pachodynems nasidens 414 orchard grass (Dactylus glomerata) Paederia scandens (maile pilau) 148, 557, 566; see also Dactylus 490,511,513,518,538 glomerata pahole (Diplazium sandwichianum, Orchidaceae (orchids) 119, 207, 708, ho'i'o) 311; see also Diplazium 715,716,717,718,720 sandwichianum Oreamnos americanus (mountain goat) pa'iniu (Astelia menziesiana) 345, 10 347,349 Oreobolus 558 pakai (Amaranthus dubius) 210; see Oreobolusjimatus 557 also Amasanthus dubius ornamentals 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 100, Palafoxia callosa 130 108, 110, 113, 114, 115ff, 156, 158, palapalai (Microlepia strigosa) 363 159, 190, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, Palay rubber vine (Cryptostegia gran- 225, 289, 342, 343, 412, 436, 441, difora) 56 443, 454, 497, 507, 508ff, 567, 568, palila (Loxioides bailleui) 628 569, 584, 616, 617, 712-724, 729, palm 205,715; see also Arecaceae 768,772; see also horticulture Palmaceae 511 Orobanchaceae (Orobanche) 88 Palmena dolei (crested honeycreeper) orpine 136; see also Crassulaceae 300 Orthezia insignis (greenhouse or- palmgrass (Setaria palmifolia) 493, thezia) 412 538, 547, 692, 786, 789, 790, 792, Orthocarpus densifoms 91 793; see also Setaria palmifolia Orthocarpuspurpurascens 91,149 panax (PoIyscias guilfoylei) 211 Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Pancratium littorale (spider lily) rabbit) 76; see also rabbits 207 Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ('iilei) Pandanaceae (screwpine) 207 352, 355, 394, 402, 559, 627, 670; Pandanus 613 see also 'dei Pandanus odoratissimus (hala) 402; Osteospermum calendulaceum 130 see also hala Ovis aries (sheep) 21, 577, 586, 602, Pandanus tectorius (hala) 207, 612; 625, 627, 701, 726, 773; see also see also hala sheep panic grass (Panicum maximum var. Ovis canadensis nelsoni (desert big- trichylum) 732 horn sheep) 6; see also desert Panicum maximum 122 bighorn sheep Panicum maximum var. maximum Ovis musimon (mouflon) 628; see also (Guinea grass) 732; see also Guinea mouflon grass owi (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) Panicum maximum var. trichylum 221; see also Stachytarpheta (panic grass) 732 jamaicensis Panicum miliaceum 122 Index

Panicum repens (torpedo grass) 122, Passiflora edulis (oC,passion 538 fruit) 145, 219, 271, 443, 444, 454, Panicum tenuifolium 672 529, 767, 770; see also lilikoci, Panicum tomedum (kfikonakona) 208 passion fruit piinini cactus 419, 422, 469, 518, 521, Passiflora foetida (water lemon) 145, 522; see also Opuntia, prickly 443,444,604 pear cactus, Opuntiaficus-indica Passiflora laurifolia 145 Papaveraceae 88; see also poppy Passiflora ligularis (sweet grana- papaya (Carica papaya) 133, 213, dilla) 145,272,443,444 730; see also Caricaceae, Carica Passiflora mixta 274 papaya Passiflora mollissima (banana poka) paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) 13, 41, 145, 155-157, 169, 175, 186, 489, 510, 513, 517, 529, 547, 816; 249, 271-272, 274, 277, 293, 372, see also Melaleuca quinquenervia 392, 433, 438, 442, 444, 472, 486, papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) 491, 536, 537, 538, 551, 567-568, paragrass (Brachiaria mutica) 208; 593, 667, 692, 696, 754, 767, 782, see also Brachiaria mutica 829; see also banana poka Parapholis incurva 89 Passiflora pulchella 145 Paraserianthesfalcataria 139 Passiflora quadrangularis 145 parasites 45, 290, 412, 414, 416, 418, Passiflora suberosa 145,443,444 435,437,455,461,472,766,770 Passiflora subpeltata 145 Parentucellia viscosa 149 Passiflora tripartlrtlta 274,442 Parietaria hespera 92 Passiflora x caerulea 145 Parkinsonia aculeata 139 passion flower 35, 145, 219, 567; see parsley 126; see also Apiaceae also Passiflora, Passifloraceae Parthenium hysterophorus 130 passion hit 271, 443, 454, 730, 767, partridge pea (Chamaecrista nicti- 770, 771; see also Passiflora, P. tans) 399; see also Chamaecrista edulis nictitans passion vine butterfly (Agraulis Partulina porcellana 560; see also vanillae) 291 invertebrates pasture 228, 229, 235, 259, 317, 412, Paspalidium radiatum 122 420, 436, 453, 468, 548, 553, 554, Paspalum 122, 194, 208, 309-310, 559, 562, 563, 564, 565, 584, 585, 365,372,401 586, 587, 591, 734, 753; see also Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) 4, cattle industry, grazing, rangelands 42, 122, 250, 304, 313, 315, 490, pathogens 36, 44, 45, 228, 272, 278, 491, 558, 561, 618, 692; see also 284, 290, 387, 411, 425, 426, Hilo grass 432-447, 457, 462, 432-447, 457, Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass) 461, 462, 466, 467, 468, 472, 475, 122, 315, 364, 491, 610, 683; see 498, 580, 720, 759, 761, 763, 764, also dallis grass 771; see also diseases Paspalum fimbriatum (Columbia grass) Paulownia tomentosa 20 122,208 pea 137,215; see also Fabaceae Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass) 122, pearl flower (Heterocentron subtip- 208, 315, 491, 538; see also vasey linervium) 372, 510, 517, 521, grass 522; see also Heterocentron Passiflora 35, 272, 278, 280, 443, su btTiplinervium 444, 730, see also banana poka, Pedilanthus tithymaloides (slipper Passiflora mollissim a, passion flower) 215 flower, passion fruit Pelargonium hortorum (fish geranium) Passifloraceae 145, 157, 219, 443, 217 444,491; see also passion flower Pelargonium zonale 140 Pelea anisata (mokihana) 289 Philaenus spumarius (spittle bug) 425 Pelea hawaiensis 560 Philodendron (philodendron) 15,205 Pellaea 90 Phlaeothripidae 242 Pellaea temifolia 637, 640, 642, Phleum pratense (timothy) 7, ,15 647,650,652,672 phlox 146; see also Polemoniaceae Penestes 452,459,461 Phoenix daclylifera (date palm) 206, Pennisetum 34, see also Pennisetum 511,513,518 clandestinum, P. setamm Pholistoma 87 Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu Phomium tenax (New Zealand flax) grass) 6, 89, 122, 315, 364, 387, 116, 491, 506, 511, 533, 518, 529, 491, 529, 544, 559, 562, 732; see 532 also kikuyu grass photosynthesis 31,34,290,344 Pennisetum macrostachyum 122 Phragmidium violaceum 435, 436, 445, Pennisetum polystachion 122 446 Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) phycitid (Ciyptoblabes aliena) 412 122,620 Phyla nodijlora 221 Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) Phyllanthus 137 18, 42, 123, 155, 156, 157, 169, Phyllanthus amarus 616 175, 186, 376, 394, 485, 491, 495, Phyllospadix 92 507, 538, 551, 568, 587, 625, 627, Phyllostachys (bamboo) 511, 518, 630, 650, 734, 753, 782, 786, 793, 521; see also bamboo 814,821;see also fountain grass Phyllostachys nigra (black bamboo) Penstemon cordifolia 71 559,563;see also black bamboo Peperomia 715 Phyllostegia variabilis 199,217 Peperomia pellucido 146 Phymatodes scolopendria (laua'e) 204 pepper (Piperaceae) 146 Physalis 150 pepper grass (Lepidium virginicum) Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed) 145 212; see also Lepidium virginicum Phytolacca octandra 145 peregrine falcon (Falco peregri- phytophagous insects 433; see also nus) 50 insects Perisierola emigrata 414 pickerel weed (Pontederiaceae) 124 Perilyle emoryi 70, 83 Picris hieracioides 130 periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) Piesmopodo 452,459,460 210; see also Catharanthus roseus pig 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 35, 101, 158, Perkinsiella saccharicida (sugar cane 227, 235, 241, 242, 244, 249, 271, leafhopper)727 275, 281, 283, 287, 288, 292, 300, Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea) 333 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 311, Persea americana (avocado) 141, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 44142,455 320, 343, 391, 477, 485, 495, 496, pesticides 13, 440, 441, 442, 501, 513, 532, 540, 544, 545, 546, 548, 525,526;see also herbicides 551, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, Petrorhagia velutina 134 562, 565, 567, 570, 571, 600, 602, Petroselinum crispum 126 606, 608, 613, 619, 666, 667, 668, petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus) 675, 683-697, 699, 700, 701, 714, 215, see also Euphorbia peplus 729, no, 784, 788, 789, 790, 791, Phacelia 87 797,800;see also Sus scrofa Phaeomis obscurus 227 pigeon (Ducula) 612 Phaius tankarvilleae 119 pigweed (Chenopodium murale, Portu- Phalaris minor 89 laca oleracea) 77,601,604,607 Phalaris tuberosa 16 pikake (Jasminum sambac) 219 Phaseolus vulgaris (green bean) 216 Pilea microphylla (artillery plant) Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) 151,221 454 pili grass (Heteropogon contortus) Plagiohammus spinipennis 415, 416, 380, 396, 397, 398, 400, 402, 602; 417 see also Heteropogon contortus Plantaginaceae (plantain) 88,146,219 pili uka (Trisetum glomeratum) 626, Plantago 651 629, 634, 646, 649, 658, 661; see Plantago aristata 146 also Trisetum glomeratum Plantago aus&alis 146 pilo (Coprosma, C. montana, C ochra- Plantago bigelovii 88 cea) 313, 345, 347, 349, 355, Plantago debilis 146 363, 626, 661; see also Coprosma, Plantago erecta erecta 88 C. montana Plantago hirtella 88 Pinaceae 116,491,511; see also pine Plantago insularis 88 pine 32, 116, 511, 518, 521, 529, 533, Plantago Ianceolata (English plan- 551, 554, 557, 564, 569, 571, 754; tain) 146,219 see also Pinaceae, Pinus Plantago major (common plantain) 146, pineapple (Ananas comosus) 420, 219 444, 453, 554, 730, 800; see also Plantago ovata 88 pineapple industry plantain 146, 219; see also Plantagin- pineapple industry 453, 713, 714; see aceae also pineapple plantations 284 pine forest/trees/pinelands 6, 42, 49, plant succession 477,500,676,701 50, 51, 53, 54, 344, 554; see also Platystemon califomicus 88 coniferous forest Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) pink 133,213; see also Caryophyllaceae 141,217 pink wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa) Pleomele auwahiensis 561 219; see also Oxalis corymbosa pluchea 538; see also Pluchea Pinus 511, 518, 521, 529, 533, 551, symphytifolia 565; see also pine Pluchea indica (Indian pluchea) 130, Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) 42, 211 491; see also slash pine Pluchea symphytifolia (pluchea) 199, Pinus ellionii (slash pine) 20, 54, 130, 211, 399, 469, 538, see also 116,580; see also slash pine sourbush Pinuspatula 116,554,564 Pluchea xfosbergii 130,211 Pinus pinaster (cluster pine) 42, Plumbaginaceae (leadwort) 219 116,554,564 plumbago (Plumbago mrriculata) 219 Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) 16, 33, plume moth 413, 425, 426, see also 554,564 Lepidoptera, moths Piperaceae (pepper) 146 plumeria (Plumeria) 210 Piper methysticum 102,146 Plumeria obtusa (Singapore plumeria) Pipturns albidus (mhaki) 363 210 Pisonia 604 Poa annua (annual bluegrass) 89, 123, Pisonia grandis 218,604,606 209,566 Pistia stratiotes 116 Poaceae 88, 119, 157, U)8; see also Pithecellobium duke 13 grass Pittosporaceae (Pittosporum) 146, Poa douglasii 72,89 492,511 Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) pit tosporum (Pittosporum) 146, 18, 123, 566, 626, 630, 636, 640, 492; see also Pittosporaceae, 641, 643, 747, 650, 652, 653; see Pittospomm undulatum also Kentucky bluegrass Pittospomm undulatum (pittosporum) Poa scabrella 89 146,492,511,513,518 poinsettia (Euphorbia pulchenima) Pityrogramma ttiangulcuis 90 215 Plagiobothrys califomicus 83,M pokeweed (Phytolaccaceae) 145 Index

Polemoniaceae (phlox) 89,90,146 Potentilla agedii grandis 91 pblinalina (Vitex tifolia) 221 Pouteria sandwicensis 560-561 pollination, pollinators 35, 44, 51, prairie 9, 18, 49, 50, 51, 53; see 278,2&1,620,728 also grasslands Polycarpon tetraphyllum 134,610 prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) Polygalaceae (milkwort) 146 208; see also Bromus willdenowii Polygala paniculata 146 predators, predation 44, 45, 267, 272, Polygonaceae (buckwheat) 90, 146, 275, 403, 418, 437, 451, 627, 753, 219,511 766,770,797 Polygonum 146 prescribed burning 10, 16, 18, 25, 49, Polygonum aviculare 146,555 53,54,55,526; see also fire Polygonum convolvulus 147,555 preserve design 20,701,785-786 Polygonum glabmm 147 prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) Polygonum punctatum 147,332 70, 93, 419, 432, 434, 440, 467, Polynesian effects, impacts, influ- 469, 477, 490, 511, 529, 765, 768; ences, introductions 12, 100, 101, see also Opuntia, 0. ficus-indica, 102, 103, 104, 105, 396, 397, 400, 0. littoralis, pkbi cactus 401, 553, 566, 602, 604, 607, 611, pride of India (Melia azedarach) 612, 613, 616, 726, 727, 729, 752, 547; see also Melia azedarach 799-800; see also anthropogenic primrose 147, 220; see also effects, human disturbance Primulaceae Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) primrose willow (kiimole) 104, see also 612; see also rat Ludwigia octovalvis Polypodiaceae 90,204; see also ferns Primulaceae (primrose) 90,147,220 Polypodium califomicum 90 princess flower. See glorybush, Polypogon in temptus (ditch poly- Tibouchina urvilleana pogon) 89,123,209 Pristomenes hawaiiensis 414 Polypogon monspeliensis (rabbitfoot Pritchardia 199,206,601 grass) 74,89,123,209 Pritchardia martii (loulu) 206 Polyscias guilfoylei (panax) 211 Pritchardia pacijica (vin) 206 pomace flies (Drosophila) 278; see Pritchardia remora (loulu) 190,206 also Drosophila Procecidochares alani (stem gall fly) pondweed (Potamogetonaceae) 124 426 Pontederiaceae (pickerel weed) 124 Procecidochares utilis (stem gall pbpolo (nightshade, Solanum america- fly) 563 num, S. nelsonii) 105, 190, 221; Prosopis pallida (kiawe) 139, 216, see also Solanum americanum 402, 492, 512, 513, 519, 603; see poppy 145; see also Papaveraceae also kiawe Populus alba 20 protea 147, 716, 718; see also Populus tremuloides (aspen) 7 Proteaceae Portulacaceae (purslane) 90,147,219 Proteaceae 147,488; see also protea Portulaca lutea ('ihi) 194,219 Prunella vulgaris (selfheal) 141, Portulaca oleracea (common purslane) 332-333,558 147, 194, 219, 555, 601, 604, 610; Prunus ilicifolia subsp. lyonii see also pigweed (Catalina cherry) 71 Portulacaria afra (jade tree) 220 Pmnus lyonii 91 Portulaca villosa 220 Prunus x cerasifera 148 Pomapalmeri (Laysan rail) 199 pseudococcid 455 Potarnogeton 112,124 Pseudonestor xanthophrys (Maui Potamogetonaceae (pondweed) 124 parrotbill) 300 potato (Solanum tuberosum) 93, 221; Psidium 45, 158, 310; see also see also Solanum tuberosum common guava, guava Psidium cattleianuin (strawberry purple loosestrife (Lythrum sali- guava) 35, 42, 144, 155-157, 169, caria) 9 175, 186, 250, 303, 313, 335, 387, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundatus) 437, 476, 492, 501, 529, 531, 544, 468 547, 551, 558, 560, 618, 667, 689, purslane 147, 219; see also 754, 781, 782, 792, 816, 821; see Portulacaceae also Psidium, strawberry guava Pycnotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) Psidium cattleianum var. cattlei- 548 anum (strawberry guava) 538; see Pycreus polystachyos 207 also strawberry guava Pyracantha angustifolia (firethorn) Psidium cattleianum var. littorale 148,538 (waiawi) 547; see also waiawi Pyracantha crenati-semata 148 Psidium cattleianum var. Iucidum pyralid, F'yralidae 459,461 (waiawi) 538; see also waiawi Pyrausta perelegans 568 Psidium guajava (common guava) 52, pyraustid, F'yraustidae 414,415 144, 218, 311, 315, 335-336, 399, 492, 521, 538, 545, 547, 559, 565, quarantine 236, 388, 391, 414, 426, 584, 616, 730, 733, 766; see also 438, 439, 442, 454, 455, 456, 457, common guava, guava, Psidium 461, 467, 472, 473, 474, 495, 498, Psilotum nudum (moa) 204 523, 707, 708, 709, 727, 733, 760, Pteridaceae 90 763,764,767,771,827 Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) Quercus tomentella (island oak) 71, 400, 630, 637, 640, 642, 650, 670, 86 672; see also bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum var. decomposi- rabbitfoot grass (PoCypogon monspeli- tum (bracken fern, kilau) 363, ensis) 209; see also PoEypogon 557; see also bracken fern, kilau monspeliensis pterophorid 413; see also Lantano- rabbits 21,76,93,94,195 phaga ( = Platyptilia) pussillidactyla radish (Raphanus sativus) 212; see Pteridophyta 204 also Raphanus sativus Pterolepis glomerata 143 Rafinesquia califomica 83 Pterostegia drymanoides 70,90 rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnen) 20 pu'aha-nui (Broussaisia) 313 rain forest 34, 170, 225, 242, 300, puapilo (Cappans sandwichiana) 212 302, 315, 318, 320, 342, 343, 366, Puccinia canaliculata 436 377, 386, 388, 3%, 397, 398, 401, Puccinia chondrillina 435 486, 497, 498, 500, 501, 551, 558, Pueraria lobata (kudzu) 9, 20, 492, 560, 563, 565, 567, 571, 626, 666, 512,519,521 667, 668, 684, 686, 692, 694, 6%, Puffinus pacificus chlorohynchus 697, 699, 700, 702, 753, 754, 770, (wedge-tailed shearwater) 200 784,785,796 piikiimole (Lythrum maritimum) 104, Ramu laria deshuctiva 433 363; see also Lythrum maritimum ranching 7, 9, 17, 19, 34, 67, 73, 75, pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) 35, 76, 77, 78, 93, 158, 175, 283, 388, 307, 352, 355, 372, 394, 400, 401, 412, 420, 425, 426, 432, 467, 473, 402, 559, 564, 626, 644, 666, 669, 476, 477, 497, 502, 546, 577, 578, 683; see also Styphelia tameia- 580, 581, 584, 585, 586, 602, 616, meiae 700,728,753,758,772,800 piikiawe/'aLali'ishrubland 564 rangelands/pastures 7, 9, 17, 19, 34, puncture vine (Tnbulus cistoides, T. 158, 229, 236, 250, 343, 357, 387, terrestris) 470, 475, 476, 765, 411, 414, 425, 435, 436, 440, 467, 768; see also Tnbulus cistoides, 476, 477, 502, 507, 548, 554, 562, T. temeshis 568,580,584,585,587,732,753, rangelands/pastures [cont.] 758, 772; Rhiwgonium spinifonne 243 see also grazing, ranching Rhizophoraceae (mangrove) 147; see also Rangijer amticus (caribou) 21 mangrove, mangrove habitat Rangifer tarandus (reindeer) 21 Rhiwphora mangle (red mangrove) 6, Ranunculaceae (buttercup) 90,147 147 Ranunculus 147 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (downy rose Ranunculus califomicus 90 myrtle) 144,538 Ranunculus repens 17,147 Rhus integrifo lia (lemonade berry) Raphanus raphanishum 132 71,81 Raphanus sativus (radish) 132,212 Rhynchelyhum 698 raspberry (Rubus glaucus) 492; see Rhynchelytrum grassland 698 also Rubus glaucus Rhynchelyfmm repens (Natal redtop) rat 201, 604; see also Rattus, R. 123, 209, 380, 398, 565, 676, 677, eru lans 678 rat tail fescue (Vulpia myuros) Rhynchosia minima 139 649; see also VuIpia myuros Rhynchospora 566 rattail grass (Sporobolus africanus) Rhynchospora caduca 325-326 559, 565; see also Sporobolus Ribes malvaceum 91 africanus Richardia brasiliensis 148 rattle-pod (Crotalaria pallida) 215 Ricinis communis (castor bean) 137, Rams 201; see also rat 215, 492, 506, 512, 519, 521, 566; Rattus erulans (Polynesian rat) 604, see also castor bean 612; see also rat riparian habitat 9, 14, 18, 31, 32, red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix 72, 314, 315, 316, 541, 542, 558; lutea) 227 see also aquatic habitat red brome (Bromus rubens) 77; see ripgut grass (Bromus rigidus) 626, also Bromus rubens 649; see also Bromus rigidus red-fruited cactus 420 Rivina humilis 146 red hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) robin (Turdus migratorius) 51 218 roadside habitat 20, 22, 110, 260, red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) 6; 262, 268, 377, 378, 388, 389, 390, see also Rhiwphora mangle 391, 453, 499, 507, 510, 557, 578, red pualele (Emilia fosbergii) 211; 580, 581, 587; see also ruderal see also Emilia fosbergii habitat red-stemmed fdaree (Erodium cicu- rodent 11,50; see also rat tarium) 77; see also Erodium Rosa 148, 220, 454, 714; see also cicutarium rose red-vented bulbul (Pycnotus cafer) Rosaceae (rose) 91, 147, 157, 220, 488, 548 492,509 reforestation 107, 113, 226, 231, 235, Rosa mu ltiflora 20 342, 399ff, 497, 502, 507, 508ff, Rosa wichuriana 20 578, 726, 728, 729, 772; see also rose 147, 220, 714, 716, 717; see also plant succession, revegetation Rosa, Rosaceae Reichardiapicroides 130 rose apple (Smgium jambos) 493, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 21 512, 513, 519, 530, 558, 559, 564, Resedaceae 91 570; see also Syzygium jambos restoration 8, 15, 394, 403,' 526, 598, royal poinciana (Delonk regia) 215 625,697 Roystonea 206 revegetation 7, 78, 496, 497, 525, 557, Rubiaceae 91, 148, 220, 490, 510, 511; 563,667,697,699-701 see also coffee, Rubus spp. Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus) 91 Rubus 13, 45, 158, 308, 362, 367, Rhaphidophora aurea (taro vine) 205 392,433,435,445,446,476,477 Index

Rubus argutus (blackberry, Florida Russian thistle (Salsola kali, blackberry) 148, 316, 341, 343, thistle) 8, 411, 470; see also 355-366, 367, 445, 446, 467, 470, Salsola Mi, thistle 492, 525, 527, 529, 532, 538, 544, rust (fungi) 435, 436, 445,446 551, 557, 561, 683, 694, 770; see Rutaceae (citrus) 220 also blackberry, Florida blackberry Rubus consbictus 436 Saccharum 727 Rubus discolor 148 Saccharum oflcinna (sugar cane) Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan 102, 444, 524, 726, 727, 800; see raspberry) 148, 155, 156, 157, 169, also sugar cane 175, 186, 341, 343, 366-370, 399, Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass) 446, 472, 492, 692, 694, 696, 786, 42, 123, 316, 326, 558, 565, 689; 793, 821; see also yellow Himalayan see also Glenwood grass raspberry Sadleria cyatheoides ('ama'u, Rubus glaucus (raspberry) 446,492 'ama'uma'u) 307,363,400,562 Rubus hawaiiensis ('iikala) 445, 446, Sadleria pallida ('ama'uma'u) 348 476 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Rubus lucidus. See Rubus arguhs 767 Rubus macraei 445,446 sage 70 Rubus niveus 149 sagebrush desert 8 Rubus penetrans. See blackberry, Sagina decumbens 84,134 Rubus argutus Sagina japonica 134 Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry) 148, SagittanMalatifolia 116 304, 333, 446, 558, 692, 694; see sago palm 204, see also Cycadaceae, also thimbleberry cycas Rubus sieboldii 148 St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum Rubus ulmifolius 436 secundatum) 364; see also Rubus ursinus 91 Stenotaphrum secundakm Rudbeckia laciniata 130 Salicaceae 91 ruderal habitat 4, 7, 17, 18, 50, 51, Salicomia subtenninalis 85 52, 53, 56, 77, 100, 105, 110, 190, Salicomia virginica (samphire) 85, 235, 242, 249, 254, 255, 256, 258, 135,213 259, 261, 267, 320, 376, 386, 392, Salk lasiolepis (willow) 72, 91 452, 498, 506, 507, 509-512, 513, Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) 20 514ff, 523, 544, 554, 555-556, 565, Salpichroa rhomboidea 150 566, 567, 571, 822; see also Salsola kali (Russian thistle) 8, 17, roadside habitat 18, 135,411,470; see also thistle Ruellia 125 saltbush (AtTipla suberecta) 213; Ruellia biittoniana 125,209 see also Atripla suberecta Rumex acetosella (sorrel) 147, 3M, salt cedar (tamarisk, Tamarir) 17, 333-334, 556, 631, 634, 637, 640, 31 642, 651, 672, 684, see also sheep salt concentrations 21, 34, 49, 50, sorrel 72-73,76 Ruma albescens (huLahu'ak6) 190,219 saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) 72 Ruma brownei 147,610 saltwort (Bataceae) 131 Rumex crispus (curly dock) 90, 147, Salvia coccinea 141 436 Salvia mellifera 70 Rumex fieginus 90 Salvia occidentalis 141 Ruma obhrsifolius 147 Salvinia molesta 32,43 Rumex salicifolius 90 Samanea sarnan (monkeypod) 139, 216, rush 118; see also Juncaceae 547 rush skeleton weed (Chondrilla Sambucus men'cana 133 juncea) 435 Index

samphire (Salicornia virginica) Scirpus 611 213; see also Salicomia virginica Scirpus cemuus califomicus 85 sandalwood (Santalaceae, Santalum, Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) S. ellipticum) 199, 220, 400, 33, 766; see also Cytisus 626,800 scoparius sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus) 200, Scotorythra (geometrid, looper) 412 208; see also Cenchrus echinatus screwpine (Pandanaceae) 207 Sanicula arguta 81 Scrophulariaceae (figwort) 91, 148, Sanicula sandwicensis 561 220,255,266,494 Sanseviera (bowstring hemp) 205 Scrophularia villosa 91 Santalaceae 220; see also sandalwood scrub 225, 229, 234, 401, 604, 787, Santalum (sandalwood) 400; see also 788,789 sandalwood scrub communities 67, 68, 70-71, 78, Santalum ellipticum ('iliahialo'e) 170, 180-186, 544, 613, 615, 620, 199,220,626; see also sandalwood 666, 675, 669, 676, 677, 678, 679, Sapindaceae (soapberry) 148 680,683 Sapindus 365 Scythris grandipennis (spine-feeding Sapindus saponaria (miinele) 363 moth) 580 Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow) 20 sea bean (Dioclea wilsonii, Mucuna Sargasso muticum 21 urens) 216; see also Dioclea savanna 51, 395, 397, 398, 526, 734, wilsonii, Mucuna urens 787 seabirds 94, 197, 199, 200, 601, 604, sawgrass 51 609,610,612,620; see also birds Sdragaceae 91 sea blite (Suaeda califomica) 77, Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai) 94; see also Suaeda califomica 197, 217, 402, 676, 679; see also sea cliff community 67, 70, 73, 75, beach naupaka 564 Scaevola strand 698 sea fig (Carpobrotus aequilaterus) Scaevola taccada 616 72, 75; see also ice plant, Scalesia 620 Carpobrotus, Malephora scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis men- sea fig vine (Malephora crocea) 76; sis) 220; see also Anagallis see also sea fig, ice plant arvensis sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) 219 Schefflera actinophylla (octopus sea-rocket (Cakile) 8; see also tree) 127,211,547 Cakile Schiedea vem'cillata 190,213 sea turtle 55, 189; see also green sea Schinus 564 turtle, loggerhead turtle Schinus molle 44 Sechium edule 136 Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas sedges 117, 206, 303, 304, 311, 313, berry) 6, 21, 31, 43, 44, 47, 49, 314, 322-326, 396, 557, 565, 566, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 126, 210, 470, 616, 636, 640, 641, 650, 670, 672, 476, 493, 522, 530, 538, 545, 547, 675, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 559, 564, 584, 593, 733, 755; see 687, 688, 689, 690, 694, 695, 696, also Brazilian peppertree, Christmas 697; see also Carex spp., berry Cyperaceae, Cyperus spp. Schizachyrium 401 sedge-rush-native shrub community 168 Schizachyrium condensatum (bush seed fly (Ophiomyia lantanae) 413; beardgrass) 123, 394, 398, 434, see also Ophiomyia lantanae 486, 487, 493, 552, 677, 698, 699, Selaginella bigelovii 92 734; see also bush beardgrass Selaginellaceae 92 Schiwstachyum glaucifolium 102, 123 Selaginella &Peru 565 Schoenoplectus califomicus 117 Selca brunella 454 Index selfheal (Pnmella vulgaris) 558; shoebutton ardisia (Ardisia solana- see also Prunella vulgaris cea) 52,58 Senecio (groundsel) 45 shrub community 68, 69, 77, 168, 170, Senecio jacobea (tansy ragwort) 7, 302, 304, 307, 308, 314, 316, 342, 16,17;see also tansy ragwort 343, 401, 403, 525, 532, 551, 554, Senecio mikanioides (German ivy) 130, 557, 559, 562, 564, 566, 571, 593, 155, 156, 157, 169, 175, 186, 538, 668,679,697,698,699 625,627;see also German ivy shrub lupine (Lupinus albifions, L. Senecio sylvaticus (wood groundsel) arboreus) 71; see also Lupinus 16, 34, 35, 130, 631, 637, 642, 648, albifons, L. &oreus 651,653 shrubs 8, 31, 42, 64, 70, 72, 73, 75, Senecio vulgaris 83,130 76, 78, 93, 193, 156, 193, 309, 313, Senna didymobohya 139 316, 3%, 399, 400, 401, 477, 509ff, Senna obtusifolia l39 544, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 567, Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) 585, 606, 616, 626, 631, 684, 697, 140, 566, 571, 604; see also coffee 728,760,772 senna Sicyos 214 Senna pendula var. advena 140 Sida acuta 142 Senna septemtrionalis 140 Sida fallax ('ilima) 218 Senna surattensis (kolomona) 140,216 Sida rhombifolia 142,610 Sericothrips staphylinum (gorse Sida spinosa 142 thrips) 580 Sidalcea malvaeflora 87 sesame (Sesamum indicum) 476 Sigesbeckia orientalis 130,134 Sesbania sesban 140 Silene 84 Sesbania tomentosa ('ohai) 190,216 Silene gallica 74,84 Sesuvium portulacastrum ('Skulikuli) Silene laciniata 71,84 209 silk oak (Grevillea banksii, G. Setaria glauca 123 robusta, kiW flower) 341, 342, Setaria gacilis (foxtail grass) 123, 356-359, 488, 528, 547, 783, 786, 364 788, 792, 793; see also Grevillea Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) 123, banksii, G. robusta 493, 538, 547, 692, 786, 793; see silkwood (Flindersia brayleyana) also palmgrass 547 Setaria verticillata (bristly fox- silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwi- tail) 123,209 cense) 267, 639; see also sheep (Ovis aries) 21, 93, 497, Aqyroxiphium sandwicense 577, 581, 586, 602, 603, 605, 606, silviculture 32,33,290 607, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, Silybum manManum16,74,83 633, 634, 644, 649, 652, 656, 658, Singapore plumeria (Plumeria obtusa) 661,662,701,714,726,773,800 210 sheepgrass (Eragrostis brownei) siris tree (Albizia lebbeck) 215; 558; see also Eragostis brownei see also Albizia lebbeck sheep ranching 577 sisal (Agave sisalana) 205, 487, sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) 507, 508, 514, 521, 538; see also 307, 317, 634; see also Rumex Agave sisalana acetosella Sisymbrium altissimum (bumble- shell ginger (Catimbium speciosum) mustard) 8,132,556 209 Sisymbrium irio 132 she-oak 134; see also Casuarinaceae Sisymbrium oficinale 132 shepherd's purse (Capsella rubella) Sisyrinchium bellum 87 212; see also Capsella rubella Sisyrinchium rosulatum 118 Sherardia arvensis 148 Sisyrinchium strictum 118 Inda slash pine (Pinus caribaea, P. Sonchus oleraceus (sow thistle) 72, elliottii) 20, 51, 54, 491, 580; 74, 78, 83, 130, 211, 610, 631, 632, see also Pinus caribaea, P. 648,651,653 elliom'i Sonchus tenetrimus 83 slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) 604 210; see also Amaranthus viridis Sophora chrysophylla (miimane) 186, slender oats (Avena barbata) 77; 288, 351, 355, 363, 365, 399, 562, see also Avena barbata 580, 626, 631, 645, 655, 656, 659, slipper flower (Pedilanthus tithy- 666,671,672,673;see also miimane maloides) 215 sorghum (Sorghum vulgwe) 740 small ground fig (Chamaesyce pros- Sorghum halpense 20,123 traCa) 215; see also Chamaesyce Sorghum sudanense 123 prostrata Sorghum vulgare (sorghum) 740 small mammals 158,499 sorrel (Ruma acetosella) 556; see smooth brome (Bromus inennis) 7; also Ruma acetosella see also Bromus inennis sourbush (Pluchea symphytifolia) snails 560; see also invertebrates 199, 211, 399, 469; see also snow bush (Breynia disticha var. Pluchea symphytifolia rosi-picta) 215 sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) soapberry (Sapindaceae) 148 208; see also Digitank insularis soft chess (Bromus mullis) 77; see sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) also Bromus mullis 78, 211; see also Sonchus soil disturbance 11, 29, 35, 476, oleraceus 496, 565, 598, 602-603, 604, 611, soy bean (Glycine soja) 216 614-615, 616, 619, 667, 669, 688, Spanish clover (Desmodium sandwi- 700, 727; see also cattle, erosion, cense) 215; see also Desmodium goats, pigs, sheep, ungulates sandwicense soil fertility, nutrients 32, 33, 34, Spanish needles (Bidens alba var. 35,290,477 radiatu, B. pilosa) 211; see also soil properties 35,349,728,754 Bidens pilosa Solanaceae (nightshade) 92, 149, 220, sparrow, Santa Barbara song 94 493; see also nightshade Spartium junceum 140 Solanum 150,611 Spathodea campanulata (African tulip Solanum americanum (glossy night- tree) 131, 212, 316, 547, 559, 566, shade) 102, 105, 221; see also 618;see also African tulip tree pop010 Spathoglottis plicata 119 Solanum douglasii 92 Special Ecological Areas 22, 292, 372, Solanum mauritianum 150,618 377, 387, 388, 391, 392, 445, 485, Solunum melongena (eggplant) 221,461 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, Solanum nelsonii (popolo) 190, 221; 495, 497, 498-499, 500, 503, 506, see also pop010 507, 513, 522, 696, 752, 754, 781- Solanum nipm 610 797,814,817 Solanum nodiflomm (nightshade) 75, Spergula arvensis 112,134 610; see also nightshade Spergularia macrotheca 71,84 Solanum pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem Spergularia marina (mimi'ilio) 134, cherry) 150, 364, 372, 493, 786, 213 793; see also Jerusalem cherry Spennacoce 148 Solanum tuberosum (potato) 150, 221; spider lily (Crinum asiaticum, Pan- see also potato cratium littorale) 207 Solidago canadensis 130 spiderwort (Commelinaceae) 116,206 Soliva sessilis 493,512, 519,521 spine-feeding moth (Scythris grandi- Sonchus asper 73,83,130 pennis)- 580 Index spineless cactus 419,420,426 Stereocaulon vulcani 33 spiny emex (Ema spinosa) 765; see Sterna fuscata (sooty t em) 604 also Emaspinosa Stictocardia tiliifolia 136 spiny pigweed (Amaranthus spinosus) stinkweed (Tagetes minuta) 627; see 210; see also Amaranthus spinosus also Tagetes minuta spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus Stipa cemua (needlegrass) 123, 626, dispems) 456 647,650,652 Spirodelapolyrhiza 118 Stipa lepida 89 spittle bug (Philaenus spuman'us) Stipa pulchra (bunchgrass) 72, 73, 425 89; see also bunchgrass Sporobolus afn'canus (African drop- stonecrop 214; see also Crassulaceae seed, rattail grass) 123, 209, 559, storm-petrel (Nesofregetta fuligi- 565, 610, 667, 670; see also African nosa) 612 dropseed, rattail grass strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) Sporobolus diander 123 401 Sporobolus elongatus 123 strawberry guava (Psidium cattlei- Sporobolus indicus (West Indian drop- anurn) 35, 42, 155-158, 165, 168- seed) 123, 209 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 250, 303, Sporoboluspyramidatus 123,209 311, 313, 315, 317, 318, 319, 387, Sporobolus virginicus (beach drop- 437, 476, 492, 501, 529, 531, 538, seed) 209 544, 545, 547, 551, 558, 559, 560, spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) 561, 564, 565, 566, 570, 572, 618, 412 667, 689, 690, 692, 697, 754, 781, spotted knapweed (Centaurea, C. macu- 782, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 792, losa) 7; see also Centaurea, 795, 816, 821; see also Psidium Centaurea maculosa cattleianum spreading mistflower 425 Strelitzia reginae (bird of paradise) spurge 136,214; see also Euphorbiaceae 207; see also bird of paradise squash (Cucurbita pepo, zucchini) Strepsicrates smithiana 772 214 Streptopelia chinensis (spotted dove) Stachys anensis (staggerweed) 141, 412 217 Streptosolen jamesoni 150 Stachytarpheta 112,151 Stiga asiatica (witchweed) 740 Stachytarpheta dichotoma (cayenne Strongylodon ruber 560 vervain) 151,221,538;see also oi Sbymon (lycaenid) 413,414,416,417 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (6wi) Stylomecon heterophylla 88 151,221 Styphelia 308 Stachytarpheta mutabilis 151 Styphelia tameiameiae (piikiawe) 35, Stachytarpheta urticifolia 151,334 307, 352, 355, 394, 400, 559, 626, staggerweed (Stachys antensis) 217; 631, 645, 666, 671, 672; see also see also Stachys anensis piikiawe Stapelia gigantea 127 Suaeda californica (sea blite) 70, Stellaria media (common chickweed) 73,77,78,85;see also sea blite 74,84,134,213 subalpine community 7, 263, 268, 386, stem gall fly (Procecidochares 396, 400-401, 486, 532, 533, 557, spp.) 426,563 562, 564, 571, 625, 626, 627, 628, Stenogyne 651,658 644, 661, 666, 669, 672, 673-674, Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo 675, 683, 697, 698, 699, 700, 784, grass, St. Augustine grass) 123, 791,796 209,364,610 submontane forest 343,754 Stephanomeria virgata 83 submontane seasonal forest 229, 234, Sterculiaceae 150, 221, 490, 510; see 386, 396, 398, 400, 401, 402, 486, also cacao, cocoa 496,513,782,787,788,789,796 Index succession 8, 9, 15, 30, 31, 33, 34, Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. 51, 54, 235, 254, 255, 267, 285, cicla) 213 288, 290, 316, 376, 397, 399, 401, swollen fingergrass (Chloris barbata) 477, 500, 534, 539, 565, 607, 609, 208; see also Chloris 615, 616, 620, 676, 683, 700, 701, sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) 733,734 199,204 succulents 34, 67, 70, 402, 565, 715, Syagrius fulvitarsus (Australian fern 720 weevil) 562 sugar cane (Sacchmm officinmm) Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna) 318, 444, 554, 726, 727, 729, 730, 528 767, 800; see also Saccharum Syncarpia glomulifea 530 oficinmm Synedrella nodifolia 130 sugar cane leafhopper (Perkinsiella Syngamia 414 saccharicida) 727 Syngamia haemo~hoidalis 414, 415, sugar cane leaf roller (Hedylepta) 417 455 syngonium (Syngonium podophyllum) sugar industry 453, 713, 714, 726-730; 205 see also sugar cane Syrphidae (flower flies) 278 Sula (boobies) 604 Syzygium 618 sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. Syzygium cumini (Java plum) 144, 399, macrocarpus) 127, 211; see also 493,538,545,547,559 Asteraceae ' Syzygium jumbos (rose apple) 144, Surinam cherry (Eugenia unifora) 493, 512, 513, 519, 530, 558, 564; 218; see also Eugenia unifora see also rose apple Sus scrofa (pig) 10, 20, 35, 158, Syzygium malaccense (mountain apple) 227, 241, 242, 271, 275, 301, 343, 102,144,455,729 477, 496, 532, 540, 551, 554, 600, 666, 667, 729, 770, 784, see also Tabebuia 212 hog, pig, swine tacca (Taccaceae) 124 swamp mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) Taccaceae (tacca) 124 528 Tacca leontopetaloides (arrowroot) sweet alyssum (Lobularia mantima) 102,124,729 199, 212; see also Lobulana Tacsonia 274,443 maritima Tagetes minuta (stinkweed) 130, 627, sweet clover (Melilotus indica) 631,651 216; see also Melilotus indica Talinum 147 sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Tamarindus indica 140 566; see also Foeniculum vulgare tamarisk (salt cedar, Tamark) 6, sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligu- 9,10,14,17, 18, 31 laris) 272; see also Passiflora Tamark 17 ligu laris Tanacetum vulgare 130 sweet pepper. See Capiscum annuum tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobea) 7, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) 214, 13,16;see also Senecio jacobea 729; see also Ipomoea batatas Taravacum laevigatum 130 sweet vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odo- Tarmacum officinale (dandelion) 7, ratum) 314, 317, 319, 401, 487, 15,130,631,648,651,653 557, 566, 626, 628, 634, 639, 644, taro (Colocasia esculenta) 101, 683, 732; see also Anthoxanthum 104, 116, 205, 729, 800; see also odoratum Araceae, Colocasia esculenta swine 605; see also pig, Sus taro patches 101,104 scrofa taro vine (Rhaphidophora area) 205 swine cress (Coronopus didymus) Taxodium distichum (dwarf cypress) 212; see also Coronopus didymus 32 tea (Theaceae) 150 Tibouchina herbacea 143 tea tree (Leptospermum scoparium) Tibouchina urvilleana (glorybush) 544; see also Leptospennum 143, 454, 470, 493, 512, 519, 521, scoparium 538, see also glorybush Teleonemia scnrpulosa (tingid) 413, tiger's claw (Erythrina variegata 414,417,475,476; see also tingid var. orientalis) 216 Teleonemia vanduzii 415 Tiliaceae (linden) 150 Telespyza cantans (Laysan finch) 200 timothy (Phleum pratense) 7; see tephr it id fly (Euireta xanthochaeta) also Phleum pratense 413,544; see also gall flies tingid, Tingidae 413, 414, 415, 416, Tephrosia pupurea 102,140 475; see also Teleonemia Teranycus lintearious (gorse mite) scnrpulosa 580 Ethonia diversifolia 130 Terminalia catappa (false kamani) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 220; 135,213 see also Nicotiana tabacum Terminalia myriocapa 213 tocalote (yellow star thistle) 77; see termite (Coptotermes formosanus) also Centaurea melitensis 198 tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinelli- Tetragonia expensa (New Zealand folium) 105, 220; see also spinach) 76 Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Toona ciliata 143 Zealand spinach) 81, 125, 209; see Torenia asiatica 149 also New Zealand spinach Torilis nodosa 74,81,126 Tetramolopium humile 637,640,642 torpedo grass (Panicum repens) 538, Tetrazygia bicolor 143 see also Panicum repens thatching grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) tortricid 412, 413; see also leaf- 398, 402, 489, 787; see also roller, Epinotia lantana Hyparrhenia rufa Torulinium odoratum 117 Theaceae (tea) 150 touch-me-not (Balsaminaceae) 131 Thelypodium lasiophyllum 84 Tournefortia argentea (tree helio- Themeda villosa 123 trope) 132, 200, 212; see also tree Thespesia populnea (milo) 102, 103, heliotrope 142,218 Toxicodendron diversilobum 81 Tibouchina urvilleana (lasiandra) toxic plants 7,8, 16,597,603,606 341, 343, 370-372; see also toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) 71; glorybush see also Heteromeles arbutifolia thimbleberry (Rubus rosifolius) Tradescantia geniculata 117 304, 558, 692, 6%; see also Rubus Tradescantia spathacea (oyster plant) rosifolius 117,206 thistle 6, 566, 569, 570, 766, 767; Tradescantia zebrina (wandering Jew) see also bull thistle, Canada 117,206 thistle, Carduus nutans, Cirsium Tragopogon pom~olius130 arvense, Cirsium vulgare, musk Tragus berteronianus 123 thistle, Russian thistle, Salsola Trathalaflavoorbitalis 455 kali tree cactus. See Opuntiaficus-indica thrips (Liothrips urichi) 242, 250, tree fern 168, 170, 184, 185, 283, 278,453,454,567 284, 285, 287, 314, 397, 561, 562, Thunbergia 125 667, 684, 692, 694, 800, see also Thysanoptera 242,278; see also thrips cibotium, Cibotium, C. glaucum, ti (Cordyline fnrticosa) 205, 607, Qathea cooperi, hapu'u 612, 613, 618, 716; see also tree fern forest 170,283 Cordyline fnrticosa Index tree heliotrope (Toumeforfia argen- turkey, wild (Meleagris gallopavo) tea) 199, 200, 212; see also 281,287 Toumefortia qentea turks cap (Malvaviscus arboreus) trees 10, 13,20, 42, 64,67,75,76, 218 78, 101, 156, 158, 193, 200, Tumera (Turneraceae) 151 225-237, 303, 311, 312, 313, 316, Tumera ulmifoia 151 335-336, 396, 397, 399, 477, 508ff, turtle 189, 502, see also green sea 521, 527, 531, 535 537, 552, 559, turtle, herpetofauna, loggerhead 560, 562, 566, 569, 616, 620, 631, turtle, sea turtle 632, 715, 727, 728, 729, 733, 771; tussock grass (Eragrostis xerophila) see also species listings 604,see also Eragrostis xerophila tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) Typhaceae (cattail) 92,124 220, 603; see also Nicotiana Typha domingensis 72,92,115124 glauca Typha latifolia 124 trema (Trema orientalis) 151, 493, 512,520,521 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica) 104, Trembleya phylogifomtis 143 221; see also Waltheria indica tribulus 222; see also Zygophyllaceae 'uki (M~chae~naangustifolia) 347, Tribulus cistoides (nohu, puncture 372 vine) 222, 470, 475; see also nohu, %lei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia) puncture vine 352, 354, 355, 394, 402, 559, 627; Tribulus terresbis (puncture vine) see also Osteomeles anthyllidi- 152, 470, 475, 765; see also folia puncture vine Ulex 33,773 Tricachne insularis 123 Ulex europaeus (gorse) 140, 255, 470, Trichogramma 414,416 472, 502, 527, 530, 538, 540, 551, Tridax procumbens (coat but tons) 557, 563-564, 577, 593, 770, 830; 130,211,616 see also gorse Trifolium 15,86,140 Uhaceae (eh) 151,494,512 Trimezia marfinicensis 118 uluhe 246, 302, 304, 311, 313, 320, Triodanis biflora 133 396, 400, 401, 402, 684, 687, 6%, Trisetum glomeratum (pili uka) 626, 697, 790; see also matted fern, 630, 647, 650, 652; see also pili Dicranopteris spp. uka umbrella plant (Cyperus altemijolius Tristellateia australasiae (bagnit) subsp. flabellifomtis) 206 217 ungulates 10, 11, 14,. 22, 175, 315, Tritonia crocosmi'ora (montbretia) 317, 497, 501, 503, 536, 543, 597, 544, see also montbretia 598, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 606, Triumfetta 150 608, 609, 611, 619, 620, 626, 628, Tropaeolaceae 151, 221, 493, 512; see 629, 666, 667, 668, 697, 698, 699, also nasturtium 700, 701, 753, 784, 797, 800, 822, Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) 151, 823; see also cattle, feral 221, 494, 506, 512, 520, 521, 786, ungulates, goat, pig, sheep 793; see also nasturtium upland forest 619 tropical ash (Frurinus uhdei) 284, Urena lobata (aramina) 102, 104 488, 510, 513, 516, 531, 532, 547; Urera sandwicensis (6puhe) 104 see also Fraxinus uh&i Uromyces rumicis 436 tsugi pine (Cryptomeria japonica) Uroplata girardi 415,416,417 284 Urticaceae (nettle) 92,104,151,221 tundra 7 Urfica dioica holosericea 92 tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) 21 Urtica urens 92,151,631,651,653 Turdus migratorius (robin) 51 Vaccinium ('6helo) 307, 308, 348, Violaceae (violet) 221 400, 626, 631, 645, 700; see also Viola chamissoniana 561 '6helo Viola maviensis 565 Vaccinium reticulatum (kau-la'ai, Viola odorata (violet) 221 '6helo) 372, 669, 671, 672; see violet 221 also '6helo virgate mimosa (Desmanthus vi~atus) valerian (Valerianaceae) 151 215; see also Desmanthus vi~atus vanda orchid 207 viruses 45,433,453 Vanessa tameamea (Kamehameha butter- Vitaceae (grape, Vitis) 152,222 fly) 278 Vitex tifolia (p6linalina) 221 vasey grass (Paspalum urvillei) Vitis (grape) 222; see also Vitaceae 208, 315, 318, 491, 538; see also volcanism 11, 235, 236, 395, 396, Paspalum urvillei 398,607,610,676,692 velvet grass (Holcus lanatus) 6, Vulpia 89 304, 307, 315, 317, 319, 364, 401, Vulpia bromoides (brome fescue) 124, 489, 557, 558, 562-563, 565, 570, 566 626, 632, 634, 683, 699, 700, see Vulpia myuros (foxtail fescue, rat also Holcus lanatus tail fescue) 124, 209, 630, 636, Verbascum blattaria 149 641,647,649,650,652 Verbascum lasiostachys 92 Vulpia octofloa 89,124 Verbascum thapsus (mullein) 15, 16, 149, 254-257, 259-260, 262-268, 494, Wahlenbergia gracilis 133 557, 629, 631, 648, 651, 653; see waiawi (strawberry guava, Psidium also mullein cattleianum) 538, 547; see also Verbascum vi~atum149 strawberry guava, Psidium verbena 151,221; see also Verbenaceae cattleianum Verbena bonariensis 151 waikiihuli (Gaillardia pulchella) Verbenaceae (verbena) 92,151,221,489 211; see also Gaillardia pulchella Verbena litoralis (ha6u6wi, weed Waltheria americana (hi'aloa) 402 verbena) 152,221,364 Waltheria indica ('uhaloa) 102, 104, Verbena rigida 152 221 Verbesina encelioides (golden crown- Waltheria lophanthus 606 beard) 131,199,211,556,651 wandering Jew (Tradescantia zebrina) Vemonia cinerea 131,616 206;see also Tradescantia zebrina Veronica arvensis 149 Washingtonia filifera (fan palm) 17, Veronica plebeia (common speedwell) 75; see also fan palm 149,364 wasp 414 Veronica sepyllifolia 149,651 waterbirds 101,104 Vestiaria coccinea ('i'iwi) 278,477 watercourses 17, 554, 562, 563, 564, Vicia americana 86 565,567 Kcia anpstifolia 140 water hyacinth (Eichhomia cras- Vicia mexlgua86 sipes) 9, 20, 43, 52; see also Kcia sativa 555,556 Eichhomia crassipes Vigna adenantha 102,103 water-leaf (Hydrophyllaceae) 217; see vin (Pritchardia pacijica) 206 also Hydrophyllaceae Vinca minor 20 water lemon (Passiflora foetida) vinegar tree (Lophostemon conferius) 604,see also Passiifora foetida 529 water milfoil (Haloragaceae) 9, 141; vines 20, 42, 72, 75, 76, 156, 158, see also Myriophyllum 159, 271-293, 316, 442, 498, 506, water plantain (Alismataceae) 116 507, 509ff, 521, 567, 568, 678, 681, water regimes 3, 6, 18, 29, 30, 32, 692,728,770; see also lianas 35, 36, 49, 51, 76, 93, 241, 697, 821 watersheds 107, 290, 477, 502, 537, Wikstroemia sandwicensis ('&a) 400; 539, 554, 564, 577, 580, 593, 667, see also '&a 726,727,728,729,761,800,801 wildfires. See fires water table 9,14 wild mustard (Brassica nigra, B. wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera) rapa) 73; see also Brassica 729; see also Broussonetia nigra, B. rapa papyrifera wild oats (Avena fatua) 72, 77, 79; wawae'iole (Lycopodium cemuum) see also Avena fatua 345,347,349,372 wild poinsettia (Euphorbia wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) 772; cyathopora) 215; see also see also Myrica cerifera Euphorbia cyathopora wedelia 131,211 wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Wedelia trilobata (wedelia) 211 364; see also Fragaria vesca wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) pacijicus chlorophynchus) 200 281; see also turkey weed verbena (Verbena litoralis) wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis) 364; see also Verbena litoralis 397,402,603 weevil 267,475 willow (Salix lasiolepis) 72; see West Indian dropseed (Sporobolus also Salix lasiolepis indicus) 209; see also Sporo- wilt disease 443,444, 445 bolus indicus wilt virus 453 wet forest 226, 271, 285, 287, 288, wind disturbance 11, 52, 53, 66, 110, 290, 304, 343, 344, 532, 541, 544, 198, 202, 241, 242, 244, 249, 282, 696,787 283,287,288,289 wet habitat 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, witchweed (Striga asiatica) 740 184-186, 241, 242, 284, 313, 317, wood groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus) 343, 396, 416, 417, 468, 614, 666, 34; see also Senecio sylvaticus 667 woodlands 17, 67, 71, 396, 402, 403, wetlands 6, 9, 21, 47, 49, 51, 54, 625, 626, 644, 646, 650ff, 658, 661, 101,104,541 733 wet shrub community 542 wood rose (Merremia tuberosa) 214; white ash (Fraxinus americana) 488, see also Merremia tuberosa 509,513,516 wood sorrel (Oxalidaceae) 145,219 white field daisy 7; see also chrys- woody plants 13, 17, 31, 303, 313, anthemum 343, 349, 376, 397, 399, 434, 584, whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) 585, 611, 619, 626, 633, 634, 644, 456 645, 654, 655, 658, 659, 660, 661, white ginger (Hedychium coronarium) 662, 666, 667, 669, 670, 672, 675, 529; see also Hedychium coronarium 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, white mulberry (Moms alba) 218; 683, 685, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, see also Moms alba 693, 694, 695, 699, 700, 733, 734, white sweet clover (Mililotus alba) 824 216; see also Mililotus alba white tern (Gygis alba) 197,604 Xanthium spinosum 74,83 white vine (Muehlenbeckia axillaris) Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) 43, 507, 511, 517, 521; see also 131,211,556 Muehlenbeckia axillaris Xanthosoma ('ape) 205 Wikstroemia ('&a) 359, 403; see Xantusia riversiana (island night also '&a lizard) 71 Index xeric habitats 155, 169, 180-182, 376, yellow wood sorrel (Oxalis comicu- 604 lata) 103, 219; see also Oxalis Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass) 124 comiculata Xyris 124 Youngia japonica 131,334-335 yam (Dioscoreaceae, Dioscorea alata) 118, 729; see also Dioscoreaceae, Dioscorea alata yellow-eyed grass (Xyridaceae) 124 Zantedeschia aethiopica 81 yellow ginger (Hedychium flavescens) Zanthoxylum kauaense 561 529; see also Hedychium flavescens Zauschneria 88 yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rubus Zea mays (corn) 209,730,740 ellipticus) 155-158, 161, 166, Zigadenus fiemontii 87 169-171, 174-176, 178, 341, 343, Zingiberaceae 124, 209, 489; see also 366-370, 372, 399, 401, 472, 492, l3inger 692, 694, 695, 696, 786, 789, 790, Zingiber zerumbet 102,124 793, 794, 819; see also Rubus Zinnia 131 ellipticus Zosteraceae 92 yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Zostera marina 92 436; see also Cyperus esculentus Zosterops japonicus (Japanese white- yellow star thistle (tocalote) 77; see eye) 227, 278, 548, 567; see also also Centaurea melitensis Japanese white-eye Yellowstone elk 15 zucchini (Cucurbita pepo, squash) yellow sweet clover (Melilotus, 214 Melilotus indica) 77; see also Zygophyllaceae (creosote bush, Mclilotus, Melilotus indica Tribulus) 152,222