DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Some Traditional Medicinal Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Some Traditional Medicinal Plants Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of some traditional medicinal plants TICLE R from India A Sreerangegowda Thippeswamy, Rayasandra Umesh Abhishek, Kiragandur Manjunath, Devihalli Chikkaiah Mohana L Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India A Background: Medicinal plants have been used to prevent and treat various health problems. Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous and solvent extracts of some selected medicinal plants. IGIN Materials and Methods: The disc diffusion method was employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant R activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide reducing and ‑carotene/linoleic acid bleaching inhibition assays. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method was employed for the determination of total phenolic contents. O Results: Aqueous and solvent extracts of Acacia catechu, A. ferruginea, Adenanthera pavonina, Albizia odoratissima, Anogeissus latifolia, Breynia vitis‑idaea, Salacia oblonga, Senna spectabilis and Solanum indicum showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis, and promising antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activities were positively correlated with total phenolic contents. Discussion and Conclusion: The promising antibacterial and antioxidant activities of these plants validated their traditional use in various herbal preparations to treat various ailments associated with pathogenic microbes and oxidative stress. Further investigations such as isolation of active principles and toxicological studies to ascertain the safety, and in vivo experimentations on suitable models are required to explore the therapeutic usage of these plants on humans. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, medicinal plants, total phenolic content INTRODUCTION peroxide (H2O2) are highly reactive unstable molecules, which are generated naturally as unwanted products Infectious diseases are the world’s leading cause of during oxidation-reduction reaction in the human body.[10] premature deaths, killing almost 50,000 people every The overproduction of these reactive oxygen species day.[1] In recent years, drug resistant human pathogenic causes many oxidative damage associated degenerative bacteria have been commonly reported from all over the diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases, world.[2-4] According to centers for disease control and cancer, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, inflammation and prevention statement, more than 2 million people get neurodegenerative diseases.[11-13] Synthetic antioxidants antibiotic-resistant infections every year.[5] These drug play an important role in prevention or delaying the onset resistant bacteria have further complicated the treatment of major oxidative stress related diseases.[14,15] However, of infectious diseases in immuno-compromised persons the setback and limitation with many of the synthetic [6-8] particularly AIDS and cancer patients. As a result, antioxidants are that they cause innumerable side‑effects society is facing one of the most serious public health in human.[16] Hence, there is an increasing interest in dilemmas over the emergence of infectious bacteria finding natural antioxidants.[17] displaying resistance to many and in some case all, [9] effective antibiotics. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of higher plants are being reported from all over the world.[18,19] The free radicals such as singlet oxygen (1O ), superoxide 2 Approximately, 80% of the world population relies on − anion (O ), hydroxyl radical (OH) and hydrogen [20] 2 traditional medicine for their primary health care. Access this article online Even though, the WHO is encouraging, promoting, Quick Response Code: and facilitating the effective use of herbal medicine, Website: only a small percentage (5–15%) of the estimated www.greenpharmacy.info 400,000–500,000 plant species have been scientifically and systematically evaluated for their pharmacological DOI: activities. Considering the vast potentiality of plants 10.4103/0973-8258.150925 as a source of new pharmacological agents, a detailed investigation was conducted to test the antibacterial and Address for correspondence: Dr. Devihalli Chikkaiah Mohana, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru ‑ 560 056, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: [email protected] Received: 04‑04‑2014; Accepted: 27‑01‑2015 | January‑March 2015 | International Journal of Green Pharmacy 50 Thippeswamy, et al.: Bioactivities of extracts of some medicinal plants antioxidant efficacies of some selected Indian medicinal Table 1: Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of some plants with the ultimate aim to develop plant based drugs traditional plant species against E. coli and S. aureus for the management of diseases caused by pathogenic Name of the plants Family Antibacterial bacteria and free radicals. activity (ZOI in mm) MATERIALS AND METHODS S. aureus E. coli Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Fabaceae 12.1±0.6 07.2±0.6 Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. Fabaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Chemicals and Culture Media Acacia ferruginea DC. Mimosaceae 08.5±0.8 06.0±0.6 The Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), dimethyl Adenanthera pavonina L. Mimosaceae 08.2±0.7 06.5±0.6 sulfoxide (DMSO), -carotene, H2O2, linoleic acid, butylated Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Fabaceae 09.5±0.7 06.5±0.5 hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, all solvents and Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae 09.5±0.7 06.5±0.8 synthetic antibiotics were purchased from Hi-media, (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Bedd. Mumbai (India). 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 was obtained from Sigma, Germany. All chemicals and Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 solvents used were of analytical grade. Artabotrys odoratissimus Blume Annonaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Bauhinia acuminata L. Caesalpiniaceae 06.7±0.4 0.0±0.0 Plant Materials Breynia vitis‑idaea (Burm.f.) Phyllanthaceae 08.5±0.7 06.5±0.5 Fresh disease free leaves of 42 different plants [Table 1], with C.E.C.Fisch. reported medicinal property in traditional literature and Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Apocyanceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 generally available in the southern part of Karnataka (India) Carissa carandas L. Apocyanceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 were selected for the study. The plant samples were Cassia alata L. Fabaceae 07.5±0.4 0.0±0.0 identified by Dr. Seetharam, Professor, Department of Cassia siamea Lam. Fabaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Biological Sciences, Bangalore University, Bangalore (India). Cassia tora L. Fabaceae 07.8±0.5 0.0±0.0 The authenticated voucher specimens of these plants Coleus amboinicus Lour. Lamiaceae 06.5±0.5 0.0±0.0 Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 were deposited in the Department of Microbiology and Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore along Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Sapindaceae 07.5±0.7 06.2±0.5 with proper voucher numbers (Voucher numbers: BUB/ Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 MB-BT/DCM/JU10/01 to BUB/MB-BT/DCM/JU10/42). The Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 collected fresh plant materials were washed separately with Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae 07.6±0.8 0.0±0.0 tap water (2–3 times) and once with sterile distilled water, Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Ulmaceae 06.5±0.5 0.0±0.0 shade dried, powdered and used for extraction. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae 07.8±0.6 0.0±0.0 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Preparation of Aqueous Extract Phyllanthus amarus Sch. and Phyllanthaceae 06.5±0.8 0.0±0.0 Thonn. Fifty grams each of powdered plant material was macerated Peltophorum pterocarpum K .Heyne Fabaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 separately with 250 mL of sterile distilled water. The Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae 06.5±0.4 0.0±0.0 macerate was first filtered through double‑layered muslin Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 cloth and then centrifuged at 4000 g for 30 min. The Salacia oblonga Wall. Celastraceae 08.0±0.5 06.1±0.6 supernatant was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin Fabaceae 12.5±0.8 07.5±0.7 paper and the obtained extracts were considered as mother and Barneby extracts (100% concentration) and subjected to evaluation Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Fabaceae 06.5±0.4 0.0±0.0 of antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and estimation Solanum indicum L. Solanaceae 08.2±0.6 06.5±0.5 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 of total phenolic contents.[21] Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC. Asteraceae 06.1±0.4 0.0±0.0 Tabebuia aurea Benth. and Bignoniaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Preparation of Solvent Extracts Hook. f. ex S. Moore The plants viz., Acacia catechu, A. ferruginea, A. pavonina, A. Thespesia populnea (L.) Malvaceae 07.0±0.6 0.0±0.0 odoratissima, A. latifolia, B. vitis‑idaea, S. oblonga, S. spectabilis Sol. ex Correa and S. indicum showed significant antibacterial activity Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Asclepiadaceae 06.2±0.4 0.0±0.0 in aqueous extract, were selected for successive solvent Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae 0.0±0.0 0.0±0.0 Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Rhamnaceae 06.8±0.4 0.0±0.0 extraction following the procedure of Amoo et al.[22] Briefly, F ‑ 86.19 104.50 50 g powder of each plant material was filled in the thimble Data given are the mean of four replicates±standard error, ANOVA df 41 at and extracted successively with 200 mL of petroleum P<0.001.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diffuse Coevolution Between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae)
    Diffuse Coevolution between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae) Jing Zhang., Shuxia Wang., Houhun Li*., Bingbing Hu, Xiaofei Yang, Zhibo Wang College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China Abstract The diffuse coevolution between two moth species (Epicephala lativalvaris and E. mirivalvata) and two plant species (Breynia fruticosa and B. rostrata) is reported based on field observations and indoor experiments conducted in Hainan and Fujian, China. Study results showed that the two Epicephala species jointly pollinated the two Breynia species, which led to a unique obligate pollination mutualism of two2to2two species specificity. A single Epicephala larva exclusively fed on seeds of host plants and developed to maturity by consuming all six seeds of each fruit, whereas a fraction of intact fruits were left to ensure the reproduction of plants within the whole population. Larvae of the two Epicephala species are competitive for resources; the population of E. mirivalvata is much smaller than that of E. lativalvaris, which has resulted from the differences in the female ovipositor structures and oviposition mode. The life history of Epicephala species highly coincides with the phenology of Breynia plants, and different phenology of B. fruticosa resulted in the different life history of the two Epicephala species in Hainan and Fujian. The natural hybridization of two host plants, possibly induced by the alternate pollination of two Epicephala species, is briefly discussed. Citation: Zhang J, Wang S, Li H, Hu B, Yang X, et al. (2012) Diffuse Coevolution between Two Epicephala Species (Gracillariidae) and Two Breynia Species (Phyllanthaceae). PLoS ONE 7(7): e41657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657 Editor: Dmitry A.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Reconstruction Prompts Taxonomic Changes in Sauropus, Synostemon and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae Tribe Phyllantheae)
    Blumea 59, 2014: 77–94 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651914X684484 Phylogenetic reconstruction prompts taxonomic changes in Sauropus, Synostemon and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae tribe Phyllantheae) P.C. van Welzen1,2, K. Pruesapan3, I.R.H. Telford4, H.-J. Esser 5, J.J. Bruhl4 Key words Abstract Previous molecular phylogenetic studies indicated expansion of Breynia with inclusion of Sauropus s.str. (excluding Synostemon). The present study adds qualitative and quantitative morphological characters to molecular Breynia data to find more resolution and/or higher support for the subgroups within Breynia s.lat. However, the results show molecular phylogeny that combined molecular and morphological characters provide limited synergy. Morphology confirms and makes the morphology infrageneric groups recognisable within Breynia s.lat. The status of the Sauropus androgynus complex is discussed. Phyllanthaceae Nomenclatural changes of Sauropus species to Breynia are formalised. The genus Synostemon is reinstated. Sauropus Synostemon Published on 1 September 2014 INTRODUCTION Sauropus in the strict sense (excluding Synostemon; Pruesapan et al. 2008, 2012) and Breynia are two closely related tropical A phylogenetic analysis of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) Asian-Australian genera with up to 52 and 35 species, respec- using DNA sequence data by Kathriarachchi et al. (2006) pro- tively (Webster 1994, Govaerts et al. 2000a, b, Radcliffe-Smith vided a backbone phylogeny for Phyllanthus L. and related 2001). Sauropus comprises mainly herbs and shrubs, whereas genera. Their study recommended subsuming Breynia L. (in- species of Breynia are always shrubs. Both genera share bifid cluding Sauropus Blume), Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., or emarginate styles, non-apiculate anthers, smooth seeds and and Synostemon F.Muell.
    [Show full text]
  • And Leafflower Trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus Sensu Lato [Glochidion]) in Southeastern Polynesia
    Coevolutionary Diversification of Leafflower Moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) and Leafflower Trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus sensu lato [Glochidion]) in Southeastern Polynesia By David Howard Hembry A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Rosemary Gillespie, Chair Professor Bruce Baldwin Professor Patrick O’Grady Spring 2012 1 2 Abstract Coevolution between phylogenetically distant, yet ecologically intimate taxa is widely invoked as a major process generating and organizing biodiversity on earth. Yet for many putatively coevolving clades we lack knowledge both of their evolutionary history of diversification, and the manner in which they organize themselves into patterns of interaction. This is especially true for mutualistic associations, despite the fact that mutualisms have served as models for much coevolutionary research. In this dissertation, I examine the codiversification of an obligate, reciprocally specialized pollination mutualism between leafflower moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) and leafflower trees (Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus sensu lato [Glochidion]) on the oceanic islands of southeastern Polynesia. Leafflower moths are the sole known pollinators of five clades of leafflowers (in the genus Phyllanthus s. l., including the genera Glochidion and Breynia), and thus this interaction is considered to be obligate. Female moths actively transfer pollen from male flowers to female flowers, using a haired proboscis to transfer pollen into the recessed stigmatic surface at the end of the fused stylar column. The moths then oviposit into the flowers’ ovaries, and the larva which hatches consumes a subset, but not all, of the developing fruit’s seed set.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytotaxonomic Studies in the Euphorbiaceae, Subtribe
    CYTOTAXONOMICSTUDIES IN THE EUPHORBIACEAE, SUBTRIBE PHYLLANTHINAE' GRADY L. WEBSTER and J.R. ELLIS Departmentof Biological Sciences, Purdue University,Lafayette, Indiana and Galton Laboratory,University College, London, England ABSTRACT WEBSTER, GRADY L. (Purdue U., Lafayette,Ind.), and J. R. ELLIS, Cytotaxonomicstudies in the Euphorbiaceae, subtribePhyllanthinae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49: (1): 1X18. Illus. 1962.-Chromosome numbersare reportedfor 18 species of mostlyWest Indian Euphorbiaceae, subtribe Phyllanthinae, 13 of these for the first time (including the firstpublished count for the genus Margaritaria). For 4 species, a number differentfrom previous determinationshas been recorded. The base chromosomenumber in Breynia, Fluggea, Margaritaria,and most species of Phyllanthusappears to be 13. However, in Phyllanthus subg. Isocladus haploid numbers of 8 and 18 were observed.One species, Phyllanthuspulcher, is a sterile hexaploid (n - 39) of presumablyhybrid origin. The cytological data do not support Perry's suggestionthat annual taxa are primitivein the Euphorbiaceae. THE 7,000 species of the famllyEuphorbiaceae regarded as unequivocallyconfirmed. The few presentsuch a vegetativeand floraldiversity that workerswho have studiedtaxa of the subtribein- systematictreatment of the grouphas alwaysbeen clude Perry (1943), Raghavan (1957), Raghavan controversial.Not only have there been many and Arora (1958), JanakiAmmal and Raghavan schools of thoughtin delimltingtaxa withinthe (1958), and Thombre(1959). family,but its recognitionas a naturalgroup has In the presentcontribution we wish to report been seriouslyquestioned on the basis that it is the resultsof cytologicalobservations on 18 spe- polyphyleticin origin.Hutchinson (1959) suggests cies belongingto 4 generaof subtribe Phyllanthinae, derivationof the familyfrom at least 4 different most of which are eithernative to or cultivated orders(Blixales, Tiliales, Malvales, and Celastrales). in the West Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • Phyllanthaceae
    Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Phyllanthaceae Family Profile Phyllanthaceae Family Description A family of 59 genera and 1745 species, pantropiocal but especially in Malesia. Genera Actephila - A genus of about 20 species in Asia, Malesia and Australia; about ten species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a, 1980b); Webster (1994b); Forster (2005). Antidesma - A genus of about 170 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; five species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a); Henkin & Gillis (1977). Bischofia - A genus of two species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; one species occurs naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1967). Breynia - A genus of about 25 species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and New Caledonia; seven species occur naturally in Australia. Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink (1963); McPherson (1991); Webster (1994b). Bridelia - A genus of about 37 species in Africa, Asia, Malesia and Australia; four species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976); Dressler (1996); Forster (1999a); Webster (1994b). Cleistanthus - A genus of about 140 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Fiji; nine species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976, 1980b); Webster (1994b). Flueggea - A genus of about 16 species, pantropic but also in temperate eastern Asia; two species occur naturally in Australia. Webster (1984, 1994b). Glochidion - A genus of about 200 species, mainly in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; about 15 species occur naturally in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Thailand
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 136: 35–44 (2019) Two new species of Phyllanthus from Thailand 35 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.47625 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Two new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Thailand Pimwadee Pornpongrungrueng1, Pranom Chantaranothai1, John A.N. Parnell2, Trevor R. Hodkinson2 1 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand2 Herbarium, Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland Corresponding author: Pimwadee Pornpongrungrueng ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Sennikov | Received 25 October 2019 | Accepted 27 November 2019 | Published 11 December 2019 Citation: Pornpongrungrueng P, Chantaranothai P, Parnell JAN, Hodkinson TR (2019) Two new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Thailand. PhytoKeys 136: 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.47625 Abstract Two Phyllanthus species are newly described from a limestone mountain in the north of Thailand. The first species, P. huamotensis Pornp., Chantar. & J.Parn., sp. nov., is one of the most distinct Phyllanthus species easily distinguished by its reddish branchlets and stem, conspicuous reddish venation, especially on the lower leaf surface, red sepals with long fimbriate margin and red capsule with papillose-puberulous surface. The second species, P. chantaranothaii Pornp., J.Parn. & Hodk., sp. nov., is similar to P. pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg., but it is distinguished by its puberulous upper leaf surface and pistillate flowers which have red, narrow- ly lanceolate sepals with a white, long fimbriate margin, puberulous outer side as well as puberulous pedicel.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Malesian and Thai Species of Sauropus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthoideae)
    BLUMEA 48: 319 – 391 Published on 11 July 2003 doi: 10.3767/000651903X675017 REVISION OF THE MALESIAN AND THAI SPECIES OF SAUROPUS (EUPHORBIACEAE: PHYLLANTHOIDEAE) PETER C. VAN WELZEN Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY Fourteen species of Sauropus are recognised for Malesia, 21 for Thailand. Two species are described as new, S. asymmetricus of Sumatra and S. shawii of Borneo. Many new synonyms, especially for S. androgynus and S. rhamnoides, are provided. The latter two species have a much wider distribu- tion than described before and both are difficult to separate from each other. A phylogeny based on morphological and palynological data proved futile, but showed that Sauropus together with Breynia and Glochidion are embedded in the paraphyletic Phyllanthus. Most species which formerly belonged to Synostemon and are now included in Sauropus are probably, with the exception of S. bacciformis, related to Breynia and Glochidion. Because of the poor phylogenetic results the circumscription of Sauropus is not changed (Synostemon still included), and an infrageneric classification is not provided. Key words: Euphorbiaceae, Sauropus, Synostemon, Malesia, Thailand. INTRODUCTION Blume (1825) introduced Sauropus based on two species, S. rhamnoides and S. albi­ cans. The latter, the lectotype of the genus (Webster, 1994), appeared to be a synonym of a taxon originally described by Linnaeus (1767) as a Clutia, the commonly known S. androgynus (L.) Merr. In the course of time various authors contributed taxa and presently about 70 species are known. The genus shows two distinct areas of speciation, one in Southeast Asia mainland (Thailand up to Vietnam) and one in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Arnold Arboretum
    JOURNAL OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY G. SCHUBERT T. G. HARTLEY PUBLISHED BY THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS DATES OF ISSUE No. 1 (pp. 1-104) issued January 13, 1967. No. 2 (pp. 105-202) issued April 16, 1967. No. 3 (pp. 203-361) issued July 18, 1967. No. 4 (pp. 363-588) issued October 14, 1967. TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN DILLENL ANATOMY. William C. Dickison A SYNOPSIS OF AFRICAN SPECIES OF DELPHINIUM J Philip A. Munz FLORAL BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICA OF EUCNIDE Henry J. Thompson and Wallace R. Ernst .... THE GENUS DUABANGA. Don M. A. Jayaweera .... STUDIES IX SWIFTENIA I MKUACKAE) : OBSERVATION UALITY OF THE FLOWERS. Hsueh-yung Lee .. SOME PROBLEMS OF TROPICAL PLANT ECOLOGY, I Pompa RHIZOME. Martin H. Zimmermann and P. B Two NEW AMERICAN- PALMS. Harold E. Moure, Jr NOMENCLATURE NOTES ON GOSSYPIUM IMALVACE* Brizicky A SYNOPSIS OF THE ASIAN SPECIES OF CONSOLIDA CEAE). Philip A. Munz RESIN PRODUCER. Jean H. Langenheim COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN DILLKNI POLLEN. William C. Dickison THE CHROMOSOMES OF AUSTROBAILLVA. Lily Eudi THE SOLOMON ISLANDS. George W. G'dUtt A SYNOPSIS OF THE ASIAN SPECIES OF DELPII STRICTO. Philip A. Munz STATES. Grady L. Webster THE GENERA OF EUPIIORBIACEAE IN THE SOT TUFA OF 1806, AN OVERLOOI EST. C. V. Morton REVISION OF THE GENI Hartley JOURNAL OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY T. G. HARTLEY C. E. WOOD, JR. LAZELLA SCHWARTEN Q9 ^ JANUARY, 1967 THE JOURNAL OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM Published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Subscription price $10.00 per year.
    [Show full text]
  • H2 Species Lists
    H2 Species lists Appendix H2 - Flora Species List Botanical Name Common Name Form Status Sub-areas A B C D E F G H I J K L Acacia bidwillii Corkwood wattle T LC O Acacia flavescens Red wattle T LC R Acacia leptocarpa NCN T LC C C C C C Acanthus ilicifolius Holy mangrove S LC;F C C Achyranthes aspera Chaff flower H LC O Acronychia laevis Glossy acronychia S LC O O Acrostichum speciosum Mangrove fern F LC O Adiantum hispidulum Rough maidenhair F LC O Aeschnomene indica Budda pea H LC C Ageratum houstonianum Blue Billygoat Weed H Intro C C C C C C C Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash T LC O O Alternanthera denticulata Lesser joyweed H LC O Amaranthus viridis Green amaranth H Intro O Abutilon auritum Chinese lantern T Intro R Aphananthe philippensis Rough-leaved elm S LC R Aristida utilis NCN G LC R Arytera divaricata Coogera T LC;F O Aster subulatus Wild aster H Intro O Avicennia eucalyptophylla Smooth barked grey mangrove T LC;F C C Avicennia marina Grey mangrove T C C Axonopus fissifolius Narrow leaved carpet grass G Intro O Bauhinia sp. T Intro R Bidens pilosa Cobbler’s pegs H Intro C Blumea saxatilis NCN H LC O Bothriochloa ewartiana Desert blue grass G LC O O Breynia oblongifolia Coffee bush S LC O O Calamus sp. Wait a while V R FILE V:\PROJECTS\QLD_RAIL\HR5001\EIS\APPENDICES\APPENDIX H - NATURE CONSERVATION SUPPORTING INFORMATION\H2 SPECIES LISTS\FLORA SPECIES LIST.DOC ⏐ 7 SEPTEMBER 2007 ⏐ PAGE 1 Botanical Name Common Name Form Status Sub-areas A B C D E F G H I J K L Casuarina cunninghamiana River oak T LC C C C Centella asiatica Pennywort H LC O Centrosema molle NCN V Intro O C O O R Cheilanthes sieberi subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbiaceae) Dörthe S
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 1984 Wood anatomy and relationships of Neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae) Dörthe S. Brandt W. John Hayden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Brandt, Dörthe S. and Hayden, W. John, "Wood anatomy and relationships of Neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae)" (1984). Honors Theses. Paper 839. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. --------------------- l"l1i«1i11oom U~~I1ll~i1'il" c WOOD ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF NEOWAWRAEA (EUPHORBIACEAE) W. JOHN HAYDEN AND DORTHE S. BRANDT Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173 ABSTRACT. Wood anatomy of three specimens of Neowawraea phyllanthoides Rock, a rare and endangered member of Euphorbiaceae endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, is described and compared with woods of other genera of subfamily Phyllanthoideae. Neowawraea has often been associated or synonymized with Drypetes Vahl. Wood of Neowawraea is diffuse porous, perforation plates are simple, imperforate tracheary elements are thin-walled septate fiber-tracheids, rays are heterocellular and crystaliferous, and axial xylem parenchyma is restricted to a few scanty paratracheal and terminal cells. In several respects these results differ from earlier published descriptions of the wood of this taxon; these earlier descriptions are shown to be in error. Further, as described here, wood of Neowawraea differs greatly from that of Drypetes. Accordingly, generic status for Neowawraea is warranted on anatomical grounds and relationship with certain genera of tribe Phyllantheae such as Breynia Forst., Glochidion Forst., or Phyllanthus L.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Breynia Vitis-Idaea
    TAXON: Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. SCORE: 2.0 RATING: Evaluate f.) C. E. C. Fisch. Taxon: Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C. E. C. Fisch. Family: Phyllanthaceae Common Name(s): Indian snowberry Synonym(s): Rhamnus vitis-idaea Burm. f. mountain coffee bush Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 10 Aug 2016 WRA Score: 2.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Naturalizing, Tropical, Shrub, Bird-Dispersed, Recalcitrant Seeds Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 10 Aug 2016 (Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Surveys, Site Species Matching, Seed Collecting and Revegetation Advice for Darnley, Murray and Yorke Islands
    Botanical surveys, site species matching, seed collecting and revegetation advice for Darnley, Murray and Yorke Islands. A report to the Torres Strait Regional Authority in relation to the project; Re-establishment of stable landscapes on Darnley, Murray and Yorke Islands. By Kylie Freebody September 2006 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 2 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................... 3 2.0 Erub (Darnley) Island .................................................................................... 3 2.1 Vegetation description ............................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Beach vegetation................................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Disturbed vine forest .......................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Regrowth and exposed situations........................................................ 4 2.2 Site species matching for Erub project sites................................................ 5 2.3 Seed collecting data ................................................................................... 6 3.0 Mer (Murray) Island ..................................................................................... 7 3.1 Vegetation description ............................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Beach vegetation (vine forest
    [Show full text]