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Pre-Independence Zambia

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Pre-Independence Zambia Pre-Independence Zambia Thou art depraved, O thinking man And thy good to thy nature tied; Born free, yet everywhere in chains, And in forced freedom thine trust earns BRIEF INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the story of pre- independence Zambia is told, with implications on the political and economic future of the nation. The creation of Northern Rhodesia is discussed and the first four of five significant events that laid the foundation of the difficulties and challenges Zambia would face after independence. The 1964 Barotseland Agreement is discussed in the context of competing traditional and state demands. MAJOR THEMES: History Politics Economics Colonialism ≈ ≈ Pre-independence Zambia §5.1 Colonialism: Not an Excuse here is a dodgy, uncontested but popularized view that colonialism should not be factored in discussions of the precarious economic, cultural and political conditions in which most African nations are found. Parag Khanna, a Senior Research Fellow at the New America T 1 st Foundation, and author of How to Run the World, appeared Monday, February 21 , 2011 on CNN’s Parker Spitzer and alluded to this interpretation. There is, downrightly, no excuse for dictatorial regimes such as existed in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, or indeed, in Zimbabwe, which used colonialism as an ante for their autocratic harangues. But colonialism still remains a key factor in the discussion about Zambia’s quest for true freedom. Colonialism laid the querulous foundation upon which the conflicts and economic and political problems Africa presently countenances are based. Discussing colonialism is inevitable for Zambia. If not for lessons to be learned, it should be for future resource and wealth preservation. Colonialism sold Africa to the West.2 For example, in Namibia, “White Namibians make up just six percent of the population but control over 90 percent of the land.”3 Perhaps the Mugabe land reforms were too ambitious, but the truth remains that developed formations have always 1 Parag Khanna, How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance (New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2011) 1 2 See Baffour Ankomah, “The Trouble with Namibia,” New African, June 2011, p. 41 3 Ibid. Page been custodians of their own resources; Africa has not.4 Talib Ray has, indeed, educated: “Today Africa is plagued with leaders who are confused by the thought that [other] countries are going to show them the way to economic independence. History has shown otherwise.”5 It is, therefore, the position of this book that history must be brought to bear on events that have consigned Africa to a poor and diminished continent. In stating that, however, I do not intend to demean the fact that Africans themselves have contributed to this state of affairs. Indeed, Marcus Garvey has correctly observed that, partly, “The…stumbling block in the way of progress in the race [African race] has invariably come from within race itself.”6 However, that has been only in dealing with the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause of it. In a controversial article dubbed, “African Solutions to African Problems.”7 Musiitwa argues that (sic), “African’s failure to accept some responsibility for about 50 years of substandard leadership forces conversation to revert to the source of ‘all’ Africa’s development problems: colonialism.”8 Despite being written from an Afropolitan9 perspective, the article offers two irrefutable facts and one canard, a grave misconstruction about colonialism. First, and undeniably so, colonialism is the source of, if not all, then most of Africa’s developmental problems. And this is clarified in the ensuing pages. Second, there is something like African solutions to African problems.10 Third, admittedly, African leaders are partly responsible for the underdevelopment of Africa, but African leadership is not sub-standard, and this book has demonstrated that.11 §5.2 Interesting History To think of the history of Zambia, is to think of that of Africa at large. Correctly, Zambia has been called the Real Africa.12 The nature and environment of Zambia has changed from what Sir Charles Dundas, a colonial administrator of the old days described as, “flat, featureless bush and low forest land,”13 to constituting now some of the most attractive landscapes of the world. 4 Ibid., p. 4 5 Ibid. 6 Randal Robinson, The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks (New York: A Button Book, 2000), p. 81 7 th Jacqueline Muna Musiitwa, “African Solutions to African Problems,” Mail and Guardian, (May 30 , 2011) 8 Ibid. 9 Musiitwa, ibid., defines Afropolitan as, “A cosmopolitan African, with global exposure and viewpoints, who retains a commitment to, knowledge of and passion for Africa.” 10 However, this is not the reversion to, as Chailunga puts it, “build[ing] better thatched houses, and maybe deeper wells and encourage women to stay home, any suggestion for anything technically advanced is unAfrican” (Email of June 2nd, 2011). In Møller, Bjørn, The African Union as a Security Actor: African Solutions to African Problems? (London: Crisis States Research Center, 2009), the research cites, “shared values and norms,” as necessary catalysts to African peace or development. (Also see Chrysantus Ayangafac, “African Solutions to African Problems,” African Files, July 9th, 2009; Samuel Wonwi Thompson, “African Solutions for African Problems?: National and International Responsibility for Conflict Resolution,” The Perspective, July 31st, 2004; and Alieu Jabang, “Africa’s Problems Require African Solution,” The Point, Tuesday, May 4th, 2010). “African Solutions to African Problems” became part of parlance as a matter of necessity, following the 1994 genocide in Rwanda when African countries watched the international community stand by as over 800.000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were massacred by Hutu extremists. (See Chris Fomunyoh, “African Solutions to African Problems: A Slogan Whose Time Has Passed,” National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, February 9th, 2005). There is also an organization calling itself, “African Solutions to African Problems (ASAP)” in South Africa which mobilizes small groups of women to harness scarce local resources to address the needs of orphans and vulnerable children. 11 See §21.7, especially page 513 12 The phrase, “Zambia: The Real Africa” is used in relation to Zambia’s tourism potential. The nature of Zambia is barely unspoiled attracting thousands of tourists from all over the world. Zambia is unarguably very rich in both scenery and wildlife, making Zambia the tourist heart of Africa. Experts agree that Zambia’s environment has remained unchanged since the very 2 beginning of time. 13 See Richard Hall, Zambia (London: Frederick A. Praeger Inc., 1965), p. 1 Page Despite this, however, as Grant has painfully acknowledged, Zambia hugely remains forgotten.14 Grant laments, “Zambia is the forgotten country of Africa. Celebrities don’t go there, nor, it seems, do foreign journalists or world leaders. This is a pity, because Zambia is both a beautiful and an interesting country.”15 Beautiful, that is common knowledge, however, interesting, that is where the story begins. It is interesting because although Zambia has been in existence for decades, it seems that its history has been unfairly written from the 1900s for those who care, and from 1924, for historic record. There is, thus, an urgent need to accurately record history because it repeats itself, as the French say, “plus ça change, plus ça reste la meme,”16 or indeed, as George Santayana has truthfully presaged, “Those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it.” The rude reality is that Zambia is barely known outside its eight-bound borders. Its talents remain untapped, its resources undermanaged, and its image, if not mired in media reportages, is hardly known. “We have found that a staggering 60 percent of the wealthy highly educated people in North America, Europe and Asia either had never heard of Zambia or knew nothing at all about the country.”17 What is unknown, or what has blatantly been ignored about Zambia, is the focal point of this chapter. 18 §5.3 Early Inhabitants The discovery of the fossils of the so-called Kabwe Man19 or Broken Hill Man at Broken Hill or Kabwe in 1921 shed more light as to who could have occupied Zambia in the far away past. Kabwe Hill Man could have been living in this area between 123,000 and 107,000 B.C or possibly as early as 248,000 B.C.20 Archaeologists have long established that Homo Habilis who lived about 1.8 million years ago and is considered the earliest human being known to the world, “lived also in Zambia.”21 In fact, Zinjanthropus bones have been found in Zambia “not far from Lusaka.”22 Nonetheless, the original inhabitants of modern day Zambia could have been the Bushmen (also called Sans), who were hunters and gatherers and who also lived a nomadic life with Stone Age technology. They mainly gathered fruits and nuts, but they also hunted antelopes. th 23 The Bushmen were the only inhabitants of the region until the 4 Century, when the Bantu 14 William Grant was one of the last generations of British Colonial Service Officers in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). He served there at the apex of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland from 1958 to 1961. In his book, Zambia, Then and Now: Colonial Rulers and their African Successors, Grant makes a hearty comparative analysis of the Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) under which he served as a Colonial Service Officer with the Zambia under the African successors. He calculates that Zambia was under British Government colonial rule for 40 years (1924 – 1964) and under self-government for 42 years (1964 – present). He charges that both have had almost equal time to make their mark. 15 Grant, Zambia, Then and Now: Colonial Rulers and their African Successors (London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2009), p.
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