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CARLO MATTOGNO RAUL HILBERG E I «CENTRI DI STERMINIO» NAZIONALSOCIALISTI FONTI E METODOLOGIA Internet AAARGH 2008 MATTOGNO : RAUL HILBERG E I «CENTRI DI STERMINIO» Introduzione La distruzione degli Ebrei d'Europa1, di Raul Hilberg2, è considerata una delle opere più importanti della storiografia olocaustica, se non addirittura la più importante. Grazie ad un poderoso apparato di riferimenti, essa documenta in modo ineccepibile la persecuzione nazionalsocialista degli Ebrei. Quanto alla loro presunta «distruzione», la documentazione si rivela oltremodo carente. E ciò è stato sottolineato non solo da un ricercatore revisionista come Jürgen Graf3, ma anche da uno studioso come Gie van den Berghe, autore, tra l'altro, di una critica al «negazionismo»4. In un articolo dedicato alla sua opera, egli rileva che, riguardo ai presunti campi di sterminio, a causa della mancanza di fonti documentarie, Hilberg dovette ricorrere ai testimoni, e commenta: «Poiché egli aveva sempre evitato di usare fonti create da essi, non aveva criteri appropriati per separare il buono dal cattivo e non poteva interpretare e analizzare queste fonti più soggettive più o meno correttamente. Dalla scelta da parte di Hilberg di documenti personali5, risulta chiaro che era stato guidato da criteri piuttosto irrilevanti, come la professione dei testimoni oculari (per Hilberg, solo dottori e laureati) e la disponibilità dei rapporti. Per quanto riguarda i documenti personali, egli usa quasi esclusivamente ciò che era disponibile in inglese. In questo capitolo sui centri di sterminio, Hilberg, per il resto molto accurato e coscienzioso, usa il materiale personale in modo considerevolmente impreciso e acritico. Delle molte migliaia di rapporti di testimoni oculari sui campi nazisti, egli ne ha impiegati soltanto una decina. Egli considera un avvenimento sufficientemente provato se un testimone oculare l'ha menzionato; generalizza in base al rapporto di un testimone oculare e qui omette perfino il condizionale. È sorprendentemente male informato sui testimoni oculari consultati e sui loro scritti. Fa anche una quantità di errori capitali. Si basa su dichiarazioni e interpretazioni di vittime per ricostruire le motivazioni dei loro persecutori. Si affida ad alcune interpretazioni di ispirazione psicanalitica del superstite E. A. Cohen in Het Duitse concentratiekamp (Il campo di concentramento tedesco), Amsterdam, 1952, libro che fu tradotto quasi subito in inglese. Successivamente, Cohen espresse dei dubbi su queste interpretazioni, ma il relativo libro (De negentien treinen naar Sobibór, “I diciannove treni a Sobibór”, Amsterdam-Bruxelles, 1979) non fu consultato da Hilberg, probabilmente perché non era stato tradotto in inglese. Sfortunatamente, questo sconsiderato uso di documenti personali rende il capitolo sui campi di sterminio meno convincente del resto del libro»6. 1 Giulio Einaudi editore.Torino,1995. La prima edizione dell'opera apparve a Chicago nel 1961 col titolo The destruction of European Jews. La traduzione italiana è tratta dalla rielaborazione effettuata da Hilberg nel 1985 (The destruction of European Jews. Revised and definitive edition.Holmes & Meier Publishers. Inc., New York-Londra, 1985). In questo studio indico le citazioni tratte dall'edizione italiana soltanto col riferimento al relativo numero di pagina. 2 Hilberg, nato a Vienna il 2 giugno 1926, è morto a Parigi il 4 agosto 2007. 3 J. Graf, Riese auf tönernen Füßen. Raul Hilberg und sein Standardwerk über den “Holocaust”. Castle Hill Publishers, Hastings, Inghilterra, 1999. L'opera è in corso di traduzione in italiano da parte di Antonio Caracciolo col titolo Il gigante dai piedi d'argilla. Raul Hilberg e la sua opera simbolo sull'“Olocausto”, in: http://civiumlibertas.blogspot.com/2007/09/jrgen-graf-il-gigante-con-i-piedi-di.html. 4 De uitbuiting van de holocaust (Lo sfruttamento dell'olocausto), in: http://www.serendib.be/boeken/uitbuiting1.htm. 5 «Ego-documents», termine che designa documenti personali e autobiografici come diari, memorie, lettere, ecc. 6 G. Van Den Berghe, «The incompleteness of a masterpiece. Raul Hilberg and The Destruction of European Jews», in: Belgisch Tjidschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis, XXI, 1990, 1-2, pp. 121-122; consultabile in: 2 MATTOGNO : RAUL HILBERG E I «CENTRI DI STERMINIO» Se si considera che questo capitolo rappresenta l'apice e la ragion d'essere dell'opera di Hilberg, di cui le oltre 800 pagine precedenti costituiscono solo una premessa e un preludio, le osservazioni critiche di van den Berghe infliggono già un duro colpo alla sua credibilità. Cosa che, del resto, si intuisce facilmente già dal fatto che - come ha rilevato J. Graf -, il capitolo su «I centri di sterminio», è una parte piuttosto esigua dell'opera: esso conta 134 pagine su un totale di 1385, ma all'aspetto essenziale delle «operazioni di sterminio» Hilberg dedica appena 15 pagine! Tuttavia il problema è molto più ampio di quello prospettato dallo storico belga, perché bisogna esaminare anche la questione fondamentale dell'attendibilità e della coerenza reciproca di queste testimonianze, nonché quella, altrettanto importante, dell'interpretazione dei documenti da parte di Hilberg. Ciò che mi prefiggo in questo studio è appunto, essenzialmente, una verifica delle sue fonti e della sua metodologia storiografica. Poiché l'opera di Hilberg in generale, ma soprattutto nell'aspetto qui considerato, contiene una moltitudine enorme di dettagli, spesso insignificanti, da cui trae essenzialmente la sua mole e anche le sue pretese probatorie, sarò costretto a scendere ripetutamente anch'io nei particolari. Nella mia analisi seguirò, per quanto possibile, il corso espositivo di Hilberg; in qualche caso tratterò invece questioni simili in un contesto diverso. I giorni 15-18 gennaio 1985, Hilberg testimoniò come storico esperto in Olocausto al processo Zündel7. Il resoconto stenografico del processo8, sul quale mi baso, è riassunto in un'opera curata da Barbara Kulaszka9. Nel corso del controinterrogatorio da parte dell'avvocato difensore Douglas Christie, furono dibattuti molti temi attinenti la prima edizione della sua opera. Le risposte di Hilberg furono spesso rivelatrici, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la sua metodologia. Per questo, inserisco quelle più significative nella discussione che segue. Tratterò invece le problematiche più importanti nel capitolo IV. È importante tener presente che, all'epoca, Hilberg aveva già elaborato l'edizione definitiva della sua opera, che prevedeva sarebbe uscita (come avvenne) dopo qualche mese10. Il processo Zündel fu celebrato alla fine di un periodo di intenso dibattito da parte della storiografia olocaustica su uno dei suoi temi storici fondamentali: il presunto ordine di sterminio ebraico. Nel 1982 si era infatti tenuto un importante convegno http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2021,%201990,%201-2,%20pp%20110- 124.pdf. 7 Ernst Zündel fu processato in Canada coll'imputazione di «diffusione di notizie false» per aver distribuito l'opuscolo di Richard Harwood (pseudonimo di Richard Verrall) Did Six Million Really Die? (trad. it. Auschwitz o della soluzione finale. Storia di una leggenda. Le Rune, Milano, 1978, disponibile in: http://www.vho.org/aaargh/fran/livres5/harwoodit.pdf ; Ne sono morti davvero sei milioni? Breve introduzione al revisionismo olocaustico. Effepi, Genova, 2003). Consultabile in : http://aaargh.fran.mx/fran/livres/livres.html. Il processo si svolse a Toronto dal 7 gennaio al 25 marzo 1985. 8 In the District Court of Ontario. Between: Her majesty the Queen and Ernst Zündel. Before: The Honourable Judge H.R. Locke and Jury. The Court House, 351 University Ave. Toronto, Ontario. January 7, 1985 et seq. 9 B. Kulaszka (a cura di), Did Six Million Really Die? Report of the Evidence in the Canadian “False News” Trial of Ernst Zündel - 1988. Samisdat Publishers Ltd., Toronto, 1992. La deposizione di Hilberg si trova alle pp. 5-80. Consultabile in : http://aaargh.fran.mx/fran/livres/livres.html 10 Idem, vol. III, p. 636. 3 MATTOGNO : RAUL HILBERG E I «CENTRI DI STERMINIO» storico internazionale a Parigi, nel 1984 un'altro, non meno importante, a Stoccarda. Hilberg aveva partecipato ad entrambi. Nel capitolo V ripropongo, con le dovute modifiche, un mio resoconto su questi due convegni che apparve nel 199111, per mostrare quale fosse il “clima” storiografico nel quale Hilberg rese le sue dichiarazioni e per poter meglio comprendere il loro significato e il loro valore. 11 C. Mattogno, La soluzione finale. Problemi e polemiche. Edizioni di Ar, Padova, 1991, pp. 23-63. 4 MATTOGNO : RAUL HILBERG E I «CENTRI DI STERMINIO» CAPITOLO I Genesi e significato della “soluzione finale” 1. Il «linguaggio in codice» All'inizio del capitolo settimo («Operazioni mobili di massacro»), Hilberg scrive: «Quando la burocrazia ebbe completato l'insieme dei provvedimenti descritti nei capitoli precedenti, quando ebbe terminato di definire gli Ebrei, di appropriarsi dei loro beni e, infine, di concentrarli nei ghetti, era stato raggiunto un limite oltre il quale ogni nuova tappa significava necessariamente che gli Ebrei, nell'Europa nazista, avrebbero cessato di esistere. Il vocabolario ufficiale tedesco denominò il passaggio all'ultimo stadio “soluzione finale della questione ebraica” (die Endlösung der Judenfrage). Il termine “finale” rivestiva due significati complementari. A un primo livello, faceva capire che il fine ultimo del processo di distruzione era ormai definito con chiarezza. Se la tappa del concentramento aveva rappresentato un
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    DOI: 10.5235/Jurisprudence.3.2.367 (2012) 3(2) Jurisprudence 367–390 Law and Morality under Evil Conditions: The SS Judge Konrad Morgen Herlinde Pauer-Studer* 1. INTRODUCTION The main test for the dispute between legal positivists and natural law theorists1 has been the existence of wicked legal systems—first and foremost, the striking case of the Nazi legal system. In Anglo-American legal theory the issue of Nazi law has to a large extent been seen in light of the exchange between HLA Hart and Lon L Fuller * Research for this paper was funded by the ERC Advanced Research Grant ‘Distortions of Normativ- ity’. I owe thanks to several colleagues for their interest in the project and their most valuable feedback. For extensive discussions on the case of the SS judge Konrad Morgen and helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper I would like to thank J David Velleman, who also provided the archive material from the US National Archives. Thanks also to Joan C Tronto for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Parts of this paper were presented at a conference on ‘Authority, Legality, and Legitimacy’ funded by the ERC project ‘Distortions of Normativity’ at the University of Vienna in May 2011. I would like to thank the participants of this conference, especially Julian Fink, Klaus Günther, Thomas Mertens, Liam Murphy, Fabienne Peter, Joseph Raz and Kristen Rundle for help- ful responses and discussion. I also thank David Dyzenhaus, Veli Mitova, Carolyn Benson, Alexandra Couto and Christoph Hanisch for valuable discussions on the issue of Nazi law.
  • Auschwitz Gesamt

    Auschwitz Gesamt

    „GERICHTSTAG HALTEN ÜBER UNS SELBST“ (FRITZ BAUER) SZENISCHE LESUNG AUSCHWITZPROZESS Unter Mitwirkung des Gipsy-Swing-Ensembles Roberto Rosenberger Buchcafé Bad Hersfeld, 27. Januar 2016, 20:00 Uhr Aus Anlass des Tages der Befreiung des VernicHtungslagers AuscHwitz Programm Einführung Szenische Lesung Anlagen: - Kurzvita Oswald Kaduk, WilHelm Boger, Stefan Baretzki - Urteil 1. Frankfurter AuscHwitz-Prozeß (ohne Begründung) - Sonstige Urteile AuscHwitz-Täter im In- und Ausland (nicHt vollständig) 1 „GERICHTSTAG HALTEN ÜBER UNS SELBST“ (FRITZ BAUER) SZENISCHE LESUNG AUSCHWITZPROZESS Unter Mitwirkung des Gipsy-Swing-Ensembles Roberto Rosenberger Buchcafé Bad Hersfeld, 27. Januar 2016, 20:00 Uhr Aus Anlass des Tages der Befreiung des VernicHtungslagers AuscHwitz. SZENISCHE LESUNG Rollen - Richter - Staatsanwalt - Angeklagte Oswald Kaduk WilHelm Boger Stefan Baretzki - Zeugin Texteinrichtung: Dieter Schenk Mit freundlicHer Unterstützung des Fritz Bauer Instituts Frankfurt a.M. PROGRAMM Begrüßung durch das Buchcafé Einführung: Dieter Schenk Fritz Bauer und der AuscHwitzprozess Gipsy-Swing/Eröffnung I VerHör Angeklagter Oswald Kaduk Richter/Staatsanwalt Zeugin (Auszug VerneHmung Anna ScHmidt) Gipsy-Swing/Zwischenmusik II VerHör Angeklagter WilHelm Boger Richter Zeugin (Auszüge VerneHmung Maryla RosentHal u.a.) Gipsy-Swing/Zwischenmusik III VerHör Angeklagter Stefan Baretzki Richter/Staatsanwalt Zeugin (Auszüge VerneHmung Lilliy Jansen u.a.) Gipsy-Swing/Zwischenmusik IV Plädoyer Staatsanwalt (AusscHnitt Allgemeiner Teil) V Video Angeklagte im