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Dilemas De Seguridad En La Nueva Realidad Estratégica Israelí

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Dilemas De Seguridad En La Nueva Realidad Estratégica Israelí UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Dilemas de seguridad en la nueva realidad estratégica israelí MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR María del Mar García Cases DIRECTOR Shlomo Ben-Ami Madrid, 2018 © María del Mar García Cases, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CC. POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ORTEGA Y GASSET Programa de Doctorado GOBIERNO Y ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA Título de la Tesis Doctoral DILEMAS DE SEGURIDAD EN LA NUEVA REALIDAD ESTRATÉGICA ISRAELÍ Doctoranda MARÍA DEL MAR GARCÍA CASES Director de la Tesis DR. D. SHLOMO BEN-AMI I. U. I ORTEGA Y GASSET Madrid, 2016 AGRADECIMIENTOS “ And the caravan goes on From the previous century. The first arrivals are history now: Farmers and pioneers Who did tough, back-breaking work, Never knowing where it would it lead. Now it is our turn, And we have not been idle. They won't go on without us. This is the adventure of our lives”. “Shir ha-Shayarah” (The caravan song”) Intérprete: Arik Einstein Letra: Eli Mohar A mis hermanos y a mis padres, que siempre me han apoyado y enseñado con su ejemplo el valor del esfuerzo y del trabajo. A mi director de tesis, el Dr. D. Shlomo Ben-Ami, por su confianza, disposición e interés continuo, por su compromiso, por sus más que valiosas orientaciones, comentarios y sugerencias, por llenarme de ánimo y de entusiasmo en este proyecto. Y a todos aquellos que me han soportado y sufrido con infinita paciencia en esta aventura de fin incierto. The caravan will go on... ÍNDICE SECURITY DILEMMAS IN THE ISRAEL'S NEW STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT, 9 DILEMAS DE SEGURIDAD EN LA NUEVA REALIDAD ESTRATÉGICA ISRAELÍ, 15 I. PARTE INTRODUCTORIA Y CONCEPTUAL , 21 1. INTRODUCCIÓN E HIPÓTESIS, 23 2. ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS, 31 3. METODOLOGÍA, 33 4. FUENTES DOCUMENTALES Y ANÁLISIS BIBLIOGRÁFICO, 35 5. PROBLEMÁTICA CONCEPTUAL EN TORNO AL CONCEPTO DE SEGURIDAD, 41 6. ENFOQUES TEÓRICOS EN LOS ESTUDIOS ESTRATÉGICOS, 45 7. EL DILEMA DE SEGURIDAD, 51 II. PARTE 1. PERÍODO PRE-ESTATAL , 57 1. FACTORES CONSTITUYENTES Y EXPLICATIVOS DE LA DOCTRINA DE SEGURIDAD ISRAELÍ, 59 2. DE LA ANTIGUA DOCTRINA MILITAR JUDÍA A LA MODERNA DOCTRINA MILITAR ISRAELÍ, 65 A. Palestina tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, 65 B. Creación de las primeras unidades de defensa, 67 C. 1920-1936: revueltas árabes y desarrollo de la Haganah, 72 D. 1936-1939: expansión de la Haganah, 79 E. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: la Haganah como milicia moderna, 87 a) Introducción histórica, 87 b) La Haganah como milicia moderna, 92 c) La inmigración Ilegal, 98 d) Endurecimiento de la revuelta, 102 F. Desarrollo de la doctrina de defensa, 107 III. PARTE 2. PRIMER CICLO BÉLICO DEL ESTADO. LAS GUERRAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA DEL ESTADO, 111 1. MAMLACHTIYUT: EL ESTATISMO DE DAVID BEN GURION, 113 2. LA GUERRA DE INDEPENDENCIA DE 1948, 123 A. Introducción histórica, 122 B. Fases de la Guerra de 1948, 132 C. Irgún: estrategia, propaganda y disolución, 140 D. Resultados de la Guerra de 1948, 144 3. LA CAMPAÑA DEL SINAÍ DE 1956: LA DOCTRINA DEL ATAQUE PRE- EMPTIVO, 147 A. Causas: a) El suministro de armamento, 154 b) Las manifestaciones de hostilidad, 159 c) Las infiltraciones árabes, 160 d) La política de represalias, 162 B. El asunto Lavon, 167 C. La Campaña del Sinaí: contexto y desarrollo, 171 3. LA ADQUISICIÓN DE ARMAMENTO: LAS RELACIONES CON LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS EN LA DOCTRINA DE DEFENSA DE 1956, 183 4. LA GUERRA DE LOS SEIS DÍAS DE 1967, 187 A. La retirada de la UNEF, 195 B. La percepción árabe, 196 C. El papel de la Unión Soviética, 200 D. El cierre de los Estrechos de Tirán, 204 E. La actividad diplomática, 207 F. La supremacía aérea como base de la doctrina pre-emptiva de 1967, 211 G. El incidente del USS Liberty, 213 H. Resultados de la Guerra de 1967, 219 5. LA RELACIÓN CON LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, 227 IV. PARTE 3. GESTACIÓN DE UN NUEVO CICLO BÉLICO. MADURACIÓN Y CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL ESTADO, 241 1. INTRODUCCIÓN AL PERÍODO 1967-1987, 243 2. DE LA RESISTENCIA PALESTINA AL TERRORISMO PALESTINO, 1967-1973, 255 3. LA GUERRA DE DESGASTE, 1967-1973, 263 4. LA GUERRA DEL YOM KIPPUR DE 1973, 269 A. La participación soviética, 272 B. El plan de Sadat, 278 C. El “concepto” y el fallo de inteligencia de Israel, 283 D. La operación Nickel Grass, 293 E. La diplomacia de Kissinger, 299 5. LA DEFENSA MÁS ALLÁ DE LAS FRONTERAS: DESPLAZAMIENTO DEL PERÍMETRO DEFENSIVO, 305 A. La Operación Entebbe de 1976, 305 B. La Operación Ópera de 1981, 307 6. LA SITUACIÓN DE LÍBANO: LA OPERACIÓN LITANI Y LA OPERACIÓN PAZ POR GALILEA DE 1982, 315 7. EL COMPLEJO INDUSTRIAL-MILITAR, 329 V. PARTE 4. NUEVO CICLO BÉLICO: AMENAZAS NO CONVENCIONALES Y SUPERVIVENCIA CONTINUA DEL ESTADO , 349 1. INTRODUCCIÓN, 349 2. LA INTIFADA DE 1987, 351 3. LA GUERRA DEL GOLFO DE 1990, 365 A. Análisis de la Operación Tormenta del Desierto, 369 4. LA ESTRATEGIA DE PAZ: EL PROCESO DE OSLO, 379 5. LA INTIFADA DE AL-AQSA: CONFLICTO ASIMÉTRICO EN ZONA URBANA, 387 A. Primera fase de la Segunda Intifada, 390 B. Segunda fase de la Segunda Intifada, 393 C. La Segunda Intifada como conflicto asimétrico en entorno urbano densamente poblado, 396 6. RESPUESTAS Y DILEMAS DE LA IDF A PARTIR DE LA SEGUNDA INTIFADA, 399 A. Dilemas respecto al uso de la fuerza en el nuevo entorno, 399 B. Medidas desarrolladas con motivo de la Segunda Intifada, 409 7. EL CONFLICTO HÍBRIDO: LA SEGUNDA GUERRA DE LÍBANO DE 2006, 415 A. Causas, 418 B. Naturaleza del escenario y estrategia de Hezbollah, 421 C. Adaptación al entorno y al adversario, 433 8. LA OPERACIÓN PLOMO FUNDIDO, GAZA 2008, 437 9. DEL TERRORISMO SUICIDA AL TERRORISMO DE COHETES COMO AMENAZA PRIORITARIA. LA OPERACIÓN PILAR DEFENSIVO DE 2012, 441 VI. PARTE 5. ANÁLISIS, CONCLUSIONES Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL ESCENARIO , 457 1. ANÁLISIS Y CONCLUSIONES, 459 2. EVOLUCIÓN DEL ESCENARIO, 499 VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA, 511 SECURITY DILEMMAS IN THE ISRAEL'S NEW STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT Througout its history, Israel has faced several threats and challenges to its national security. In the first half century of its existence, Israel fought six total wars with its Arab neighbors. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestine Mandante immediately following the announcement of the Independence of the State of Israel. Since then Israel has suffered of all kinds of threats, from total wars with its neighbors to low intensity conflicts or asymmetrical wars. Last kind of wars typifies the current Israeli strategic environment. In just six decades Israel has developed its doctrinal thinking, its strategic culture, and its operational response to face both conventional wars and irregular conflicts. How Israel has managed these conflicts and how created an operational response is relevant to analyze because it is the best example to understand what kind of dilemmas Wester democracies are going to confront in such unconventional scenarios1. The main difference between Israel and the rest of democratic States is that Israel feels confronting an existential threat. This special perception is due to uniqueness of its history and experience, its geostrategic vulnerability, and the way of perceiving its security environment. Theses features had led to develop an operational response commonly described as “disproportionated”2. This operational response is part of the Israeli strategic culture. Zionist leaders who produced the ideological and the material form of the zionist dream in Palestine met a complex reality when they arrived there. The environment they had to confront in Palestine urged the creation of military tools and a military philosophy which led over time to the current Israeli doctrine of defense. Developing a defense doctrine was essential to ensure the survival of the newly State. The birth of the State was linked to two traumatic events. The Holocaust and the 1948 War of Independence. Both annihilation experiences and the lack of security in the environment they met justified the need to get high military capability and power projection at the same time that they shaped the Israeli national security concept: Israeli tendency to thinking about worst-case scenario. This kind of scenario had haunted Israeli decision-makers from the beginning. The very birth of Israel as a Jewish State is intimately linked to the Holocaust and the 1948 War of Independence. Therefore, the history of Israeli doctrinal thinking, force structure, and operational response were generated in the period before State's birth. Israel's practical response to tensions of its security dilemmas is to have it both ways: to prevent threats and to prepare the technological and military 1 What characterizes and makes it particularly difficult this new environment is that democratic states are under international regulation while state actors are not held accountable for their actions. 2 Rate military power and the Israeli measures as "disproportionate" is wrong because there is no comparative scale to indicate the degree of optimal ratio. The ratio of the strength of Israel is governed by its geostrategic conditions and the nature of the threats it faces. 9 structure for the event of dire national crisis. In that complex scenario the Zionist leaders had to replace his naive attempt to conquer the land through work for the conquer of the land through the fight. This change of purpose made necessary the creation of a military force and a State power that would ensure the survival of the Jewish community. Consequently, at this early stage appears the relationship between use of force, deterrence, and peace. In that early period three processes occur: the transformation of Yishuv over the State, the evolution of the Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Force (IDF), and the transformation of the Jewish settlers in fighters.
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