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International Regulatory Mechanisms and the Challenge of Nuclear Terrorism, 1998-2012

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International Regulatory Mechanisms and the Challenge of Nuclear Terrorism, 1998-2012 i INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS AND THE CHALLENGE OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM, 1998-2012 BY ILOABANAFOR, TOLLEFE OLISAEMEKA PG/Ph.D/07/43362 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA AUGUST 2013 i INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS AND THE CHALLENGE OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM, 1998-2012 BY ILOABANAFOR, TOLLEFE OLISAEMEKA PG/Ph.D/07/43362 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR OBASI IGWE AUGUST 2013 ii APPROVAL PAGE A Thesis by ILOABANAFOR, TOLLEFE OLISAEMEKA (PG/Ph.D/07/43362). has been approved for the Department of Political Science, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. By ----------------------------------- ------------------------ Professor Obasi Igwe Date Supervisor ----------------------------------- ------------------------ Professor Jonah Onuoha Date Head of Department ----------------------------------- ------------------------ Professor Solomon Akinboye Date External Examiner ----------------------------------- ------------------------ Professor C.O.T Ugwu Date Dean, Faculty of the Social Sciences iii DEDICATION TO: My father, late Chief Robert Evugburuonwu Iloabanafor (Ozogoro) and my mother, Mrs. Karujebe Caroline Iloabanafor (Otugo). Father and mother, I owe all to your love for education and success. TO: Valerie ‘Nma Iloabanafor Phina Nwando Iloabanafor Chinweuba Ositadinma Illoabanafor Glory Ndubunma Kalu Nnenna Maami Jennifer Iloabanafor Ifeyinwa Aretha Iloabanafor Ijeoma Assumpta Iloabanafor Ifemjika Bertrand Iloabanafor AND THE EVERGREEN MEMORY OF: Chief Igboekwe Kevin Onyebueke (Ajike) Chief Eligba Onyebueke (Agunaecheibe) Ozo James Onyebueke Mrs Ahiachi Rebecca Onyebueke (Nmonwu Oluoha) Chief George Igbohaka Iloabanafor (Egbe) Mrs Catherine Uduezue Nwankwo (Ujigbaego) Mrs Metumaraibe Angela Iloabanafor (Nnukwumama) Mr. Azuka Sunday Iloabanafor (JBB) Nze Jameson Onyebueke Mr. Christian Uchenna Onyebueke (Komoko) Mrs. Udeaku Onyema Barrister Fabian A. Iloabanafor Mr. Augustine A. Iloabanafor (Captain Blood) Miss Ndidi Onyechere Mr. Henry Onyebueke Mr. Maduekwuriche Onyebueke Mrs. Uchenwa Roland-Chukwuezue Captain Ferdinand O. Iloabanafor (Wagger-Wagger) Captain Dominic Ebube Nwankwo (Tall Trouble) Mr. Ngbodile Elvis Iloabanafor Mr. Emeka Iloabanafor (Eronque) iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With a successful completion of this thesis, I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor Obasi Igwe, my supervisor, a man of courage and honesty, whose fatherly but strict approach to issues made this thesis a reality. I thank all my lecturers for their indispensable contribution toward my intellectual growth. Worthy of special mention are Professors Jonah Onuoha, Okechukwu Ibeanu, Aloysius-Micheal Okolie, Ken Ifesinachi, Benedict Obumuselu, Sam Onuigbo, Chinweizu, Emmanuel Ezeani and Eddy-Floyd Maduabuchi Igbo. I am also indebted to Doctors William Onyebueke, B.C. Uzoechi, Micheal Anyaehie, Rachael Iroku, Okwesileze Nwodo, Ben Senchi, Frida Mbunda, Gerald E. Ezirim and Ezekiel Onyebueke. I must not fail to mention the assistance of Igwe Mike Offor Mbegredeogu (Anamike), Igwe Chuma Felix Achiekwelu (Ogazi), Engr. Nobert Onwuegbu (Omeiheukwu), Chief Henry Achiekwuelu (Omekagu), Pharm. Anietom C. Igweobi (AC Drugs), Major Christopher I. Iloabanafor, Hon. Justice A.C. Orah, (rtd), Mrs Ngozi Ikeliani, Mrs Funmi Nnaji, Mrs Theresa Onyebueke, Mr. Emeka Nwaenyi, Mr. Ogugua Iloabanafor, Mr. Sunday Onyebueke, Mrs Grace Oyeamalu, Mrs Ebere Obinnakwelu, Mrs. Affiong Akpan and Mrs. Maria Achiekwelu Mention must also made of, Reverend Sr. Mary Chioma Aneke, Reverend Sr. Jacinta C. Ugochukwu, Mrs. Funmilayo Oyekusibe, Mr. Azubuike Muanya, Mr Eleazer Ugorji, Mr. Peter Nwajiogu, Mr. Michael Ogbu, Mr. Shei Babatunide Shei, Mrs Ekwulira Offordile, Mr. Chuka Ubah, Apostle Godwin Tumuni Diri, Eder Simeon Okoye, Mr. Emmanuel Odili, Mrs Adaeze Chigbo, Mr. Stanley Nwaimo, Mr. Vincent Ifeacho, Mr. Emmanuel Ifeacho, Miss Nwamaka Nwodo, Miss Cecille Billong, Miss Jennifer Abodgwa, Miss Gloria Obiora, Miss Uchenna Okigbo, Karimat Mohammed, Miss Nkechi Ohanu, Miss Uche Okoro, Miss Ifeyinwa Chima, Mrs. Ifeanyi Okolo, Mrs Chinwe Ojiego, Mrs. Nonyelum Mba, Mr. Emeka Nnamani, Mr. Joseph Nwosu, Mr. Augustine Onwuachu, Mr. Emmanuel Odili, Mr. Jason Okolo, Mrs Constance Nonye Onyeogu, Mrs Roseline Nwoga, Miss Norah Umunna, Miss Uche Udenweze , Miss Kuburat Yakubu, Mr. Sabastine Iloabanafor, Mrs. Ucheime Maduekwe, Miss Tina Owhogbona, Miss Faith Tenir Salihu, Miss Christiana Ahamuefula, and Miss Glory John Friday. I am compelled by the imperative of appreciation to go back in time to acknowledge the efforts of Rev. Fr. John Ogbo, Rev. Fr. Tobias Anichebe, Rev. Fr. Anthony Eze, v Rev. Fr. Paul Chinawa, Rev. Fr. Vincent Chiakwa (V.N.C), Rev. Fr. Stephen Njoku, Rev. Fr. Norbert Mbata, Rev. Fr. Sylvester Eze and the Late Rev. Fr. Simenon Ugwu, Rev. Fr. Augustine Nebechukwu and Rev. Fr. Cletus Okorie toward keeping me on the narrow part in those formative years in the catholic seminary schools. I remain faithful and grateful. Finally, I thank Miss Eucharia Ogbonna of U.K Computers, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for the typing and processing of this thesis. While am grateful to all these people, I must at the same time exonerate them from any responsibility for my defects which strictly speaking are, and should remain mine. Iloabanafor, Tollefe Olisaemeka Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka. August 2013 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i Approval Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii Dedication ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------ iv Table of Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------- v List of Tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii List of Maps --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------- x List of Abbreviations/Acronyms ---------------------------------------------------- xi Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study -------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.3 Objectives of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------- 19 1.4 Significance of the Study -------------------------------------------------------- 19 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW --------------------------------- 23 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Theoretical Framework ---------------------------------------------------------- 69 3.2 Hypotheses ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 3.3 Research Design ------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 3.4 Methods of Data Collection ----------------------------------------------------- 88 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis ------------------------------------------------------- 88 CHAPTER FOUR: THE ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY AGAINST NUCLEAR TERRORISM -- 92 vii CHAPTER FIVE: THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY AND THE PROBLEM OF UNAPPROVED SPREAD OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY -------------------------- 133 5.1 The NPT and the problem of Atomic Control -------------------------------- 133 5.2 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Military and Civilian Dimensions of Nuclear Technology ------------------------------------------- 160 5.3 The NPT Regime: From Nuclear Proliferation to Nuclear Renaissance --------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 5.4 The NPT: Nuclear Weapons and The Globe’s Systemic Actors ----------- 185 5.5 The NPT: Nuclear Weapons and Global Stability ---------------------------- 197 CHAPTER SIX: GLOBAL SECURITY AND THE STATUTORY LIMITATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY AND THE NUCLEAR NON- PROLIFERATION TREATY ---------------------------- 209 CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 244 7.2 Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 246 7.3 Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------- 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 255 viii LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Global Energy Production and Consumption, 1981 -------------------------- 6 1.2 Debt in the Global South, 2006 ------------------------------------------------- 6 2.1 Nuclear Weapons Deployment by the Globe’s Superpowers, 2006 -------- 25 2.2 Potential Atomic Powers, 1960 ------------------------------------------------- 28 3.1 Location of US Military Forces, September 2006 ---------------------------- 76 4.1 A Comparative Presentation of Modern and Postmodern Terrorism ------- 95 5.1 Reported Major Nuclear Accidents since 1945 ------------------------------- 146 5.2 Status of the UN’s Security Council Members vis-à-vis the NPT Regime
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