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KILLING OUR OWN the Disaster of America's Experience With______Atomic Radiation Harvey Wasserman & Norman Solomon with Robert Alvarez & Eleanor Walters

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KILLING OUR OWN the Disaster of America's Experience With______Atomic Radiation Harvey Wasserman & Norman Solomon with Robert Alvarez & Eleanor Walters KILLING OUR OWN The Disaster of America's Experience with___________________ Atomic Radiation Harvey Wasserman & Norman Solomon with Robert Alvarez & Eleanor Walters A Delta Book 1982 -2- A DELTA BOOK Published by Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, N.Y. 10017 Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to use the following material: Excerpts from "Three Mile Island: No Health Impact Found" by Jane E. Brody from The New York Times, April 15, 1980; "Nuclear Fabulists" from The New York Times, April 18, 1980; editorial from The New York Times, November 23, 1980. (c) 1980 by The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission. Excerpts from "The Down Wind People" by Anne Fadiman in Life. (c) 1980 Time, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Excerpts from "No Place to Hide" by David Bradley. Copyright 1948 by David Bradley. By permission of Little, Brown and Company in association with the Atlantic Monthly Press. Excerpts from NAAV Atomic Veterans' Newsletters. Reprinted by permission of the National Association of Atomic Veterans, 1109 Franklin Street, Burlington, Ia. 52601. Excerpts from the editorial "The Bomb's Other Victims" in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 1, 1979. Excerpts from the editorial "Old or Dead Before Their Time" in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 17, 1979. Copyright 1979 Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Excerpt of letter from Penny Bernstein to authors, used with permission of Penny Bernstein. Excerpt of letter from Pat Broudy to authors, used with permission of Pat Broudy. Excerpt of letter from William Drechin to authors, used with permission of William Drechin. Excerpt of letter from Bob Drogin to authors, used with permission of Bob Drogin. Excerpt of letter from Frank Karasti to authors, used with permission of Frank Karasti. Excerpt of letter from Alvin Lasky to authors, used with permission of Alvin Lasky. Excerpt of letter from George Mace to Joseph Wershba, used with permission of George Mace. Excerpt of letter from William Shuf¯ebarger to authors, used with permission of William Shuf¯ebarger. Excerpt of letter from Gregory Troyer to authors, used with permission of Gregory Troyer. Excerpt of letter from Joseph Wershba to authors, used with permission of Joseph Wershba. Excerpt of letter from Warren Zink to authors, used with permission of Warren Zink. No copyright is claimed on material from United States Government works. Copyright (c) 1982 by Harvey Wasserman and Norman Solomon. Introduction copyright (c) 1982 by Benjamin Spock. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the Publisher, except where permitted by law. Delta (R) TM 755118, Dell Publishing Co, Inc. Manufactured in the United States of America. First Delta printing Designed by Judith Neuman Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wasserman, Harvey. Killing our own. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Radioactive substancesÐToxicologyÐUnited States. 2. Ionizing radiationÐToxicologyÐUnited States. 1. Solomon, Norman. II. Title. RA1231.R2W36 363.1'79 81-17438 ISBN 0-440-54566-6 AACR2 A hardcover edition of this work is available through Delacorte Press, 1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, New York. -3- In 1947 Albert Einstein wrote: "Through the release of atomic energy, our generation has brought into the world the most revolutionary force since the prehistoric discovery of ®re. This basic power of the universe cannot be ®tted into the outmoded concept of narrow nationalisms. For there is no secret and there is no defense, there is no possibility of control except through the aroused understanding and insistence of the peoples of the world. "We scientists recognize our inescapable responsibility to carry to our fellow citizens an understanding of the simple facts of atomic energy and its implications for society. In this lies our only security and our only hopeÐwe believe that an informed citizenry will act for life and not death." It is to that faith in an informed citizenry that we dedicate this book. Harvey Wasserman Norman Solomon Robert Alvarez Eleanor Walters -4- CONTENTS Acknowledgments 5 Notes 6 Introduction by Dr. Benjamin Spock 7 PART I The Bombs 1 The First Atomic Veterans 11 2 300,000 GIs Under the Mushroom Clouds 32 3 Bringing the Bombs Home 54 4 Test Fallout, Political Fallout 73 5 Continued Testing: Tragic Repetitions 89 PART II X Rays and the Radioactive Workplace 6 The Use and Misuse of Medical X Rays 107 7 Nuclear Workers: Radiation on the Job 119 PART III The Industry's Underside 8 Bomb Production at Rocky Flats: Death Downwind 138 9 Uranium Milling and the Church Rock Disaster 147 10 Tritium in Tucson, Wastes Worldwide 158 PART IV The "Peaceful Atom" 11 The Battle of Shippingport 170 12 How Much Radiation? 181 13 Animals Died at Three Mile Island 192 14 People Died at Three Mile Island 199 15 Conclusion: Surviving the New Fire 212 Appendix A The Basics of Radiation and Health 216 Appendix B Summary of Atomic Bomb Tests 223 Appendix C Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors in the U.S. 225 Appendix D Organizations 232 Index 234 -5- Acknowledgments First and foremost we would like to thank Chris Kuppig and Gary Luke of Dell Publishing, without whose extraordinary efforts this book could not have been brought to completion. We would also like to acknowledge the Environmental Policy Center for its role in establishing the scienti®c veracity of this book, and in providing resources for its production. Ron Bernstein, Sr., Rosalie Bertell, Jay and Laura Kramer, Mary Brophy, Priscilla Laws, Ada Sanchez, Samuel H. Day, Jr., Monte Bright, Tony Hodges, and Karen Wilson also provided us with important resources. There are far too many doctors, scientists, farmers, and other concerned citizens on whom we have relied for aid and information to list here. Most appear in the text or footnotes that follow. It should be clear that this book is very much a product of the willingness of private citizens to inquire independently into their own health and that of the community. Therein, almost certainly, lies the hope of the future health of the planet. For personal love and support in a demanding venture, we would like to thank the Walters, Alvarez, Solomon, and Wasserman families; as well as Kitty Tucker, Shawn Tucker, Amber Alvarez, Ada Sanchez, Anne Betzel, Joiwind and Journey Williams, Carolyn Stuart, George and Ken Gloss, Amy Wainer, Alex Coote, John and Nancy Ramsay B. Lynn; the Chilewich, Shapiro, Stellman, Simon, and Styron families; and the Montague and Allen farmers. -6- Notes In researching this book, we have conducted more than two hundred interviews, many of which do not appear in the footnotes. In a number of cases we have interviewed the same person several times, but have denoted our talks with them with a single date. In denoting our printed sources, we have used a number of abbreviations, primarily for U.S. Government agencies. They are: ABCC: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission AEC: Atomic Energy Commission CDC: Center for Disease Control DOD: Department of Defense DOE: Department of Energy DHEW: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare EPA: Environmental Protection Agency FRC: Federal Radiation Council FDA: Food and Drug Administration GAO: General Accounting Of®ce ICRP: International Commission on Radiological Protection JCAE: Joint Committee on Atomic Energy NAS: National Academy of Sciences NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission OTA: Of®ce of Technology Assessment PHS: Public Health Service USMC: U.S. Marine Corps VA: Veterans Administration -7- Introduction by Dr. Benjamin Spock This is the frightening story of the damage that has already been done to our own peopleÐto children even more than to adultsÐby the unlocking of the power of the atom. It investigates the testing of our nuclear weapons, the sloppy practices within the nuclear industry, and the problems with our atomic power plants. It is also about the future damage to be expected from mutation in our genes from radiation. More than three and a half decades have now passed since the ®rst atomic test at Alamogordo, New MexicoÐ July 16, 1945Ðand the subsequent detonations at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since then our own military has exploded more than 700 nuclear bombs on our own continental soil and in the Paci®c. Many of the health effects are just now being felt. It seems no accident that we are currently suffering from a national cancer epidemic, in which one of every ®ve Americans dies of that dread disease. It would be plausible and prudent to assume that the radioactive fallout we've introduced into the global atmosphere, literally tens of tons of debris from bomb tests alone, is a signi®cant factor in addition to industrial pollution and cigarette smoking. As early as the 1950s the American Linus Pauling and the Russian Andrei SakharovÐboth Nobel prize winnersÐwarned that literally millions of people would die worldwide because of these bomb tests. There have been American "guinea pigs" who have amply con®rmed these predictions. As this book documents for the ®rst time, shortly after the blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, American soldiers were sent in to help clean up the rubble. They were not warned that there was a danger in drinking the contaminated water and breathing the radioactive dust. Many of these men felt the lethal effects of the bombs' radiation almost immediately. Despite glib assurances from our government, they have suffered an extraordinary rate of rare cancers that could only have been caused by that radiation. Similar tragedies have struck American soldiers present at scores of bomb tests that followed. From 1945 through the early 1960s, some 300,000 men and women in U.S.
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