Mean Green: a Visual Cultural Analysis of the National Border Patrol Museum
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Mean Green: A Visual Cultural Analysis of the National Border Patrol Museum Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Moreno, Gabriela Elena Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 16:35:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228170 MEAN GREEN: A VISUAL CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL BORDER PATROL MUSEUM By Gabriela E. Moreno _________________________________ Copyright © Gabriela E. Moreno 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN SPANISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Gabriela E. Moreno entitled MEAN GREEN: A VISUAL CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL BORDER PATROL MUSEUM and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ Date: April 26, 2012 Dr. Laura Gutiérrez _____________________________________________________ Date: April 26, 2012 Dr. Maribel Álvarez _____________________________________________________ Date: April 26, 2012 Dr. Malcolm Compitello Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dr. Laura Gutiérrez_________________________________ Date: April 26, 2012 Dissertation Director 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Gabriela E. Moreno 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would have never come to fruition without the unconditional support, guidance and numerous edits of my dissertation chair, Dr. Laura Gutiérrez. Thank you so much for all of your close reads of numerous drafts, in-depth commentary and honesty during all of my years in the Spanish and Portuguese Department. I am especially grateful for always demanding quality work and for all the knowledge you have bestowed on me and which I look forward to pass on to my students. Thank you for a great experience. Dr. Álvarez, thank you for always providing me with the best advice. Thank you for motivating me and always keeping me in your thoughts. Dr. Malcolm Compitello, thank you for all your support and insightful advise; especially for always teaching me to be a professional and to believe in myself and in my work. Thank you for sponsoring my education during my doctoral studies at the U of A. You have all become my role models and I hope to one day inspire others just like you have inspired me in this journey. I want to thank all of my professors at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese for giving me the tools to work with and for teaching me to find my own voice when writing about my research. I also want to thank Dr. María Teresa Vélez for her recruitment efforts and invitation to the U of A. Thank you to the wonderful staff for all your hard work, your advice, support and patience. Marie Messina, Mary Portillo, Isela Gonzales, and Mercy Valente, thank you for providing a home away from home. My greatest gratitude is for my family. Doña Velia and Don Pepe Abanico have always believed in me and have taught me to give only my best. José Luis Jr., Susana, Vania and Albert have been a great emotional support system near and far from home. Thank you all for allowing me to crash at your place when money was tight. Joaquín Emiliano came into my life to turn it upside down and remind me of my true priorities. Joaquín, I hope that you can be proud of your Nina and maybe one day follow in her footsteps. Johnny, thank you for being my friend through the restless and sleepless nights. Thank you for your patience and love through this whole process. I look forward to our adventures and travels around the world. Last but not least, I want to thank the Samaritans Tucson sector for allowing me to contribute in their search for peace and justice. Special thanks to Sandra Anderson, Norma Price, Debbi McCullough, and Sue Lefebvre. With the support and help of my family, advisors, colleagues, and friends, my experience at the U of A has come to a very successful and happy completion. 5 DEDICATION A mis padres, Velia Moreno y José Luis Moreno, y a mis hermanos por brindarme su amor, apoyo incondicional y por siempre estar cerca a pesar de estar tan lejos. A mis abuelas Petra Armendáriz y Elena García porque a su manera me enseñaron lo que es ser una mujer fuerte y tenaz. A Joaquín Emiliano porque me deja entrar a su mundo y comparte sus aventuras conmigo. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 SITUATING AND VISUALIZING THE NATIONAL BORDER PATROL MUSEUM........................................................................................................12 Introduction....................................................................................................................12 Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................20 Visual Cultural Studies: Is what you see really what you see?..............................31 Museology and Spatial Theory: The Production and Re-Appropriation of Space..................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF THE BORDER AND THE CREATION OF THE BORDER PATROL MUSEUM.....................................................................................44 The Border: A Relationship Between the U.S. and Mexico.......................................45 El Paso, Texas: Looking back from the 1900's to today........................................56 Immigration and the Creation of the Border Patrol as a Deterring Tool................61 FORBPO and the Foundation of the National Border Patrol Museum...................66 CHAPTER 3 LOCUS OF ORDER: SPATIALITY IN NATION BUILDING AND CULTURAL COMMODIFICAITON...........................................................................69 At First Glance...............................................................................................................70 Inside Out: What is a museum?.............................................................................75 The NBPM: Heterotopic Spaces and the Status of the Nation State.........................76 Heterotopia vs. Homotopia....................................................................................78 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued The NBPM Stays: Heterotopia vs. Homotopia in the Borderlands.......................79 The NBPM: A "Panoptic" Space and the Exercising of Power................................86 The NBPM: The Commodification of Symbols and the Hegemonic State in Nation Building...........................................................................................................................92 What is a commodity and how is it negotiable in the NBPM................................93 Commodity: A Tool for the Hegemonic State.......................................................97 Commodities as Tools of Nation Building..........................................................101 The Monumentalization of Commodities............................................................105 CHAPTER 4 WILD, WILD WEST: THE CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF RACIAL IDENTITIES (PART I)..................................110 The Foundation of a Nation........................................................................................112 The Anglo-Saxon Identity: What it means to be an "American"...........................117 Eugenis: Categorization and survival of the fittest...................................................120 The NBPM: Reinventing and Reconstructing racial identities...............................124 The NBPM: Agency and Power Relations.................................................................126 Language Discourse and Identity Socialization: An Efficient Resource.............126 The Artifacts Frozen in Time...............................................................................133 The hypermasculinity and the American male figure..........................................136 The Cowboy Within.............................................................................................142